<p>The purpose of this study was to examine whether a L2 learner could correct or imitate structures of the language that they could not produce in written production defined by processability theori levels.The Informants had Arabic as their mother tongue. The study showed that the ability of correction developed slower than the capacity for imitation and the ability to written production. The ability of the correction developed by the duration of the stay. The result was a confirmation of theory formation in processability theory. Corrective elicitering could be developed into a useful diagnostic tool in the classroom and thus provide an education that followed a natural learning order according to processability theory by Pienemann.</p><p>Keywords: processability theori, imitation, correction, written production</p> / <p>Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka om andraspråksinlärare kunde korrigera eller imitera strukturer i språket som de inte kunde producera i skriftlig produktion enligt processbarhetsteorins nivåer. Informanterna hade arabiska som modersmål. Studien visade att förmågan till korrektion utvecklades långsammare än förmåga till imitation och förmåga till skriftlig produktion. Förmågan till korrektion utvecklades med vistelsetiden. Resultatet var en bekräftelse på teoribildningen i processbarhetsteorin. Korrektiv elicitering skulle kunna utvecklas till ett användbart diagnostiskt verktyg i klassrummet och därmed ge en undervisning som följde en naturlig inlärningsordning enligt Pienemanns processbarhetsteori.</p>

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur avståndsvisus och andelen synnedsättningar i en hjälpsökande mexikansk population förändras med sfärisk korrektion. Vidare syftade studien även till att undersöka om det fanns någon skillnad i avståndsvisus mellan olika åldersgrupper samt mellan stads- och landsbygdsområden. Metod: Studien genomfördes på olika platser i regionerna Tabasco, Campeche och Chiapas i Mexiko under en volontärresa med den svenska organisationen Vision For All. 485 personer deltog varav 165 män och 320 kvinnor. Medianålder var 52 år (43–61 år), yngsta personen var 7 år och äldsta 90 år. En subjektiv binokulär refraktion utfördes med hjälp av flipprar och/eller provglas och eventuella synfel korrigerades med sfärisk korrektion. Binokulärt avståndsvisus mättes före och efter sfärisk korrektion på en Snellen-tavla med E-hakar. Synnedsättningar delades in i kategorierna måttlig synnedsättning (&lt;0,30–0,12) och svår synnedsättning (&lt;0,12). Resultat: I hela populationen förbättrades medelvisus från 0,54 ± 3 rader till 0,89 ± 2,3 rader. Störst förändring i medelvisus fanns i åldersgruppen 51-65 år. Med sfärisk korrektion minskade andelen synnedsättningar från 19% till 4,7% varav antalet måttliga synnedsättningar minskade mest. Ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad fanns mellan stads- och landsbygdområden vad gäller avståndsvisus och andel synnedsättningar. Slutsats: Studien visar att okorrigerade synfel är vanligt förekommande bland hjälpsökande i Mexiko. Med endast sfärisk korrektion förbättrades avståndsvisus signifikant och tre av fyra synnedsättningar elimineras. / Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to investigate how distance visual acuity and the prevalence of visual impairments in a Mexican population seeking visual aid change with spherical correction. Furthermore, the study also aimed to examine if distance visual acuity differed between age groups and between urban and rural areas.  Methods: The study was performed in different areas in Tabasco, Campeche and Chiapas in Mexico during volunteer work with the Swedish organization Vision For All. In total 485 people participated, 165 men and 320 women. Median age was 52 years (43-61) and the age ranged from 7 to 90 years old. Binocular subjective refraction was performed with flippers and/or trial lenses and uncorrected refractive errors were corrected with spherical powers. Binocular distance visual acuity was measured before and after spherical correction using a Snellen E-chart. Visual impairments was categorized as moderate visual impairment (&lt;0.30-0.12) and severe visual impairment (&lt;0.12). Results: The mean distance visual acuity in the entire sample changed from decimal 0.54 ± 3 rows to 0.89 ± 2.3 rows. The greatest improvement in mean distance visual acuity after spherical correction was seen in those aged 51-65 years old. The prevalence of visual impairments reduced from 19% to 4.7% with spherical correction alone, the greatest reduction was seen in the category of moderate visual impairment. No significant differences in visual acuity or visual impairment were found between urban and rural areas. Conclusion: Uncorrected refractive errors were common among people seeking visual aid in southern Mexico. With spherical correction visual acuity significantly improved and the majority of the visual impairments were eliminated.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether a L2 learner could correct or imitate structures of the language that they could not produce in written production defined by processability theori levels.The Informants had Arabic as their mother tongue. The study showed that the ability of correction developed slower than the capacity for imitation and the ability to written production. The ability of the correction developed by the duration of the stay. The result was a confirmation of theory formation in processability theory. Corrective elicitering could be developed into a useful diagnostic tool in the classroom and thus provide an education that followed a natural learning order according to processability theory by Pienemann. Keywords: processability theori, imitation, correction, written production / Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka om andraspråksinlärare kunde korrigera eller imitera strukturer i språket som de inte kunde producera i skriftlig produktion enligt processbarhetsteorins nivåer. Informanterna hade arabiska som modersmål. Studien visade att förmågan till korrektion utvecklades långsammare än förmåga till imitation och förmåga till skriftlig produktion. Förmågan till korrektion utvecklades med vistelsetiden. Resultatet var en bekräftelse på teoribildningen i processbarhetsteorin. Korrektiv elicitering skulle kunna utvecklas till ett användbart diagnostiskt verktyg i klassrummet och därmed ge en undervisning som följde en naturlig inlärningsordning enligt Pienemanns processbarhetsteori.

