Abstract In its present meaning, the Finnish word 'ymp?rist?', that denotes the environment, already emerged in the 19th century. Yet it is only now that its true meaning is understood more broadly than just referring to matters and objects that surround a given place. The most essential feature of the change that has occurred in its nuances of meaning is the fact that the questions and problems related to environmental themes have emerged as permanent targets of social planning within the scope of which they should also be solved. The 20th century, known as an era of progress and development, was unable to settle these questions but rather went on to generate environmentally bound social problems which have proved even more difficult to grasp. The reasons for this are deeply embedded in reductionism and its reality-braking approach. The present investigation employs a strongly holistic viewpoint in underlining the above problem clusters against the traditional nature of scientific development and the perspectives of individual disciplines, particularly as the problems and questions connected with the whole formed by the environment and society are not separate or definable by one instance only. Problem-solving in environmental planning, which overlaps with social and community-based problems, is essentially determined by the organisation of the various planning tasks into open problems. Being multi-dimensional, controversial, difficult to shape and including a variety of alternative solutions, situations of this kind require planning that outlines future opportunities and takes into consideration the interactive nature of different factors. Thus planning must no longer be used as a means of determining or bordering the future in the sense characteristic of its traditional nature but rather as a creative, visionary and strategic instrument of constantly looking for the things of tomorrow. With regard to theoretical planning, the environment-society relationship in fact requires more problem-based approaches, local solution patterns and a more fundamental grip on things. In the level of individual local government districts assessed in the present paper, the scope and multi-dimensional nature of the environment, when seen in the framework of planning a sustainable future in societies, has given rise to definition problems as well as concrete implementation difficulties. Despite these, there has already been some awakening to assume the direction required by a holistic grip on the environment. Yet the majority of the local government authorities in Finland still have a long way to go to realise the kind of long-term fundamental perspectives and interaction between the various factors that lie in their operating environments that are required for really employing a strategy. It takes time of course to change traditional operating patterns and cultures. The most important thing here is that the instances concerned should recognise the direction of development as their own and correct so as to ensure that the process of change will continue.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to increase understanding of the discussion of values of municipal health services as a phenomenon based on theoretical and empirical material. There has been very little research on organisation-internal discussion of values within health care services. The aim was to generate information about organisation values and discussion on values from the joint perspective of leading health care officials and elected officials. In addition, the aim was to produce a research-based model of value discussion within municipal health care services with the aid of a future research application of soft system methodology. In the theoretical part, Rest’s ethical decision-making model was utilised in conceptualizing value discussions within health care services. In addition, the multifaceted nature of the value environment of municipal health care organisations was analysed, and value discussion was linked to an ethical operational culture as its manifestation. The empirical part was implemented as a qualitative case study in the area of collaboration comprising health care services of three municipalities. Material was collected from those with permanent posts and from elected officials (a total of 25 persons) using interviews and with a three-phase future workshop process (a total of 16 persons). The data collected was systematically analysed. The study produced as a new finding a hypothetical construction of value discussions within health care services. The four main components of the construction were identification of organisation values, a collaboration-based approach to value discussion, encountering value conflicts and a visible value discussion culture. The aim of the components was to describe and aid in understanding the multidimensional nature of value discussions on municipal health care services. In the study, a soft system model of value discussions on municipal health care services was drawn up, combining theoretical and empirical knowledge of the phenomenon under study to form a whole. The novelty value of the theoretical results is a more structured analysis of the phenomenon of value discussion on organisation level, and based on this, a description of the process of change in the area of collaboration within primary health care. For practical-level actors, the study is an example of how values and value discussions within health care services can be examined, and how progress can be made in a defined direction by analysing the problems involved. The study can also be utilised in health care education and research, especially in planning soft system methodology applications. