The thesis is devoted to discrimination in the labor market with the stress on the gender pay gap. The aim of the thesis is to assess the status of women in the Czech labor market with respect to different social categories and the analysis of wage differences in different job categories and types of jobs. The main focus of the text is a summary of various theoretical assumptions and concepts that are used to explain discrimination against women and finding the links with the recent demographic data. The text results in analysis of the above mentioned models it terms of their application to explain gender discrimination in the Czech Republic. The thesis results in the answer to the question whether discrimination in the labor market represents major social problem in the Czech Republic. At the end of this text various measures that, in my opinion, could lead to solution of discrimination against women in the labor market are described.

This graduation thesis is focused on the formation and development of unemployment in the present Czech territory. Emphsis is placed on areas most affected by unemployment, it is in Moravskoslezský, Karlovarský and Ústecký region. The theoretical section explores the reasons for high unemployment in these regions. In the practical part is solved the interrelationship between unemployment and population strukture by sex, age and education.

Segundo o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), a adolescência é situada entre 12 e 18 anos. O Brasil sendo um país onde existe grande desigualdade social, os jovens de classe baixa procuram o mercado de trabalho precocemente, para obter uma renda familiar maior e ajudar em casa. Considerando o defasado ensino brasileiro atual, e a falta de estruturas necessárias para a contratação de um fonoaudiólogo, tem-se como conseqüência o desenvolvimento de adolescentes com dificuldades de comunicação escrita não detectadas precocemente, assim, quando os jovens se deparam com o mercado de trabalho, em busca do seu primeiro emprego, encontram dificuldades relacionadas à sua comunicação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral, implantar uma Oficina de Aprimoramento da Comunicação Escrita, em adolescentes freqüentadores do Curso Primeiro Emprego oferecido pela Diocese de Bauru Divino Espírito Santo (Casa do Garoto Rogacionista) na cidade de Bauru-SP no ano letivo de 2008, devido a estes jovens apresentarem uma escrita defasada, que pode interferir direta ou indiretamente na seleção de uma vaga de emprego. As Oficinas foram realizadas no período de 8 semanas, e após a realização destas, podê-se encontrar dados estatisticamente significantes quando falamos em elaboração de texto. Após este trabalho também foi observado melhora quanto a coesão, uso de pontuação, bem como, sintaxe, e também a opinião positiva dos adolescentes em relação ao oferecimento das oficinas realizadas. / According to the Statute of the Child and Adolescent (ECA), adolescence is located between 12 and 18 years. Brazil is a country where there is great social inequality, low-class young people looking for the labor market early, to get a higher family income and help at home. Considering the current Brazilian low education, and lack of necessary structures for the hiring of a speech pathologist, as a consequence has been development of adolescents with difficulties in written communication not detected earler, so, when young people are faced with the labor market, in search of their first jobs, have difficulty relating to their communication. This study aimed to rule, establish an Office of Improving Communication Writing in adolescents attend Course \"First Job\" offered by the Diocese of Allahabad Holy Ghost (House of Boy Rogacionista) in the city of Bauru, Sao Paulo in the 2008 school year Because these young people to submit a written low, which may interfere directly or indirectly in the selection of a wave of employment. The workshops were held during the period of 8 weeks, and after the completion of these, one can find data statistically significant when we talk about drafting a text. After this work was also observed improvement in cohesion, use of punctuation, and syntax, and also the positive view of adolescents in relation to the offering of workshops.