En retrospektiv studie utfördes på ALCAPA patienter som diagnostiserats på Skånes universitetssjukhus i Lund. Studien gick ut på att studera den systoliska vänsterkammarfunktionen före och efter operation. Den systoliska funktionen undersöktes genom att utföra mätningar på ekokardiografiska undersökningar som utförts vid in och utskrivning av patienten. De ekokardiografiska mätningarna som användes var bland annan ejektionsfraktion och förkortnings grad i procent. Resultatet från studien visade på att den systoliska vänsterkammarfunktionen hos samtliga barn som kirurgiskt korrigerades efter de blivit diagnostiserade med ALCAPA förbättrades. / A retrospective study performed on ALCAPA patients who were diagnosed at Skåne University Hospital in Lund. The aim of the study was to evaluate the systolic left ventricular function pre- and post-surgical correction. The systolic function was studied using echocardiography which was performed at both enrolment and discharged of the patient. The echocardiographic measurements that was used were amongst other ejection fraction and fractioning shortening in percent. The result of the study was that the systolic function was improved in all children who were surgical corrected after being diagnosed with ALCAPA.

AbstractAndersson, Kajsa och Liljeqvist, Marie (2008). En studie av pedagogernas tankar omKorrektion av elevtexter. Malmö högskola: lärarutbildningen.Syftet är att undersöka sex pedagogers tankar om skrivutveckling, och relatera dessa tillelevernas erfarenheter. Våra frågeställningar är:• Hur motiverar de utvalda pedagogerna valet mellan att korrigera eller intekorrigera i elevernas skrivna texter?• Vad anser eleverna om skrivträning och att bli korrigerade?För att få svar på de här frågorna har vi intervjuat sex pedagoger på två olika skolor.Därefter delade vi även ut en och samma elevtext till pedagogerna som de skullekorrigera på sitt sätt. Vi använde oss också av en elevenkät som vi fyllde i samtidigtsom vi intervjuade 60 elever. I arbetet har vi tagit med teoretiskt bakgrund för att viskall kunna få svar på våra frågeställningar och analysera vårt resultat. Läsaren fårinblick om olika litteraturer och vad forskare anser om skrivutveckling och deras syn påkorrektion av elevtexter. Våra viktigaste slutsatser är:• Det inte är rätt att korrigera allt, för då anser vi att skrivlusten kan hämmas. Ivårt resultat har vi fått fram att eleverna på skola B tycker det är roligare attskriva än eleverna på skola A.• Eleverna på skola A får inte lov att skriva fritt i början av sin skoltid. Med hjälpav våra elevenkäter fick vi reda på att de här eleverna tycker mest om att skrivafritt.• Samtliga pedagoger använder sig av skrivstil fast det inte står i kursplanen försvenska. Resultatet visade att många elever tycker skrivstil är det roligaste avvåra alternativ.

