Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 133-138) Also available in print.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The aim of this study is to outline inequalities which exist in Botswana's urban areas by addressing Government Policy in Land and Housing Development, in Gaborone. Gaborone, the capital city of Botswana, which has experienced one of the highest rates of urbanization, was chosen to be a case for this study. Since the attainment of political independence the state of Botswana has been promoting the processes of capital accumulation and legitimation. The state has succeeded in the process of capital accumulation by forging an alliance with foreign mining capital. It has, however, been less successful in its quest for legitimacy. To placade low income classes, the state has intervened in land and housing sectors with the Self Help Housing Agency (SHHA) program. SHHA, a program which ostensibly appears to be suitable for low income people is revealed, through empirical evidence, to be inadequate. Its tenure is limited, and services it provides are lacking in many respects, and relegate the program to a mere propagation of slum conditions. The analyses and conclusions that this dissertation has reached are that, through land and housing policies the state has promoted class inequalities; in the form of tenure, and access to finance and credit facilities. / 2031-01-01

Recent demographic studies suggest a shift in consumer preference away from auto-centric suburban housing to more walkable suburban communities. In response to these changes, efforts have been made to model the walkability of a location and determine its effect on the market value of both residential and commercial real estate. Existing walkability models have considered the importance of amenities and potential pedestrian routes, but have neglected to identify the importance of pedestrian surfaces such as sidewalks and trails as a proportion of the route traveled, and have typically modeled pedestrian movement using exclusively street or trail centerline data. The following paper uses a new walkability model to provide insight on the effect pedestrian surfaces along these amenity routes have on the market value of single family detached and semi-detached homes in Fairfax County, VA. It was found that increases in pedestrian surfaces along amenity routes had little to no effect on home value, but that 3.3%, 1.2 %, and 0.7 % price premiums existed for single family homes that had amenity paths of less than 1 mile to public transportation, public spaces, and recreational facilities, respectively. Price reductions of 3.0 % were discovered for homes that had amenity paths within 1 mile of retail locations. / Master of Science

Exploateringsavtal används för att fördela ansvaret för finansiering och utbyggnad av en detaljplan som upprättats på mark som inte ägs av kommunen. Avtalet upprättas mellan en kommun och en exploatör eller privat byggherre. Exploateringsavtal har tillämpats länge men blev inte angivet i lagtext förrän den 1 januari 2015. Något som fortfarande inte är angivet i lagtext är hur kommuner ska använda sig av ekonomiska säkerheter i exploateringsavtal. Avtalen reglerar finansiering och åtaganden för miljonbelopp och finansiering ska ofta ske efterhand som byggnationen färdigställs. Om en exploatör inte kan fullfölja sina åtaganden i exploateringsavtalet på grund av exempelvis konkurs, kan kommunen bli tvungen att färdigställa och finansiera exploatörens kvarstående åtagande. Har kommunen i avtalet angivit att en säkerhet måste ställas som ska täcka de belopp som motsvarar exploatörens åtaganden, kan kommunen lösa in säkerheten och på det viset säkra finansieringen om en exploatör skulle bli oförmögen att betala. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om Sveriges kommuner använder sig av säkerheter i exploateringsavtal för att säkerställa dess genomförande. Vidare är syftet med studien att kartlägga vilka säkerheter som anges i exploateringsavtal. I de fall en bankgaranti använts som säkerhet i exploateringsavtalen kommer även en fördjupning att genomföras av bankgarantin och dess bakomliggande exploateringsavtal. Exploateringsavtal och bankgarantier från Sveriges kommuner samlades in via mejl. 120kommuner valde att delta i studien vilket resulterade i en analys av 197 exploateringsavtaloch 35 bankgarantier. Resultatet av studien visar bland annat att 58 % av de 197 exploateringsavtalen innehöllsäkerhet, 37 % av avtalen saknar säkerhet och 5 % av avtalen inte har något behov av säkerhet. De vanligaste säkerheterna som kommunerna anger i exploateringsavtalen att exploatören måste ställa är valfri godtagbar säkerhet, bankgaranti, moderbolagsborgen och pantbrev i fast egendom. Resultatet visar även att 69 % av de 35 bankgarantier som studeratsär accessoriska till det bakomliggande exploateringsavtalet och 31 % av bankgarantierna är självständiga i förhållande till det bakomliggande exploateringsavtalet. Accessorisk innebär att bankgarantin är kopplad till det bakomliggande exploateringsavtalet. Självständig innebär att bankgarantin inte är kopplad till det bakomliggande exploateringsavtalet. Slutsatsen av studien är att medvetenheten och tydligheten kring säkerheter i exploateringsavtal bör förbättras och att en lagreglering av säkerheter är att föredra. / Land development agreements are used to divide responsibility for the financing and development of a detailed development plan which is arranged on land not owned by the municipality. The agreement is established between a municipality and a developer or private individual. Land development agreements were not specified in the act until a legislative change in January 1, 2015. A subject that was not specified in the act is how municipalities should use financial collateral in the land development agreement. Land development agreements involves the financing and constriction commitments for millions of crowns and the financing often take place afterwards construction is completed. If it turns out that the developer can´t perform their obligations in the land development agreement due to bankruptcy, the municipality may be required to complete and fund the developer's remaining commitments. If the municipality had stated in the agreement that the developer must perform a collateral to cover the amount corresponding to the developer's commitments, the municipality can redeem the collateral and thus secure the financing if a developer would become insolvent. The idea of the study is to examine if the Swedish municipalities are using collaterals in land development agreements. The ambition is also to identify what type of collaterals described in the land development agreements. Finally a deeper analysis will be made of the agreements for which a guarantee issued by a bank has been used as collateral. Land development agreements and guarantees from the Swedish municipalities were gathered via email. 120 municipalities did participate in the study, which resulted in ananalysis of 197 land development agreements and 35 guarantees. The result of the study shows that 58% of the 197 land development agreements contain collateral, 37% of the agreements did not contain collateral and 5% of the agreements had no need of collateral. The most commonly required collaterals by the municipality in land development agreements are any optional collateral that the municipality can accept, guarantees issued by a bank or insurance company, bail by parent company and mortgages on real estate property. The results also show that 69% of the 35 guarantees studied are ancillary to the underlying development agreement and 31% of the guarantees are independent in relation to the underlying development agreement. Ancillary means that the guarantees issued by bank is linked to the underlying land development agreement. Independent guarantee means that the guarantee is not linked to the underlying land development agreement.The final conclusion of the study is that awareness and clarity of collateral in land development agreements should be improved and that a statutory regulation of collaterals in land development agreements is preferable.