The financial crisis of 2008 was characterized by disruptions in credit markets and sharp rises in unemployment. This dissertation contributes to our understanding of the interaction of credit and labour markets. The first chapter studies the impact of credit frictions on labour demand given that the labour market is frictionless. The second chapter introduces search and matching to the labour market and studies the interaction between the two types of frictions. The third chapter investigates wages determined by surplus sharing between firms and workers in the environment with search and credit frictions. In Chapter 1 I develop a partial equilibrium model where homogenous firms face credit frictions in the form of collateral constraints. As a result of these frictions firms' demand for capital depends on their net worth. Firms hire workers in the frictionless labour market with an upward-sloping labour supply curve. The model generates a large, although short-lived, response of capital demand to a negative productivity shock. Through complementarity of factors of production the decrease in capital affects employment and wages. As a result of a one standard deviation negative productivity shock employment falls by around 0.65% and wages fall by around 1.3% as opposed to 0.11% and 0.25%, respectively, in the first-best economy. I also find that changing capital and labour supply elasticities have different implications in the presence of credit frictions compared to the first-best economy. Chapter 2 extends Chapter 1 by introducing search frictions to the labour side of the economy. On one hand, when buying capital firms have to deal with the credit frictions outlined above. On the other hand, when hiring workers they face standard search and matching frictions. I then study the interaction of the two frictions. Credit frictions affect labour demand through complementarity of capital and labour. Search frictions influence capital demand through wages: When wages are only partially flexible, the decline in firms' net worth is larger, and the resulting fall in capital is larger as well. I also find that the response of wages to wage flexibility is non-monotonic in the presence of credit frictions. This could potentially explain why we see wages fall little in data. In Chapter 3 I use a model of search and credit frictions developed in Chapter 2 to investigate wages determined by surplus sharing in such environment. I find that credit frictions affect the surplus-sharing mechanism in such a way that they increase the worker's effective bargaining power. That is, the firm and the worker negotiate wages as if the worker had a higher bargaining power. This is due to the fact that under search and credit frictions the firm values workers more that under pure search frictions because output they produce increases the firm's net worth. However, the effective worker's bargaining power appears to be endogenous to the firm's capital holdings and the number of employees. The more capital the firm has, the less the firm is financially constrained, and the lower wages its workers are able to extract. Due to endogeneity of the worker's effective bargaining power, the effect of credit frictions on wages is ambiguous.

The first chapter assesses the impact of the cohort size on labour market outcomes. Using exogenous variation and micro-level data for France, the UK and the US, we study the effect of supply shocks measured at different ages on unemployment rates and wages during a cohort's life cycle. The results from an IV estimation show that the largest magnitude of the effects is found when the cohort size is measured at age 25. The impact of both wages and unemployment rates are temporary, however, both decreasing with time. The second chapter analyses the effects of large inflows of foreign students on English undergraduates. Our results confirm previous findings that there is no overall effect, but we identify changes in the distribution of natives. We find that top performing English students are crowded in by foreign students. It is also mainly English-born males, natives who do not have English as their mother tongue and those of Asian ethnic origins that are crowded in by foreign students. In chapter three, we aim to understand the short-term effects of changes in the level of the tuition fees charged by English universities on students' geographic mobility. Our results suggest that the increase in tuition fees in 2006/07 charged by English universities led students to enrol into universities that are closer to home, with a larger effect experienced by men and White students. Moreover, we find that students are less likely to move to universities located in rich areas.

Diplomová práce porovnává postoj ke snižování nezaměstnanosti prostřednictvím aktivní politiky zaměstnanosti v ČR a VB. VB má jednu z nejnižších měr nezaměstnanosti, a proto je zajímavé, porovnávat ji se zemí, která má míru nezaměstnanosti velmi vysokou. První kapitoly se týkají teorie aktivní politiky zaměstnanosti obecně, řešení APZ v každém státě zvlášť, i jaký postoj má k nezaměstnanosti EU. V ostatních kapitolách jsou na základě SWOT analýzy porovnávány silné a slabé stránky a příležitosti a hrozby obou států ? míra nezaměstnanosti, rizikové skupiny, vzdělání, instituce trhu práce aj. Na závěr je nutná komparace obou států a především nastínění určitých doporučení pro ČR.

The thesis "Education and Educational System in Zlín Region and its Connection with Labour Market" describes and analyses the educational system and the labour market in Zlín Region. The main goal is to answer a question whether there is a connection between the educational system and the labour market in Zlín Region. The first part of the thesis provides basic pedagogical terms, basic terms of the labour market and it demonstrates the role of education in the labour market and in the regional development. It continues with the description of the educational system in the Czech Republic and its legislative regulations. The third part characterizes all levels of the educational system in Zlín Region. The last part of the thesis is focused on the development of the labour market in Zlín Region and on the analysis of free job positions. From the results of the thesis it implies that there is a connection between the educational system and the labour market in Zlín Region and at the same time that there is an effort to adapt the educational system, especially in secondary education, so it can better reflect needs and demands of the labour market.