<p>Silicon diodes compared to other types of dosimeters have several attractive properties, such as an excellent spatial resolution, a high sensitivity, and clinically practical to use. These properties make silicon diodes a preferred dosimeter for relative dosimetry for several types of measurements in small field dosimetry, e.g., stereotactic treatments and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Silicon diodes are, however, limited by an energy dependent response variation in photon beams, resulting in that the diode readout per dose to the phantom medium varies with photon spectral changes, thereby introducing a significant uncertainty in the measured data. The traditional solution for the energy dependent over-response caused by low-energy photons is to use diodes with a shielding filter of high atomic number. These shielded diodes, however, show an incorrect readout for small fields due to electrons scattered from the shielding (Griessbach <em>et al</em>. 2005). In regions with degraded lateral electron equilibrium (LEE) shielded diodes over-respond due to an increased degree of LEE, as a consequence of the high density shielding (Lee <em>et al</em>. 2002).</p><p>In this work a prototype software that corrects for the energy dependent response of a silicon diode is developed and validated for small field sizes. The developed software is based on the novel concept of Monte Carlo (MC) simulated fluence pencil beam kernels to calculate spectra (Eklund and Ahnesjö 2008), and the spectra based silicon diode response model proposed by Eklund and Ahnesjö (2009). The software was also extended to include correction of ionization chambers, for the energy dependent Spencer-Attix water/air stopping power ratio (<em>s</em>_w,air). The calculated <em>s</em>_w,air are shown to be in excellent agreement with published values to better than 0.1% for most values, the maximum deviation being 0.3%.</p><p>Measured relative depth doses, relative profiles, and output factors in water, for small square field sizes, for 6 MV and 15 MV clinical photon beams are presented in this work. The results show that the unshielded Scanditronix-Wellhöfer EFD^3G silicon diode response, corrected by the developed software, is in excellent agreement with reference ionization chamber measurements (corrected for change in <em>s</em>_w,air), the maximum deviation being 0.4%.</p><p>Measurements with two types of shielded diodes, namely Scanditronix-Wellhöfer PFD silicon diodes (FP1990 and FP2730), are also included in this work. The shielded diodes are shown to have an over-response as large as 2-3.5% for field sizes smaller than 5 cm x 5 cm. The presented results also suggest a difference in accuracy as large as 0.5-1% between the two types of shielded diodes, where the spectral composition at the measurement position dictates which type of diode is more accurate.</p><p>The fast correction of silicon diodes provided by the developed software is more accurate than shielded diodes for small field sizes, and can in radiotherapeutic clinical practice increase the dosimetric accuracy of silicon diodes.</p>

Silicon diodes compared to other types of dosimeters have several attractive properties, such as an excellent spatial resolution, a high sensitivity, and clinically practical to use. These properties make silicon diodes a preferred dosimeter for relative dosimetry for several types of measurements in small field dosimetry, e.g., stereotactic treatments and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Silicon diodes are, however, limited by an energy dependent response variation in photon beams, resulting in that the diode readout per dose to the phantom medium varies with photon spectral changes, thereby introducing a significant uncertainty in the measured data. The traditional solution for the energy dependent over-response caused by low-energy photons is to use diodes with a shielding filter of high atomic number. These shielded diodes, however, show an incorrect readout for small fields due to electrons scattered from the shielding (Griessbach et al. 2005). In regions with degraded lateral electron equilibrium (LEE) shielded diodes over-respond due to an increased degree of LEE, as a consequence of the high density shielding (Lee et al. 2002). In this work a prototype software that corrects for the energy dependent response of a silicon diode is developed and validated for small field sizes. The developed software is based on the novel concept of Monte Carlo (MC) simulated fluence pencil beam kernels to calculate spectra (Eklund and Ahnesjö 2008), and the spectra based silicon diode response model proposed by Eklund and Ahnesjö (2009). The software was also extended to include correction of ionization chambers, for the energy dependent Spencer-Attix water/air stopping power ratio (sw,air). The calculated sw,air are shown to be in excellent agreement with published values to better than 0.1% for most values, the maximum deviation being 0.3%. Measured relative depth doses, relative profiles, and output factors in water, for small square field sizes, for 6 MV and 15 MV clinical photon beams are presented in this work. The results show that the unshielded Scanditronix-Wellhöfer EFD3G silicon diode response, corrected by the developed software, is in excellent agreement with reference ionization chamber measurements (corrected for change in sw,air), the maximum deviation being 0.4%. Measurements with two types of shielded diodes, namely Scanditronix-Wellhöfer PFD silicon diodes (FP1990 and FP2730), are also included in this work. The shielded diodes are shown to have an over-response as large as 2-3.5% for field sizes smaller than 5 cm x 5 cm. The presented results also suggest a difference in accuracy as large as 0.5-1% between the two types of shielded diodes, where the spectral composition at the measurement position dictates which type of diode is more accurate. The fast correction of silicon diodes provided by the developed software is more accurate than shielded diodes for small field sizes, and can in radiotherapeutic clinical practice increase the dosimetric accuracy of silicon diodes.