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli lisätä ymmärrystä kunnallisten terveyspalveluiden arvokeskustelusta ilmiönä teoreettisen ja empiiristen aineistojen pohjalta. Organisaation sisäistä arvokeskustelua terveydenhuollossa on tutkittu erittäin vähän. Tavoitteena oli tuottaa tietoa organisaatioarvoista ja arvokeskustelusta kunnallisten terveyspalveluiden johtavien viranhaltijoiden ja luottamushenkilöiden yhteisestä näkökulmasta. Lisäksi tavoitteena oli tuottaa tutkimustietoon perustuva malli kunnallisten terveyspalveluiden arvokeskustelusta pehmeän systeemimetodologian tulevaisuudentutkimussovelluksen avulla. Teoriaosassa hyödynnettiin Restin eettisen toiminnan mallia, jonka avulla terveyspalveluiden arvokeskustelu käsitteellistettiin. Lisäksi analysoitiin kunnallisen terveyspalveluorganisaation arvoympäristön moninaisuutta ja liitettiin arvokeskustelu eettisen toimintakulttuurin ilmentäjäksi. Empiirinen osa toteutettiin laadullisena tapaustutkimuksena kolmen kunnan terveyspalveluiden yhteistoiminta-alueella. Aineistot kerättiin viranhaltijoilta ja luottamushenkilöiltä (yhteensä 25 henkilöä) haastattelemalla ja kolmivaiheisessa tulevaisuusverstasprosessissa (yhteensä 16 henkilöä) tuotetuilla aineistoilla, jotka analysoitiin systemaattisella analyysilla. Tutkimuksessa tuotettiin uutena tietona terveyspalveluiden arvokeskustelusta hypoteettinen konstruktio, jonka neljä komponenttia olivat organisaatioarvojen tunnistaminen, yhteistyölähtöinen tahtotila arvokeskusteluun, arvoristiriitojen kohtaaminen ja näkyvä arvokeskustelukulttuuri. Komponenttien tarkoituksena oli kuvata ja auttaa ymmärtämään kunnallisten terveyspalveluiden arvokeskustelun moniulotteisuutta. Tutkimuksessa muodostettiin kunnallisten terveyspalveluiden arvokeskustelun pehmeä systeemimalli, joka kokosi teoreettisen ja empiirisen tiedon tutkimuksen kohteena olevasta ilmiöstä kokonaisuutena. Teoreettisten tulosten uutuusarvo on terveydenhuollon organisaatiotason arvokeskusteluilmiön aikaisempaa jäsentyneempi tarkastelu ja tämän pohjalta muodostettu muutosprosessin kuvaus perusterveydenhuollon yhteistoiminta-alueella. Käytännön toimijoille tutkimus on esimerkki, miten terveyspalveluiden arvoja ja arvokeskustelua voidaan tarkastella ja siihen liittyviä ongelmia jäsentämällä edistyä määriteltyyn suuntaan. Tutkimusta voidaan hyödyntää myös terveydenhuollon koulutuksessa ja tutkimuksessa, erityisesti pehmeän systeemimetodologian soveltamista suunniteltaessa.

Abstract The requirements for interactive land use planning, a statutory function of municipalities, are based on the Land Use and Building Act. The objective of land use planning is to promote a high quality living environment and ecologically, economically, socially and culturally sustainable development. Ideally, planning consists of an interactive process in which aspects of administration, residents, economic life and policy making are interconnected. The everyday planning practices of municipalities are significant in implementing interactive planning. This thesis analyses the interactive planning practices and collaboration cultures of the municipalities, the ELY Centres, and the Regional Councils, together with the representatives of mining companies, and consultant planners. The realisation of planning practices was specifically studied within the scope of land use planning and mining due to the fact that there are several ongoing ore exploration and mining projects in the municipalities of Northern Finland. The study focuses on municipal planners’ experiences in interactive planning. The thesis is based on a mixed methods approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative data. The main research material, which is qualitative data, is comprised of interviews with municipal planners, representatives of ELY Centres, Regional Councils, and mining companies, as well as consultant planners. The quantitative data was generated from a survey directed to municipal planners working in the Northern municipalities. The qualitative data was supplemented with workshop material collected through participatory action research, which was carried out in order to study and develop the interactive planning process. The findings of this thesis demonstrate that the municipalities in Northern Finland have generally fulfilled the statutory minimum requirements in their interactive planning practices. The results indicate that interaction based on statutory and informal municipality policies would increase the possibilities of different stakeholders’ participation in the planning process. In addition, interaction