This diploma thesis evaluates those methods of hiring an employee and those forms of the discrimination on the job market. This diploma thesis formulates measures for improvement. The theoretical part of the thesis outlines individual methods and forms of job interviewing process, their impacts, and possible solutions. The practical part of the thesis characterizes a company, its job interviewing process methods and other discrimination problems.

In this article, a meta-analysis was conducted using correspondence tests from 2004 and later, researching gender discrimination in the labour markets hiring process. A total of 19 correspondence tests were found from 12 different countries across the world. Comparisons of call-back rates for job applications between male and female applicants were made. I created a call-back ratio, dividing the female applicants’ call-back rate by the male applicants’ call-back rate for each study and regressed on two different variables, “equality score” and “work incentives rating”, meant to measure gender equality of countries. My hypothesis is that females are still discriminated against in the world’s labour markets. Statistical discrimination is my main theory of why discrimination of female applicants would occur in the labour market. The method of meta-analysis is useful for observing overall trends and drawing broad conclusions regarding a subject. The equality score is significantly correlated with higher call-back rates for both genders, bot it is not correlated with the call-back ratio, and therefore, does not seem to be correlated with gender discrimination. Providing more work incentives are correlated with lower call-back rates for both genders, but these findings are not significant at any level. The call-back ratio is unaffected by the work incentives rating, showing no correlation with discrimination. The main findings show no discrimination of female applicants, but rather points to discrimination of male applicants. This could be to a perceived image of men being more threatening.

Magister Commercii - MCom / The South African economy is confronted with various socio-economic problems. In particular, the persistently high and rising unemployment rate (especially for the youth), which has always been one of them. Unemployment has been generally classified as structural because of the mismatch between skills that the jobseekers are willing to supply and skills that are actually demanded by employers for vacancies that are available. Youths are less likely to find employment and the employed youths are more likely to be retrenched during recessions due to their lack of experience.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / The world has recognised the global record of increased international migrants and refugees in the last two decades. In South Africa in particular, migrants and refugees have remarkably increased in the last ten years. Refugees in South Africa face many challenges of accessing employment while the government also faces the high global unemployment of its citizens. Also, refugees have problems of accessing social services such as education, shelter, and social grants and also problems of insecurity and safety, discrimination and exclusion.

South Africa and China established their first official diplomatic ties in 1998. A decade later in 2008 China had become South Africa’s largest bilateral trade partner which presents both complementary and competitive outcomes for the South African labour market. This study explores the competitive outcomes, particularly the impact that China has had on the skill bias of manufacturing employment within South Africa’s local municipalities between 2001 and 2011. The study follows on from two theories of trade: the Heckscher-Ohlin theory with its Stopler-Samuelson theorem, and specific factor theories. The identification method employed in this study was developed by Autor, Dorn and Hansen (2013) and seeks to exploit variation across South African municipalities which stems from initial differences in industry specialisation and instrumenting for South African imports using changes in Chinese imports by other low- and middle-income countries. The data used in the current study is from the UN Comtrade as well as South African population census data from 1996, 2001 and 2011. This study makes two main contributions to the literature by looking at the impact that import competition has on manufacturing employment in local labour markets, and how this impact varies by skill set and gender. The main finding of the study was that Chinese import exposure was biased against low-skilled workers as it resulted loss of employment for the low-skilled workers, and had a minimal effect on the employment of high-skilled workers.

Migrants are people who leave their countries for different reasons. These reasons can be political, economic, social and environmental. Those who migrate seek protection and better opportunities in the destination countries with stable political environments and strong economies. Migrants are also willing to work to sustain their livelihoods and their families. However, they find themselves in an extremely vulnerable position and encounter many challenges which prevent the enjoyment of the right to work. The right to work is a fundamental human right which is protected and recognised in many human rights standards. The right to work is necessary for the realisation and the enjoyment of other human rights. It constitutes an integral part of human dignity and enables people to gain a living through the work they choose or accept. This mini-dissertation examines how the right to work is guaranteed to migrants in South Africa. The focus on South Africa is due to the fact that South Africa is one of the main destination countries in Africa. Since the post-apartheid period, the majority of migrants target or prefer to come to South Africa because of its political and economic stability. If the right to work is an integral part of basic rights, human dignity and human survival, it must also be guaranteed to migrants because being a migrant does not exclude the exercise and the enjoyment of the right to work. However, the majority of migrants are discriminated against in so far as accessing the job market in South Africa due to many barriers. This mini-dissertation analyses different challenges migrants are facing in looking for employment and how difficult their integration is in the South African labour market. It examines South African legislation in relation to the right of migrants to work, with a brief emphasis on refugees and asylum seekers. It considers international instruments that recognise migrants’ right to work and other labour rights. This mini-dissertation concludes by giving some recommendations that will help the South African government to review its laws, as well as to prevent challenges that impede migrants getting jobs and accessing the labour market. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

