Esse trabalho se propõe à análise de como a dimensão territorial do desenvolvimento é tratada no Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento PAC, lançado em 2007 pelo governo federal. Apesar de essencialmente voltado para o aquecimento da economia nacional, este programa sintetiza a estratégia de ação territorial da atual gestão federal, ao prever investimentos setoriais em infra-estrutura energética, logística e urbana no país e suas regiões. Este estudo parte da hipótese de que os projetos do PAC tendem a reiterar as contradições históricas da ação do Estado sobre o espaço nacional (ainda que em novas bases do capitalismo global), corroborando a tradição a um desenvolvimento territorial seletivo, concentrado e desigual no país, reforçando a predominância de interesses privados, do capital transnacional aliado ao nacional, na estruturação espacial brasileira. Os projetos previstos pelo PAC no estado do Pará foram selecionadas como estudo de caso para ilustrar como a dimensão territorial do desenvolvimento é tratada nesse programa, que particularmente no caso do território amazônico, tende a reproduzir as contradições históricas da ação estatal sobre o espaço regional, perpetuando um desenvolvimento socialmente excludente e predatório do meio-ambiente. Em última instância, o PAC reforça uma forte adaptação da região ao novo padrão de acumulação vigente, sujeitando a Amazônia a uma especialização na produção de commodities, reservando-lhe um papel subordinado no desenvolvimento territorial do país. / This study aims at examining how the territorial dimension of development is addressed in the Growth Acceleration Program (Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento PAC) launched in 2007 by the Brazilian Federal Government. Although the PAC essentially aims at boosting the Brazilian economy, the PAC materializes the action strategy adopted by the current administration across Brazil, by allocating investments in infrastructure to the power and energy, logistics and urban sectors nationally and regionally. Our hypothesis is that PAC projects tend to reinforce the historical contradictions in the action of the Federal Government across the country (despite the new grounds for global capitalism), corroborating the tradition of unequal, selective and concentrated territorial development, stressing the role played by private interests, transnational and national capital, in structuring Brazilian territory. The PAC projects in the state of Pará were selected as case studies to illustrate how the territorial dimension of Brazilian development is treated under this program, which especially in the case of the Amazon region, tends to reproduce the historical contradictions of state actions over the regional development, thus perpetuating a kind of development which is socially-unequal, and environmentally-predatory. As a last resort, PAC projects reinforce a strong adaptation of the region according to the new pattern of accumulation, subjecting the Amazon region to a specialization on the production of commodities, thus attaching to it a merely subordinated role in the territorial development of the country.

Esse trabalho se propõe à análise de como a dimensão territorial do desenvolvimento é tratada no Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento PAC, lançado em 2007 pelo governo federal. Apesar de essencialmente voltado para o aquecimento da economia nacional, este programa sintetiza a estratégia de ação territorial da atual gestão federal, ao prever investimentos setoriais em infra-estrutura energética, logística e urbana no país e suas regiões. Este estudo parte da hipótese de que os projetos do PAC tendem a reiterar as contradições históricas da ação do Estado sobre o espaço nacional (ainda que em novas bases do capitalismo global), corroborando a tradição a um desenvolvimento territorial seletivo, concentrado e desigual no país, reforçando a predominância de interesses privados, do capital transnacional aliado ao nacional, na estruturação espacial brasileira. Os projetos previstos pelo PAC no estado do Pará foram selecionadas como estudo de caso para ilustrar como a dimensão territorial do desenvolvimento é tratada nesse programa, que particularmente no caso do território amazônico, tende a reproduzir as contradições históricas da ação estatal sobre o espaço regional, perpetuando um desenvolvimento socialmente excludente e predatório do meio-ambiente. Em última instância, o PAC reforça uma forte adaptação da região ao novo padrão de acumulação vigente, sujeitando a Amazônia a uma especialização na produção de commodities, reservando-lhe um papel subordinado no desenvolvimento territorial do país. / This study aims at examining how the territorial dimension of development is addressed in the Growth Acceleration Program (Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento PAC) launched in 2007 by the Brazilian Federal Government. Although the PAC essentially aims at boosting the Brazilian economy, the PAC materializes the action strategy adopted by the current administration across Brazil, by allocating investments in infrastructure to the power and energy, logistics and urban sectors nationally and regionally. Our hypothesis is that PAC projects tend to reinforce the historical contradictions in the action of the Federal Government across the country (despite the new grounds for global capitalism), corroborating the tradition of unequal, selective and concentrated territorial development, stressing the role played by private interests, transnational and national capital, in structuring Brazilian territory. The PAC projects in the state of Pará were selected as case studies to illustrate how the territorial dimension of Brazilian development is treated under this program, which especially in the case of the Amazon region, tends to reproduce the historical contradictions of state actions over the regional development, thus perpetuating a kind of development which is socially-unequal, and environmentally-predatory. As a last resort, PAC projects reinforce a strong adaptation of the region according to the new pattern of accumulation, subjecting the Amazon region to a specialization on the production of commodities, thus attaching to it a merely subordinated role in the territorial development of the country.

