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Les sous-variées isotropes maximales en géométries symplectique sont appelées lagrangiennes ; parmi celles-ci on distingue les lagrangiennes monotones. Historiquement leur définition est motivée en partie par la construction de l'homologie de Floer lagrangiennes ; elles présentent ainsi une classe plus rigide, moins étendue, de lagrangiennes. Ce manuscrit établit une contrainte sur le groupe fondamental de certaines lagrangiennes monotones, qui s'applique en particulier lorsque la variété symplectique ambiante est l'espace projectif complexe. Une des conséquences du théorème principal est d'exclure toute une classe d'exemples classiques de lagrangiennes, due à L. Polterovich, du cas monotone. Elle conduit également à une discussion sur les topologies possibles en dimension 3. / This thesis establishes a topological constraint on the fundamental group of some monotone Lagrangien. One useful consequence is to rule out a class of examples of Lagrangians due to L. Polterovich as monotone ones. It also leads to a discussion on the possible topologies en dimension 3.

Neste trabalho, consideramos uma nova parametrização para o problema de empacotar a maior quantidade possível de círculos idênticos uma região elíptica dada. Apresentamos algoritmos com propriedades de convergência global e algumas estratégias heurísticas. Ilustramos com experimentos numéricos extensivos cada uma das estratégias utilizadas / In this work we consider a new parametrization for the problem of packing the maximum number of identical circles within a given elliptical region. We present algorithms with global convergence properties and some heuristic strategies. We illustrate each described strategy with extensive numerical experiments

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1996-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:32:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_rg_me_ift.pdf: 565736 bytes, checksum: 47638723d76926fa1da8cc7e9ede904d (MD5) / Neste trabalho apresentamos o formalismo Hamiltoniano de Dirac para sistemas singulares, analisando inclusive a construção do gerador de transformações de gauge. A seguir discutimos brevemente a generalização, já conhecida, desse formalismo para o caso de Lagrangeanos singulares de segunda ordem fazendo também uma análise da estrutura de vínculos presente em tais teorias. Desenvolvemos então o formalismo de Hamilton-Jacobi para sistemas singulares fazendo sua generalização para Lagrangeanos de segunda ordem. Por último, ambos formalismos são aplicados à Eletrodinâmica de Podols y e os resultados obtidos são comparados. / In this work we study Dirac's Hamiltonian formulation for singular systems including the construction of the gauge transformations generator. Next we briefy discuss the generalization, already developed, of this formalism for singular second order La grangians. Besides that we also make an anlysis of the constrains structure present in such theories. Then we develop the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism for singular systems making its generalization for the case of second order Lagrangians. Finally, both formalisms are applied to Podols y's eletrodynamics and the obtained results are comparad.

Neste trabalho, consideramos uma nova parametrização para o problema de empacotar a maior quantidade possível de círculos idênticos uma região elíptica dada. Apresentamos algoritmos com propriedades de convergência global e algumas estratégias heurísticas. Ilustramos com experimentos numéricos extensivos cada uma das estratégias utilizadas / In this work we consider a new parametrization for the problem of packing the maximum number of identical circles within a given elliptical region. We present algorithms with global convergence properties and some heuristic strategies. We illustrate each described strategy with extensive numerical experiments

The method of controlled Lagrangians is an energy shaping control technique for underactuated Lagrangian systems. Energy shaping control design methods are appealing as they retain the underlying nonlinear dynamics and can provide stability results that hold over larger domain than can be obtained using linear design and analysis. The objective of this dissertation is to identify the control challenges in applying the method of controlled Lagrangians to practical engineering problems and to suggest ways to enhance the closed-loop performance of the controller. This dissertation describes a procedure for incorporating artificial gyroscopic forces in the method of controlled Lagrangians. Allowing these energy-conserving forces in the closed-loop system provides greater freedom in tuning closed-loop system performance and expands the class of eligible systems. In energy shaping control methods, physical dissipation terms that are neglected in the control design may enter the system in a way that can compromise stability. This is well illustrated through the "ball on a beam" example. The effect of physical dissipation on the closed-loop dynamics is studied in detail and conditions for stability in the presence of natural damping are discussed. The control technique is applied to the classic "inverted pendulum on a cart" system. A nonlinear controller is developed which asymptotically stabilizes the inverted equilibrium at a specific cart position for the conservative dynamic model. The region of attraction contains all states for which the pendulum is elevated above the horizontal plane. Conditions for asymptotic stability in the presence of linear damping are developed. The onlinear controller is validated through experiments. Experimental cart damping is best modeled using static and Coulomb friction. Experiments show that static and Coulomb friction degrades the closed-loop performance and induces limit cycles. A Lyapunov-based switching controller is proposed and successfully implemented to suppress the limit cycle oscillations. The Lyapunov-based controller switches between the energy shaping nonlinear controller, for states away from the equilibrium, and a well-tuned linear controller, for states close to the equilibrium. The method of controlled Lagrangians is applied to vehicle systems with internal moving point mass actuators. Applications of moving mass actuators include certain spacecraft, atmospheric re-entry vehicles, and underwater vehicles. Control design using moving mass actuators is challenging; the system is often underactuated and multibody dynamic models are higher dimensional. We consider two examples to illustrate the application of controlled Lagrangian formulation. The first example is a spinning disk, a simplified, planar version of a spacecraft spin stabilization problem. The second example is a planar, streamlined underwater vehicle. / Ph. D.