This thesis comprises a number of studies, all directed at different linkages between municipal landownership and housing in Sweden. In all, the thesis consists of four papers. Of these, initial Paper I targets the emergence of the municipal landownership that still today are of crucial importance for the Swedish housing market. The main functions of the municipal landownership from the beginning of the 20th century and up until present time are retrospectively investigated and its role within Swedish housing during different times is elaborated upon. Paper II thereafter redirects focus to present time solely, and studies the management of the municipal land from particularly a housing perspective. More concretely, the disposal procedure – or land allocation practice – of the municipal land aimed for housing is investigated empirically, based on current practice in more than 25 municipalities. Paper III builds on preceding Paper II, but with a narrowed focus to a fundamental sequence of the disposal procedure – namely the developer selection. Accordingly, four different assigning methods, all derived from municipal practice, are discerned and their individual strengths and weaknesses are systematically discussed. Lastly, Paper IV attempts to illuminate an often overlooked dimension of the municipal landownership – as a potential and powerful instrument to counter polarizations between different social-groups, within the built environment. Necessary prerequisites in order to enable this are presented and an empirical study investigates whether this, somewhat concealed, potential in the municipal landownership seems to be utilized in practice. / <p>QC 20161103</p>

Abstract National lands are important resources of a country as well as important tools of a government for implement of its policies. National lands are usually released in different ways and for development and utilization of different purposes from short-term lease to medium- or long-term lease; appraisal for superficies right; sale of land ownership; and from appropriation of lands to the competent authorities in charge of the relevant industries to management and operation of the lands by land authorities. Different ways of land release will bring about different policy effects and financial effects. Therefore, to attain certain goals of policies, the central government will make use of different ways to release lands for meeting different needs. In the past, when it is necessary to develop and utilize National lands for special development purposes, the public lands will become the targets of such development in most cases, and the competent government authorities in charge of the relevant industries usually play a leading role in the development. However, this is not the case in the recent ¡§Ting Pu High-tech Industrial Park Development Project¡¨ of Taipei County Government. In the project, the non-public lands became objectives of development rather than the public lands under the control of National Property Administration (NPA), Ministry of Finance. The project, through public selection procedure, recruits investors to participate in the development of the lands. As a result, three high-tech companies including Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. entered the park and built factories there. So the project should be considered as a successful case of land release. In recent years, NPA took over some lands from the Taiwan Provincial Government and commissioned the local governments to manage those lands. In addition, NPA started to take over the national assets from various organizations and state-run enterprises. It is anticipated that there will be a great deal of state-owned non-public lands to be released by NPA at the proper time and in proper ways for development and utilizations. In this way, the state-owned lands will have the opportunities to develop their functions. This study probes into the innovative development mold of Ting Pu High-tech Industrial Park and discuss the successful factors and existing problems of the park. It is hope that this study may provide the government a better method to create the utilization value of the lands and further to promote development of the country¡¦s economy and prosperity of the society. Finally, the research submits the following suggests: (1) The government should establish a land reserve system to enhance the power and function of land distribution and develop the functions of the public lands and its role in development of society and economy. (2) Currently, there are five types of industrial lands in the country, and they compete with one another to strive for resources and sources of customers. So, an integration of those lands becomes essential. (3) An incentive system should be established to encourage the local governments to take actions that suit local circumstances and develop the industries with local features. The government departments may also take the opportunities to release more public-owned lands for development and utilization of land in order to increase the land use value and create higher economic effect. Key words¡GNational land development mold¡ATing pu High-tech Industrial Park

Thesis (M.U.D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-84).

This professional report examined the relationship between school and city planning in the Austin-Round Rock Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Six municipalities were selected for the study based on their type of locale: Large or Mid-size Central City, Urban Fringe of Large City, or Rural. Both elected or appointed and staff officials were invited to participate in an electronic survey. Through the survey, data was collected on the current interactions and communications between school and city planning officials. The survey also asked respondents their opinions on the desired relationship between school and city planning and the importance of various influencing factors on school planning. The data was examined by the size of the municipality and type of position held by the respondent to look for similarities or anomalies across the various classifications. The conclusions of this report provide recommendations for the desired relationship between school and city planning based on the survey conducted locally and the background information gained through research. / text

Thesis (M. Hous. M.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.