<p>Vid exploatering av mark måste ofta stora volymer jordmassor schaktas bort för grundläggning av hus och anläggning av ledningar och vägar. Dessa jordmassor skickas många gånger till en deponi, vilket orsakar emissioner av miljö- och hälsofarliga gaser från transporter, förbrukning av naturmaterial och innebär även en ekonomisk kostnad.</p><p>I Johannelund i västra Stockholm har Stockholms stad planerat ett nytt bostadsområde, och stora mängder jordmassor kommer att behöva schaktas bort under exploateringen. Stockholms stad lät skapa en miljögeoteknisk 3D-modell för att få en översikt över markkvaliteten och bestämma vilka massor som kunde återanvändas för utfyllnad inom området. Med en miljögeoteknisk 3D-modell menas här en CAD-modell i 3D baserad på provtagningar, geotekniska undersökningar och planerad bebyggelse i området. Då detta examensarbete påbörjades var planeringen av Johannelundsprojektet klar och 3D-modellen skapad, men själva bygget hade ännu inte påbörjats.</p><p>Syftet med detta examensarbete var att avgöra om miljögeotekniska 3D-modeller bör användas i <em>framtida</em> exploateringsprojekt, och målet var att utvärdera och ge råd om framtida användning av modellen samt att undersöka möjligheterna med att återanvända schaktmassor. En fallstudie gjordes av Johannelundsprojektet där de miljömässiga och ekonomiska konsekvenserna av masshanteringen utvärderades och åsikter om problematiken undersöktes genom intervjuer med myndigheter och intressenter. Vidare bestämdes det underlag som behövs till modellen och en lämplig arbetsordning togs fram. Denna information baserades på beräkningar, eget arbete i 3D-modellen samt intervjuer med involverade i Johannelundsprojektet.</p><p>Utvärderingen av Johannelundsprojektet visade att återanvändningen av schaktmassor reducerade kostnader för masshantering med 67 % och emissioner från transporter med 85 % jämfört med om den totala volymen schaktmassor skulle ha skickats på deponi. Vidare visade intervjuerna att myndigheter och intressenter har vitt skilda åsikter vad gäller riktvärden, hantering av schaktmassor och miljögeotekniska 3D-modeller. Studien visade även att om arbetet med 3D-modellen ska bli lyckat krävs bland annat ett fullgott dataunderlag och investering i viss kunskapsutveckling hos personalen.</p><p>3D-modeller används allt mer inom samhällsbyggnad, och stora ekonomiska och miljömässiga vinster kan göras genom verktygets möjlighet till effektiv planering och kommunikation. Användning av en miljögeoteknisk 3D-modell rekommenderas i framtida byggprojekt där det förekommer ställvis förhöjda halter av markföroreningar och en omfattande volym schaktmassor beräknas uppkomma.</p> / <p>Land development can cause a great deal of excessive soil masses due to shafting. The total volume of excessive soil is many times transported to a landfill, causing gas emissions, use of natural resources and a significant economical cost.</p><p>In a land development project in the area of Johannelund in Stockholm much of the soil masses were planned to be reused instead. To overview the soil quality and decide on what soil masses to reuse and where an Environmental 3D Model for Land Development was used by the City of Stockholm. This means a 3D Model based on soil samples, geotechnical investigations and planned shafting. When the work with this thesis begun the Project Johannelund was already planned and the 3D Model had been created, but the land development had yet not been started.</p><p>The aim of this thesis was to decide if Environmental 3D Models should be used in <em>future</em> land development projects, and the goals were to evaluate the model, give advice on future use and to investigate the possibilities to reuse soil masses. A case study of the environmental and economical effects of reusing soil masses in the Project Johannelund was done. Public authorities and stakeholders were interviewed and advices on how to use Environmental 3D Models were given, this includes the data needed to create a model as well as a suggested way of work. The information is based on calculations, personal experience with the 3D Model and interviews with people involved in the Project Johannelund.</p><p>The evaluation of the Project Johannelund showed that the reuse of soil masses reduced the costs of transports and land fill fees with 67 %, and the gas emissions from transports with 85 %. The opinions of public authorities and stakeholders vary greatly. Advices on how to use the Environmental 3D Model includes a thorough database and that the staff will need support in order to use the 3D Model properly.</p><p>3D Models are used to a larger and larger extent in Urban Management. There are economical and environmental benefits with using the Environmental 3D Model for a more efficient project planning and communication. The City of Stockholm is recommended to use the 3D Model in future land development projects with heterogeneous soil contamination and a large volume of expected excessive soil masses.</p>