The subject matter of this thesis falls into two distinct parts. Chapters II to IV are devoted to a discussion of Schwinger's action principle, and chapters V and VI are concerned with the proof of dispersion relations for inelastic meson-nucleon scattering. The material of chapter II is based on some work done in collaboration with Dr. J.C. Polkinghorne, which has been published (Kibble and Polkinghorne 1957). This work was concerned with the clarification of certain points connected with the class of permissible variations in Schwinger's principle. There are, however, substantial changes in the present treatment, principally deriving from the introduction, in section II-5, of the concept of relative phases. This chapter is restricted to the case of non-relativistic quantum theory, and the discussion is extended to relativistic quantum field theory in chapter III. These chapters are devoted to a reformulation of Schwinger's action principle, and an investigation of the consequences of the new form of the action principle. Some of this material is necessarily contained in the work of Schwinger (1951, 1953a), but the treatment differs from his in several important respects. These are discussed in greater detail in section 2. Chapter IV is devoted to a discussion of higher order spinor Lagrangians, with particular reference to the use of a two-component field satisfying a second-order equation rather than a four-component spinor satisfying a first-order equation. This procedure has been suggested by Feynman and Gell-Mann (1958) in connection with their universal Fermi interaction. The work presented in this chapter was done jointly with Dr. J.C. Polkinghorne, and has been published (Kibble and Polkinghorne 1958). Chapters V and VI are devoted to a proof of the dispersion relations for the process in which a single meson is scattered on a nucleon into a state with several mesons. The proof follows the general lines of that by Bogolyubov, Medvedev and Polivanov (1956) for the case of elastic meson-nucleon scattering, This work has also been published (Kibble 1958). The notation employed in the thesis is summarized in appendix A. Appendix B is devoted to a discussion of consistency conditions on the Lagrangian function. The chapter number is omitted in references to sections or equations, except in the case of cross references between chapters.

Orientador: Bruto Max Pimentel Escobar / Resumo: Neste trabalho apresentamos o formalismo Hamiltoniano de Dirac para sistemas singulares, analisando inclusive a construção do gerador de transformações de gauge. A seguir discutimos brevemente a generalização, já conhecida, desse formalismo para o caso de Lagrangeanos singulares de segunda ordem fazendo também uma análise da estrutura de vínculos presente em tais teorias. Desenvolvemos então o formalismo de Hamilton-Jacobi para sistemas singulares fazendo sua generalização para Lagrangeanos de segunda ordem. Por último, ambos formalismos são aplicados à Eletrodinâmica de Podols y e os resultados obtidos são comparados. / Abstract: In this work we study Dirac's Hamiltonian formulation for singular systems including the construction of the gauge transformations generator. Next we briefy discuss the generalization, already developed, of this formalism for singular second order La grangians. Besides that we also make an anlysis of the constrains structure present in such theories. Then we develop the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism for singular systems making its generalization for the case of second order Lagrangians. Finally, both formalisms are applied to Podols y's eletrodynamics and the obtained results are comparad. / Mestre

