Cramps have been used throughout the history in masonry constructions. With technological development, the materials and methods have been different in time. This report is an attempt in a structural way; to describe how the use of cramps has been historically and how it can be made today. A comparison is presented with the common most used materials, focusing on durability and environmental sustainability. Among the materials both older, well-tried, and materials that is relatively new on the market is presented. This report has been made in cooperation with Bylero AB, due to their restoration project of Norrsunda church in Märsta. The report is aiming on finding a replacement for lead that historically has been used in conjunction with the cramps. Cramps that before was made by forged steel, are today being replaced with stainless steel. The recommendation is also to replace lead with chemical anchors when cramps are being attached. If possible, remove the cramps and replace it with a construction entirely made of stones.

Examensarbetet Skalmurar med bristfällig förankring är ett försök att belysa ett aktuellt problem samt sprida nyttig och viktig information. Vi har intervjuat företag, fastighetsägare entreprenörer och personer med anknytningar till byggbranschen med många års erfarenhet. Vi vill göra en bedömning av nuläget och se vad olika företag har gjort när det gäller renovering av murade fasader, som kan ha undermålig förankring.Vi vill också visa med bilder och modeller, vad som händer vid fasaderna, hur vindarna påverkar ett hus och var de största belastningarna finns. En egen undersökning har gjorts ute på olika arbetsplatser där vi provat metalldetektorer i hopp om att kunna lokalisera rostangripna kramlor, samt dokumenterat skicket på dem genom att ta bilder. Resultatet vi har kommit fram till genom våra fältstudier är att det utan några större problem går att lokalisera kramlor med hjälp av till exempel metalldetektorer. Flera av husen som vi undersökte hade rostiga kramlor i väldigt dåligt skick. På en del av husen var skicket på kramlorna så dåligt att det skulle behövas en renovering omgående. Resultatet av våra intervjuer visar också att det är få fastighetsföretag som gör stora åtgärder med sina fasader. Nyckelord: skalmurar, kramlor, rost, förankring, undersökning, byggteknik, fasader. / Our degree project is an attempt to shed some light to the problem regarding corroding wall ties. In Sweden we have built with bricks for a very long time. But after the Second World War we started to use the bricks not as part of the bearing construction but as facing. The wall ties were not always resistant to corrosion. During a ten year period (1960-70) we built one million dwellings. There is a risk that a lot of the brick walls on these dwelling houses have no anchoring. We want to spread important and useful information by taking part in both people and companies` experiences. Not only estate owners and building contractors were interviewed, but also people with long experience in the building trade. We wanted to take their information, with their permission, and make it available to other people. We know that not many tenant-owners associations in the city of Malmö have made examinations of their brick walls. So maybe our project could open their eyes and make them aware of the problem. Keywords: brick walls, wall ties, corrosion, anchoring, examine, building technique, facade.