A class of migrant workers in China that have left their official rural residence in search of work and wealth in the more developed coastal cities have created a new process of urbanization. The ‘floating population’ numbering 150 million has created immense demand for low-cost housing. Village enterprises within the city region of expanding metropolises have self-organized to supply affordable housing. However, economic incentives and ownership constraints on rural land deter long-term considerations and favour rapid development. The building (and destruction) of a country cannot be recklessly left to coincidental solutions of profit opportunities in remnant policies. An understanding of the systemic political, economic and social properties that generate the built fabric of today and of traditional villages can allow us to manipulate the current process of development. The village of Zhangpeng in Dongguan city of the Pearl River Delta region is on the brink of explosive growth. Major infrastructural developments have been constructed and planned on its expropriated lands. Without proper guidance, the status quo process of urbanization will destroy the village overnight. The proposed alternative is to manipulate market-demand through village-led investment in its public space network in order to spur private development of village properties. The method is through strategic and incremental investment on village public space and property and monitoring the catalytic effect of these changes on private redevelopment. Adjustments in land development is made to steer the built fabric into a form between what the village wants it to become and what it has the propensity to be. The aim is to create a system of land development that will preserve, adapt and extend traditional village fabric and its way of life.

Vid exploatering av mark måste ofta stora volymer jordmassor schaktas bort för grundläggning av hus och anläggning av ledningar och vägar. Dessa jordmassor skickas många gånger till en deponi, vilket orsakar emissioner av miljö- och hälsofarliga gaser från transporter, förbrukning av naturmaterial och innebär även en ekonomisk kostnad. I Johannelund i västra Stockholm har Stockholms stad planerat ett nytt bostadsområde, och stora mängder jordmassor kommer att behöva schaktas bort under exploateringen. Stockholms stad lät skapa en miljögeoteknisk 3D-modell för att få en översikt över markkvaliteten och bestämma vilka massor som kunde återanvändas för utfyllnad inom området. Med en miljögeoteknisk 3D-modell menas här en CAD-modell i 3D baserad på provtagningar, geotekniska undersökningar och planerad bebyggelse i området. Då detta examensarbete påbörjades var planeringen av Johannelundsprojektet klar och 3D-modellen skapad, men själva bygget hade ännu inte påbörjats. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att avgöra om miljögeotekniska 3D-modeller bör användas i framtida exploateringsprojekt, och målet var att utvärdera och ge råd om framtida användning av modellen samt att undersöka möjligheterna med att återanvända schaktmassor. En fallstudie gjordes av Johannelundsprojektet där de miljömässiga och ekonomiska konsekvenserna av masshanteringen utvärderades och åsikter om problematiken undersöktes genom intervjuer med myndigheter och intressenter. Vidare bestämdes det underlag som behövs till modellen och en lämplig arbetsordning togs fram. Denna information baserades på beräkningar, eget arbete i 3D-modellen samt intervjuer med involverade i Johannelundsprojektet. Utvärderingen av Johannelundsprojektet visade att återanvändningen av schaktmassor reducerade kostnader för masshantering med 67 % och emissioner från transporter med 85 % jämfört med om den totala volymen schaktmassor skulle ha skickats på deponi. Vidare visade intervjuerna att myndigheter och intressenter har vitt skilda åsikter vad gäller riktvärden, hantering av schaktmassor och miljögeotekniska 3D-modeller. Studien visade även att om arbetet med 3D-modellen ska bli lyckat krävs bland annat ett fullgott dataunderlag och investering i viss kunskapsutveckling hos personalen. 3D-modeller används allt mer inom samhällsbyggnad, och stora ekonomiska och miljömässiga vinster kan göras genom verktygets möjlighet till effektiv planering och kommunikation. Användning av en miljögeoteknisk 3D-modell rekommenderas i framtida byggprojekt där det förekommer ställvis förhöjda halter av markföroreningar och en omfattande volym schaktmassor beräknas uppkomma. / Land development can cause a great deal of excessive soil masses due to shafting. The total volume of excessive soil is many times transported to a landfill, causing gas emissions, use of natural resources and a significant economical cost. In a land development project in the area of Johannelund in Stockholm much of the soil masses were planned to be reused instead. To overview the soil quality and decide on what soil masses to reuse and where an Environmental 3D Model for Land Development was used by the City of Stockholm. This means a 3D Model based on soil samples, geotechnical investigations and planned shafting. When the work with this thesis begun the Project Johannelund was already planned and the 3D Model had been created, but the land development had yet not been started. The aim of this thesis was to decide if Environmental 3D Models should be used in future land development projects, and the goals were to evaluate the model, give advice on future use and to investigate the possibilities to reuse soil masses. A case study of the environmental and economical effects of reusing soil masses in the Project Johannelund was done. Public authorities and stakeholders were interviewed and advices on how to use Environmental 3D Models were given, this includes the data needed to create a model as well as a suggested way of work. The information is based on calculations, personal experience with the 3D Model and interviews with people involved in the Project Johannelund. The evaluation of the Project Johannelund showed that the reuse of soil masses reduced the costs of transports and land fill fees with 67 %, and the gas emissions from transports with 85 %. The opinions of public authorities and stakeholders vary greatly. Advices on how to use the Environmental 3D Model includes a thorough database and that the staff will need support in order to use the 3D Model properly. 3D Models are used to a larger and larger extent in Urban Management. There are economical and environmental benefits with using the Environmental 3D Model for a more efficient project planning and communication. The City of Stockholm is recommended to use the 3D Model in future land development projects with heterogeneous soil contamination and a large volume of expected excessive soil masses.