would improve municipal planning practices, and would provide continuity in policy making. The results of this thesis offer valuable insight into planning practices, and could inform and enhance the current reform process of central and regional administration. / Tiivistelmä Maankäyttö- ja rakennuslaki muodostaa perustan vuorovaikutteiselle alueiden käytön suunnittelulle, joka on yksi kuntien tehtävistä. Kunnilla on kokonaisvastuu suunnittelusta, jolla tavoitellaan hyvää elinympäristöä ja kestävää kehitystä. Suunnittelu perustuu lakisääteiseen vuorovaikutteiseen kaavoitusprosessiin. Ideaalitilanteessa vuorovaikutuksessa ovat hallinnon, kansalaisten, elinkeinoelämän ja poliittisen päätöksenteon näkökulmat. Kuntien suunnittelukäytännöt ovat tärkeässä asemassa vuorovaikutteisen suunnittelun toteuttamisessa. Väitöskirjatutkimuksen tavoitteena on kuvata ja analysoida vuorovaikutteisen alueiden käytön suunnittelun käytäntöjä ja toimintakulttuuria Kainuun, Lapin ja Pohjois-Pohjanmaan kuntien suunnitteluorganisaatioiden, ELY-keskusten, maakunnan liittojen, kaivosyhtiöiden edustajien ja konsulttisuunnittelijoiden välisessä yhteistyössä. Käytäntöjen toteutumista tarkastellaan erityisesti alueiden käytön suunnittelun ja vaikutuksiltaan merkittävän kaivostoiminnan vuorovaikutuksessa, koska Pohjois-Suomen kunnissa on vireillä useita malminetsintä- ja kaivoshankkeita. Tutkimuksessa painotetaan kuntakaavoittajien kokemuksia vuorovaikutteisesta suunnittelusta. Väitöskirjatutkimus on lähtökohdaltaan monimenetelmällinen. Laadullinen pääaineisto muodostuu eri toimijaryhmien teemahaastatteluista. Määrällinen aineisto käsittää Kainuun, Lapin ja Pohjois-Pohjanmaan kunnissa työskennelleille kaavoittajille lähetetyn kyselyn. Laadullista aineistoa täydentää toimintatutkimuksellisella otteella toteutettujen, suunnitteluprosessin vuorovaikutusta tutkineiden ja kehittäneiden työpajojen aineisto. Väitöskirjatutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että pohjoissuomalaisten kuntien suunnittelukäytännöissä noudatetaan useimmiten lakisääteisiä vuorovaikutuksen minimivaatimuksia. Tulosten perusteella lakisääteisten ja kuntien omien vapaamuotoisten käytäntöjen yhdistäminen lisäisi eri osapuolten vaikutusmahdollisuuksia suunnittelussa, mikä toisi myös jatkuvuutta kunnan suunnittelukäytäntöihin ja päätöksentekoon. Väitöskirjatutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan soveltaa ajankohtaisessa keskustelussa valtion ja paikallishallinnon työnjaosta sekä itsehallinnon uudistuvista muodoista.

Abstract Title: It’s not just a comment – a study about Crisis Management on Social Media Author: Malin Pettersson 910624 and Amanda White 920310 Year: Spring 2014 Level: Bachelor degree Department: School of Business and Economics Supervisor: Carina Holmgren Examiner: Frederic Bill   Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a theoretical model for Crisis Management on social media.   Method: The overall literature that was found consisted of traditional Crisis Management and the communication that goes with it, and it was mainly written for traditional channels such as newspapers. The theories could not concretely describe how organizations should handle crisis in Social Media. Therefore, this study focuses on if and how organizations can use the traditional theories when working with crisis management in social media. Through a qualitative method the study has examined and tested the model on three crises, and subsequently improved the model based on the empirical material and  the analysis that was made.   Conclusion: The conclusion found that organizations need to adjust their crisis management after following guidelines for it to work on social media: -    Strategies should be limited to only one, and be either a rebuilding strategy or a bolstering strategy. -    The focus should be on emotional communication, and regarding the rational aspects the focus should be on actual actions and plans for the future. -    Clear guidelines for what type of questions and critics that should be answered should be set. Due to time restrictions questions and critics that communicate direct attacks and/or has playful undertones should be filtered out. -    Spokespersons can be many, which amplifies the need of clear guidelines and a coherent choice of strategy. Further, the messages should all be signed the same regardless of its creator. A good choice is therefore to sign it with the organizations name. -    Social media demands constant presence as the organizations must answer comments quickly, preferably within the hour of their publication. They must also quickly share information to make sure they are first with defining the crisis events. Furthermore, organizations should be active on all the social media channels where they have an account to avoid creating a forum for only speculations, rumors and discussions between stakeholders. -    Authorities should not stand alone in the spotlight, and they should not act alone on the organizations social media channels. Keywords: Crisis Management, Crisis Communication, Crisis Response, Response stage, Social Media, Preventable Crisis, Findus, Max, Parken Zoo.