O aumento da preocupação de soluções ambientalmente adequadas e energeticamente eficientes, aliado às recentes mudanças nas diretrizes políticas Brasileiras em relação à gestão e ao gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos e suas práticas de disposição final, permite a oportunidade de investigar a recuperação energética e o abatimento dos efluentes gerados por aterros sanitários. O presente trabalho explora, separadamente, o uso de modelo de previsão de produção de biogás baseado no decaimento de primeira ordem, e para a estimativa de produção de lixiviado, aplica-se o método do balanço hídrico (MBH). A partir de variação dos principais parâmetros de entrada de cada modelo, obtêm-se cenários de produção de biogás e estimativas da capacidade de geração máxima e mínima de lixiviado para o aterro sanitário de Guajuviras (Canoas - RS, Brasil). Tomando os resultados de geração de lixiviado e de biogás calculados, estima-se o potencial energético disponível e o desempenho de três diferentes sistemas de conversão energética propostos: geração elétrica por motogeradores, evaporação de lixiviado em regime de cogeração com motogeradores, motogeradores com trocadores de calor em regime de cogeração e sistema de evaporação de lixiviado (LES). Resultados obtidos para o período analisado, mostram que a produção elétrica do cenário mais conservador está na faixa entre 17.300 a 18.800 MWh, enquanto que a produção de energia elétrica do cenário otimista atinge valores entre 416.976 e 459.900 MWh. Já para a evaporação de lixiviado, os volumes evaporados em regime de cogeração variaram de 1 a 70% em relação ao volume de lixiviado gerado pelo aterro sanitário, enquanto que o LES, considerando o cenário otimista, foi capaz de evaporar 100% do lixiviado durante 18 anos. / The growing concern on environmentally suitable and energy efficient solutions allied with the recent changes in the Brazilian policies on the solid waste management and its final disposal practices, enables an opportunity to investigate the energy recovery and abatement of landfills emissions. The present work explores separately the utilization of 1st order decay model for assess the landfill gas (LFG) production, and applies the water budget method for prediction of leachate generation. Ranging the main input parameters on each model, were obtained distinct scenarios for LFG production and the maximum and minimum leachate generation capacity of Guajuviras landfill (Canoas- RS, Brazil). Based in the calculated results for leachate and LFG production were assessed the available energetic potential and the performance of three distinct energetic conversion systems: motogenerators, heat exchangers in cogeneration with motogenerators and leachate evaporation system (LES). Results for the analyzed period show that the electric generation for conservative scenario ranges between 17.300 to 18.800 MWh, whereas, the electricity production for more optimistic scenario ranges between 416.976 to 459.900 MWh. As for the leachate evaporation, the evaporated volume by the cogeneration system reaches values between 1 to 70% of the leachate produced by the landfill, whereas, the LES, considering the optimistic scenario, is able to evaporate all the generated leachate by the landfill among 18 years.

O aumento da preocupação de soluções ambientalmente adequadas e energeticamente eficientes, aliado às recentes mudanças nas diretrizes políticas Brasileiras em relação à gestão e ao gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos e suas práticas de disposição final, permite a oportunidade de investigar a recuperação energética e o abatimento dos efluentes gerados por aterros sanitários. O presente trabalho explora, separadamente, o uso de modelo de previsão de produção de biogás baseado no decaimento de primeira ordem, e para a estimativa de produção de lixiviado, aplica-se o método do balanço hídrico (MBH). A partir de variação dos principais parâmetros de entrada de cada modelo, obtêm-se cenários de produção de biogás e estimativas da capacidade de geração máxima e mínima de lixiviado para o aterro sanitário de Guajuviras (Canoas - RS, Brasil). Tomando os resultados de geração de lixiviado e de biogás calculados, estima-se o potencial energético disponível e o desempenho de três diferentes sistemas de conversão energética propostos: geração elétrica por motogeradores, evaporação de lixiviado em regime de cogeração com motogeradores, motogeradores com trocadores de calor em regime de cogeração e sistema de evaporação de lixiviado (LES). Resultados obtidos para o período analisado, mostram que a produção elétrica do cenário mais conservador está na faixa entre 17.300 a 18.800 MWh, enquanto que a produção de energia elétrica do cenário otimista atinge valores entre 416.976 e 459.900 MWh. Já para a evaporação de lixiviado, os volumes evaporados em regime de cogeração variaram de 1 a 70% em relação ao volume de lixiviado gerado pelo aterro sanitário, enquanto que o LES, considerando o cenário otimista, foi capaz de evaporar 100% do lixiviado durante 18 anos. / The growing concern on environmentally suitable and energy efficient solutions allied with the recent changes in the Brazilian policies on the solid waste management and its final disposal practices, enables an opportunity to investigate the energy recovery and abatement of landfills emissions. The present work explores separately the utilization of 1st order decay model for assess the landfill gas (LFG) production, and applies the water budget method for prediction of leachate generation. Ranging the main input parameters on each model, were obtained distinct scenarios for LFG production and the maximum and minimum leachate generation capacity of Guajuviras landfill (Canoas- RS, Brazil). Based in the calculated results for leachate and LFG production were assessed the available energetic potential and the performance of three distinct energetic conversion systems: motogenerators, heat exchangers in cogeneration with motogenerators and leachate evaporation system (LES). Results for the analyzed period show that the electric generation for conservative scenario ranges between 17.300 to 18.800 MWh, whereas, the electricity production for more optimistic scenario ranges between 416.976 to 459.900 MWh. As for the leachate evaporation, the evaporated volume by the cogeneration system reaches values between 1 to 70% of the leachate produced by the landfill, whereas, the LES, considering the optimistic scenario, is able to evaporate all the generated leachate by the landfill among 18 years.