A lack of empirical evidence to understand neighborhood and residential development processes within neighborhoods has challenged urban planners’ ability to influence the course of future land development. The main objectives of this study were to examine neighborhood and residential development patterns and investigate dynamic processes in northwest Harris County, Texas, along the U.S. Highway 290 transportation corridor from 1945 to 2006. Researchers have identified different patterns of land development: leapfrog, contagion and infill development. However, because of the fuzziness in neighborhood and residential development patterns, the nominal classifications of development patterns are limited in their potential to characterize development patterns both on neighborhood and parcel levels; their applications for development processes and its impacts are even more limited. This study presents a quantitative approach for measuring development patterns by characterizing neighborhood development patterns as a function of spatial distance and temporal lapse time from the closest existing neighborhood to new neighborhood(s). The analysis in this study was based on disaggregated parcel data provided by the Harris County Appraisal District (HCAD) real estate and property records. The quantitative measures of neighborhood development patterns and processes within each pattern of neighborhood were derived by aggregating parcel level data into neighborhood level. This study developed the Long-term Trend of Development Model (LTDM) to classify neighborhood and residential development patterns based on spatial distance and temporal lapse time from existing neighborhoods to new neighborhood(s) each year to examine development processes. Regression analysis was used to identify the relationship between neighborhood patterns and residential development processes. This study found that development patterns can be measured quantitatively with spatial and temporal relationships between prior and new development at the neighborhood level. Empirical evidence supported the hypothesis that leapfrog neighborhood development triggers neighborhood development, contagion follows leapfrog neighborhood quickly, and infill follows contagion after a lapsed time. Residential development patterns in each pattern of neighborhood showed discrete development processes. Age of neighborhood can be used to predict development pressures and growth. In this process, physical and social infrastructure is involved, therefore, development process is best observed on the neighborhood level.