This paper concetrates on the unemployment. In the theory there are described various terms of the labour market field. In the practical part you can find the comparison of the rate of unumplyment in chosen district Tábor and Písek and as well you can learn, how the industrial zone affects the unemployment.

Segundo o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), a adolescência é situada entre 12 e 18 anos. O Brasil sendo um país onde existe grande desigualdade social, os jovens de classe baixa procuram o mercado de trabalho precocemente, para obter uma renda familiar maior e ajudar em casa. Considerando o defasado ensino brasileiro atual, e a falta de estruturas necessárias para a contratação de um fonoaudiólogo, tem-se como conseqüência o desenvolvimento de adolescentes com dificuldades de comunicação escrita não detectadas precocemente, assim, quando os jovens se deparam com o mercado de trabalho, em busca do seu primeiro emprego, encontram dificuldades relacionadas à sua comunicação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral, implantar uma Oficina de Aprimoramento da Comunicação Escrita, em adolescentes freqüentadores do Curso Primeiro Emprego oferecido pela Diocese de Bauru Divino Espírito Santo (Casa do Garoto Rogacionista) na cidade de Bauru-SP no ano letivo de 2008, devido a estes jovens apresentarem uma escrita defasada, que pode interferir direta ou indiretamente na seleção de uma vaga de emprego. As Oficinas foram realizadas no período de 8 semanas, e após a realização destas, podê-se encontrar dados estatisticamente significantes quando falamos em elaboração de texto. Após este trabalho também foi observado melhora quanto a coesão, uso de pontuação, bem como, sintaxe, e também a opinião positiva dos adolescentes em relação ao oferecimento das oficinas realizadas. / According to the Statute of the Child and Adolescent (ECA), adolescence is located between 12 and 18 years. Brazil is a country where there is great social inequality, low-class young people looking for the labor market early, to get a higher family income and help at home. Considering the current Brazilian low education, and lack of necessary structures for the hiring of a speech pathologist, as a consequence has been development of adolescents with difficulties in written communication not detected earler, so, when young people are faced with the labor market, in search of their first jobs, have difficulty relating to their communication. This study aimed to rule, establish an Office of Improving Communication Writing in adolescents attend Course \"First Job\" offered by the Diocese of Allahabad Holy Ghost (House of Boy Rogacionista) in the city of Bauru, Sao Paulo in the 2008 school year Because these young people to submit a written low, which may interfere directly or indirectly in the selection of a wave of employment. The workshops were held during the period of 8 weeks, and after the completion of these, one can find data statistically significant when we talk about drafting a text. After this work was also observed improvement in cohesion, use of punctuation, and syntax, and also the positive view of adolescents in relation to the offering of workshops.

This thesis is an analysis of two concurrent processes - the liberalisation of the economy and the expansion of the tertiary education system - by the National Islamic Front (NIF)/National Congress Party (NCP) in Khartoum, Sudan. It is based on 18 months fieldwork conducted between 2008 and 2010, combining qualitative material from interviews, focus groups and field notes with a questionnaire administered to 300 employees in 14 organisations and 100 other individuals on public transportation. This questionnaire was adapted from Mark Granovetter’s survey of job information in the United States. The thesis makes both theoretical and empirical contributions. It examines the extent to which liberalisation has developed ‘markets’ by looking at communication in the labour market from the point of view of university graduates and managers in different fields. In contrast to Granovetter’s theory of ‘the strength of weak ties’ (SWT), it shows a trend of strong and strengthening ties in the Sudanese labour market. It argues that the combination of politically motivated liberalisation and the drastic expansion of education has plunged Sudan into a state of ‘hyperinflation’ of its qualifications, making public information about candidates untrustworthy and encouraging managers to use more personal sources of information to evaluate candidates. A simultaneous privatisation and internationalisation of opportunity has ensued. Educational expansion and liberalisation have dissolved the national cognitive space of the labour market and have forced actors to construct their own private economic spaces and to draw on transnational spaces in order to deal with uncertainty. The thesis therefore demonstrates an incongruity between ‘liberalised markets’ and the ‘markets’ envisioned by economic models (spaces of communication and coordination between strangers). It concludes by arguing that the retreat of both state and market has contributed to the ethnic fragmentation of Sudan under the NCP.