La masse est une des propriétés les plus fondamentales de la matière. Comprendre son origine a longtemps été un sujet central en physique. D'après la physique nucléaire et la physique des particules modernes, la clef de ce problème réside dans la compréhension de l’origine de la masse du nucléon à partir de l’interaction forte. Avec le développement des technologies informatiques, la chromodynamique quantique sur réseau offre la possibilité de comprendre l’origine de la masse à partir des premiers principes. Cependant, dû aux ressources de calcul limitées, les masses obtenues à partir des calculs sur réseau doivent être extrapolées jusqu'au point physique. La théorie chirale des perturbations en tant que théorie effective des champs de QCD à basse énergie est une méthode indépendante de modèle permettant de comprendre l’interaction forte dans la région non perturbative et de guider les diverses extrapolations nécessaires pour passer du résultat lattice au résultat physique. Le but de cette thèse est donc d'utiliser la complémentarité entre QCD sur réseau et théorie chirale des perturbations afin d'étudier de façon systématique les masses des baryons. Nous étudions les masses de l'octet baryonique le plus léger dans le cadre de la théorie chirale covariante des perturbations pour les baryons. Nous utilisons la méthode "extended on mass shell" jusqu'à l'ordre trois fois sous dominant. Afin d'étudier les artefacts des calculs sur réseau dus à la taille finie de la boîte nous calculons les effets de volume fini. Adaptant la théorie chirale des perturbations à des fermions de Wilson nous obtenons aussi les effets de discrétisation dû au pas fini du réseau. Nous étudions de façon systématique toutes les données réseau en tenant à la fois de l'extrapolation au continu, des corrections de volume finie et de l'extrapolation chirale. Nous démontrons l'importance des corrections de volume fini dans la description des masses des baryons sur réseau. Par contre les effets de discrétisation sont de l'ordre de 1% jusqu'à l'ordre a² et peuvent donc être ignorés. De plus nous trouvons que toutes les données sur réseau prises en sont consistentes entre elles malgré des différences notables dans les procédures adoptées. Utilisant les formules chirales des masses des baryons nous prédisons de façon précise leurs termes sigma via le théorème de Feynman-Hellmann en analysant les données sur réseau les plus récentes. Les effets dus au pas du réseau, à la troncation de la série de perturbation chirale et à la violation d'isospin de l'interaction forte sont pris en pour la première fois. En particulier le terme sigma pion nucléon et le « strangeness sigma term » sont en accord avec les résultats réseau les plus récents. Au vue des succès rencontrés lors de l'étude de l'octet baryonique nous avons fait une analyse systématique des masses du décuplet baryonique le plus léger dans la théorie chirale covariante des perturbations pour les baryons en fittant de façon simultanée les données réseau n_f=2+1. Une bonne description à la fois des données réseau et des masses expérimentales est obtenue. De plus les termes sigma sont prédits. Enfin comprendre le spectre d'excitation des hadrons est encore un challenge. En particulier le spectre des baryons a une structure très inhabituelle, la résonance Roper (1440) de parité positive étant plus légère que l'état de parité négative N(1535). La plupart des études sur réseau suggère que les effets des log chiraux sont plus importants pour la masse de la Roper que pour celle des nucléons. Nous avons donc calculé la masse de cette résonance en théorie chirale des perturbations en tenant en de façon explicite des contributions du nucléon et du delta. Les contributions venant du mélange entre le nucléon et la Roper sont étudiées pour la première fois. Une première analyse de la masse de cette particule est présentée. / Mass is one of the most fundamental properties of matter. Understanding its origin has long been a central topic in physics. According to modern particle and nuclear physics, the key to this issue is to understand the origin of nucleon (lowest-lying baryon) masses from the nonperturbative strong interaction. With the development of computing technologies, lattice Quantum Chromodynamics simulations provide great opportunities to understand the origin of mass from first principles. However, due to the limit of computational resources, lattice baryon masses have to be extrapolated to the physical point. Chiral perturbation theory, as an effective field theory of low-energy QCD, provides a model independent method to understand nonperturbative strong interactions and to guide the lattice multiple extrapolations. Therefore, we present the interplay between lattice QCD and chiral perturbation theory to systematically study the baryon masses. In the SU(3) sector, we study the lowest-lying octet baryon masses in covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory with the extended-on-mass-shell scheme up to next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order. In order to consider lattice artifacts from finite lattice box sizes, finite-volume corrections to lattice baryon masses are estimated. By constructing chiral perturbation theory for Wilson fermions, we also obtain the discretization effects of finite lattice spacings. We perform a systematic study of all the latest n_f=2+1 lattice data with chiral extrapolation (m_q → m_q^phys.), finite-volume corrections (V→∞), and continuum extrapolation (a→0). We find that finite-volume corrections are important to describe the present lattice baryon masses. On the other hand, the discretization effects of lattice simulations up to O(a²) are of the order 1% when a≈0.1 fm and can be safely ignored. Furthermore, we find that the lattice data from different collaborations are consistent with each other, though their setups are quite different. Using the chiral formulas of octet baryon masses, we accurately predict the octet baryon sigma terms via the Feynman-Hellmann theorem by analyzing the latest high-statistics lattice QCD data. Three key factors --- lattice scale setting effects, chiral expansion truncations and strong-interaction isospin-breaking effects --- are taken into account for the first time. In particular, the predicted pion- and strangeness-nucleon sigma terms, sigma_πN=55(1)(4) MeV and sigma_sN =27(27)(4) MeV, are consistent with the most latest lattice results of nucleon sigma terms. With the success in the study of octet baryon masses, we also present a systematic analysis of the lowest-lying decuplet baryon masses in covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory by simultaneously fitting n_f=2+1 lattice data. A good description for both the lattice and the experimental decuplet baryon masses is achieved. The convergence of covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory in the SU(3) sector is discussed. Furthermore, the pion- and strangeness-sigma terms for decuplet baryons are predicted by the Feynman-Hellmann theorem. In addition, understanding the excitation spectrum of hadrons is still a challenge, especially the first positive-parity nucleon resonance, the Roper(1440). The baryon spectrum shows a very unusual pattern that the Roper state is lower than the negative-parity state N(1535). Most lattice studies suggest that the Roper mass exhibits much larger chiral-log effects than that of the nucleon. Therefore, we calculate the Roper mass in chiral perturbation theory by explicitly including the nucleon/Delta contributions. The mixed contributions between nucleon and Roper to the baryon masses are taken into account for the first time. A first analysis of lattice Roper masses is presented.