於臺灣之都市發展過程中，市場上時可觀察到已開發地區中存在空置或低度利用土地之不連續開發現象（Discontinuous Development），此情形於地狹人稠且土地資源稀少地區將可能產生資源浪費疑慮。何以土地於相同市場環境下呈現不一致之使用決策，其成因值得深入探討，針對此問題，個別土地開發時機決策差異可能為合理解釋之一。有別於以往相關研究由區位及實質選擇權之總體觀點或Evans（2004）所提出之投機及不確定因素等經濟觀點切入分析，本研究乃以個體觀點出發，由土地本身產權條件之非經濟因素為基礎，選定台北市松山二期重劃區商業區土地為研究範圍，觀察於區位、實質選擇權因素對開發之影響力因重劃機制而降低情況下，土地使用決策與土地供給面因素之關係，分別針對土地開發與否及已開發土地開發過程歷時長短、開發前之產權整合情形、未開發土地成因進行探討，進一步建立土地開發與土地產權條件之互動關係，將土地供給面之產權因素帶入土地開發行為分析中。 首先，配合我國之產權條件特徵，本研究以土地面積及所有權權屬狀態作為產權條件指標內容，定義土地面積越大、權屬越單純（所有權人越少、持分狀態越集中）之土地產權複雜度較低，對土地開發具正面效果，反之亦然。立基於以上命題，利用土地登記謄本標示部及所有權部、異動索引及異動清冊資料，整理1984年重劃分回至2013年底研究地區各筆土地之產權條件與歷年產權變動情形。並由敘述性統計、Januszewski Index、Simpson Index、吉尼係數（Gini Coefficient）及賀芬達指數（Herfindahl-Hirschman Index）呈現每筆土地之產權條件特徵。再配合建築執照存根之開發資料，透過Logistic迴歸模型將產權因素與開發行為進行連結。 由迴歸結果可觀察到土地開發與否與面積及權屬因素具顯著相關，當面積越大、權屬條件越單純則土地開發機率將上升，然而，由皮爾森係數計算結果發現土地開發過程歷時長短則似與產權條件無關聯。此外，土地開發前之土地產權整合行為以權屬整合為主，開發者之整合行為具兩階段論，其傾向優先處理權屬分散問題，次考慮最適開發面積之選擇。於未開發土地成因部分，藉由比較已開發土地與未開發土地之產權條件差異，可觀察到大部分未開發土地之面積確實較小、權屬條件較複雜，其土地空置之原因實可以反共有財困境（Anticommons Dilemma）進行解釋，當一資源之所有權分散於多個所有權人手中，則該資源易落入低度使用或空置之情形，產權分散將阻礙資源有效利用。由此觀之，則市場空置土地似可能受制於產權複雜之僵局而無法自主開發利用，於開發行為分析上若忽略此等因素將可能對未來開發趨勢產生過度樂觀之錯誤預期。 / In the process of city growth in Taiwan, discontinuous development can be found in many markets. This condition, especially in the country with limited amount of land, will lead to the dispute over resource. Therefore, what makes development timing of individual land plots different may be the key issue that deserves further examination. Previous studies have found that option value, speculation, uncertainty are possible causes of discontinuous development. In addition to the macro and economic point of view, this study concentrates on land supply as the basis of research. The Songshan 2nd Land Readjustment Project, that is, Xinyi Planning District, where land is equipped with proper infrastructures is selected as the research area. This study takes advantage of this laboratory-like environment to investigate the interaction between land development and land supply. In order to identify land supply, this study uses land ownership information including size, number of owners and respective land share documented in land registration book as the index, and defines land plots with a larger size and fewer owners to be under a simpler ownership. This study proposes that a simpler ownership condition will have positive impact on land development. The empirical study is arranged as follows. First, the descriptive statistics, Januszewski Index, Simpson Index, Gini Coefficient and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index are calculated to show the configuration of land ownership over time. And the development statuses are identified based on the construction permit. Second, the relationship of land development and land supply is constructed by logistic regression analysis. The empirical results imply that the timing of developing land has a strong connection with land supply, and that land plots with a larger size and fewer owners tend to be developed sooner. However, the duration of development progress seems to be independent of these factors. Besides, there are two phases of the land assembly process. Developers tend to deal with fragmented land ownership first, followed by the consideration of development size. Last, the anticommons dilemma serves to be one possible explanation for the vacant or underused plots in the developed area. The anticommons dilemma indicates that if too many owners hold a resource jointly, the resource may tend to stay vacant or underused for the sake of fragmented ownership. The empirical evidence suggests that the vacant or underused plots appear to suffer from the gridlock of property right diffusion. In consequence, the expected development pace may be too optimistic if this gridlock is not taken into consideration.

A class of migrant workers in China that have left their official rural residence in search of work and wealth in the more developed coastal cities have created a new process of urbanization. The ‘floating population’ numbering 150 million has created immense demand for low-cost housing. Village enterprises within the city region of expanding metropolises have self-organized to supply affordable housing. However, economic incentives and ownership constraints on rural land deter long-term considerations and favour rapid development. The building (and destruction) of a country cannot be recklessly left to coincidental solutions of profit opportunities in remnant policies. An understanding of the systemic political, economic and social properties that generate the built fabric of today and of traditional villages can allow us to manipulate the current process of development. The village of Zhangpeng in Dongguan city of the Pearl River Delta region is on the brink of explosive growth. Major infrastructural developments have been constructed and planned on its expropriated lands. Without proper guidance, the status quo process of urbanization will destroy the village overnight. The proposed alternative is to manipulate market-demand through village-led investment in its public space network in order to spur private development of village properties. The method is through strategic and incremental investment on village public space and property and monitoring the catalytic effect of these changes on private redevelopment. Adjustments in land development is made to steer the built fabric into a form between what the village wants it to become and what it has the propensity to be. The aim is to create a system of land development that will preserve, adapt and extend traditional village fabric and its way of life.

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf [137-144]).

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1993. / "Workshop report." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-130).