My work focuses on gender inequalities appearing in the Police of the Czech Republic, specifically police job positions requiring administrative work and field work which is primarily considered a masculine domain. I use an analysis of in-depth interviews with police officers who work in those places and I try to map how these women perceive and interpret gender inequalities in their jobs. how they deal with them and what role gender inequalities play in their decision whether to work in a masculine profession like this. The work uses the theory of gender perspectives, which builds on the argument that the labor market produces unequal conditions and unequal treatment for individuals who move here. The results of my work show that police officers are aware of the occurrence of gender inequalities appearing in various spheres in these positions. Respondents problematize some of the exposed gender inequalities respondents and indicate their possible solutions, some they perceive as natural and completely adapt to them. Keywords: gender, inequality, labour market, police

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences School of Education 0311556x bashamots@yahoo.com / This study primarily aimed to find out how university degrees influence career paths and workplace practices of the graduates. A tracer survey was carried out using the 1997 Bachelor (primary) of education graduates of the University of Botswana. Data was collected qualitatively using unstructured interviews and analysis of documents. A bachelor (primary) of education degree programme was introduced at university level to enhance professional practice in the workplace. However the degree seemed not to have achieved this. Instead it seemed to have led the pull out of teachers from their initial work setting in the primary department to other departments. This is due to the fact that degrees do different things that do not fall into university programme design. This is also due largely to the fact that when degrees are designed they do not take into account the complexity of the challenges and experiences that teachers are faced with in the workplace. In fact, some of the challenges and experiences have nothing to do with the qualifications conferred by the degree like salaries, personal interrelations, lack of promotion prospects and professional roles devalued. All these things push teachers to leave. Though some of the teachers may be competent enough in their jobs, they still need degrees to authenticate their profession. The study concludes that the BEd (primary) degree programme is not necessarily job related. Therefore the study strongly recommends that the BEd (primary) programme be reviewed thoroughly to ensure that it leads to professional development of teachers in primary schools.

In recent decades, there have been increased investments in automation-related technology across several European industries. Parallel to this, industry-level labour share declines and differences in wage growth between demographic groups can be observed. This thesis examines the relationship between the increased technological investments and labour market outcomes of different demographic groups to uncover how increased exposure to automation technology has contributed to wage inequality between 2002-2018. The empirical strategy follows Acemoglu & Restrepo (2022) and links the wage change of demographic groups across ten European countries to their expected task displacement, quantified through their specialization in routine tasks and exposure to industries with labour share declines, both in a reduced form and instrumental variable specification. The main empirical findings suggest that there has been no significant effect of increased exposure to automation, specifically computers and software, on relative wages between groups in Europe between 2002-2018, contrasting previous results from the U.S.

Magister Commercii - MCom / The following research paper is based on employment intensity, arguing the notion that an increase in economic growth alone does not necessary increase the rate of employment in South Africa. In fact, other additional macroeconomic factors determine changes in the rate of employment, along with economic growth. This research measured the employment numbers in each South African sector with reference to sector-specific gross value added, to determine the level of elasticity of employment in each sector. This was done by extracting quarterly data in-between the year 1995 to 2019. For each sector, a unit root test was estimated, an ARDL bound test for cointegration, an error correction model. A stability and diagnostic test were conducted to test the fluidity of each regression model. The coefficient of each sector modelled indicated no correlation between employment and economic growth. In “all sectors”, the results of GVA were not influential enough to implement positive change in the levels of employment, thus, leading to jobless growth.