No Brasil, a Resolução CONAMA nº 307/2002 e a Resolução CONAMA nº 448/2012 definem que os resíduos da construção civil (RCC) classe A, caso não sejam reutilizados ou reciclados na forma de agregados, devem ser destinados para aterros de resíduos classe A de reservação de material para usos futuros. Porém, pequenas quantidades de resíduos de outras classes, e resíduos não inertes acabam dispostos neste tipo de aterro. Esse fato pode ser agravado devido esses aterros não possuírem impermeabilização de base e sistemas de drenagem de lixiviados, o que pode favorecer a migração desses lixiviados de RCC para reservas de água, e colocar em risco a saúde da população e o meio ambiente. Com intuito de contribuir nessa área de conhecimento o presente estudo teve por finalidade investigar o potencial de contaminação de lixiviados de aterros de resíduos da construção civil por meio de simulações em colunas de lixiviação. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo por meio de duas etapas &#8211 simulação de lixiviação de amostras de RCC em colunas de lixiviação (saturadas e não saturadas), e coleta de água subterrânea do aterro de RCC classe A. Resultados da pesquisa apontaram que as amostras de agregados de RCC classe A foram classificadas, de acordo com a NBR 10.004 (ABNT, 2004), como sendo resíduos não perigosos e não inertes &#8211 Classe II A. A hipótese tema do estudo foi verificada, a qual apontou que existe potencial de contaminação dos lixiviados gerados em aterros de RCC Classe A, os quais podem vir a poluir ou contaminar o solo e as águas subterrâneas inviabilizando o uso dessas águas para consumo humano. As concentrações máximas dos lixiviados de RCC que excederam o valor máximo permitido para consumo humano nas simulações foram: sulfato (950 mg/L), dureza (11.280 mg/L), cor (124 uH), Pb (0,36 mg/L), Cd (0,075 mg/L), Ni (0,088 mg/L), Fe (0,658 mg/L), Ba (1,205 mg/L), Cr (0,125 mg/L), Mn (0,297 mg/L), e Al (3,44 mg/L). A pesquisa também contribuiu para melhoria de projetos, execução e controle de aterros de resíduos da construção civil, a fim de futuramente equacionar possíveis impactos negativos gerados por esse tipo de resíduo ao solo e recursos hídricos. / In Brazil, the resolutions nº 307/2002 and nº 448/2012 of the National Environmental Council (CONAMA) define that the construction and demolition (C&D) class A - reusable or recyclable wastes as aggregates, such as ceramic components, grout and concrete -, if not reused or recycled as aggregates, should be going to C&D wastes landfill. These wastes must be disposed in the soil for the reservation of segregated materials for future use or future use of the area. However, these landfills receive small quantities of wastes from other sources and non-inert wastes. This fact can be aggravated because the C&D wastes are disposed in these unlined landfills and without drains of leachate. In this context, the C&D wastes leachate may migrate to water supplies causing risks to both human health and the environment. In an attempt to contribute to this area of knowledge, this project aims to investigate the pollution potential of leachate of construction and demolition wastes landfills in lysimeters. A survey will be conducted in two stages &#8211 simulation of leachate samples of C&D wastes lysimeters (saturated and unsaturated), and study of the C&D wastes landfill of the city through the collection of groundwater. Results of the research classified, for metals, the samples of aggregates of C&D wastes class A &#8211 such as ceramic components (bricks, blocks), grout and concrete &#8211 as non-hazardous and non-inert. The pollution of leachate of C&D wastes landfills was observed. The presence of these contaminants could affect the use of this water for human consumption. The parameters that exceeded the maximum value for human consumption were: sulfate (950 mg/L), hardness (11,280 mg/L), color (124 uH), Pb (0.36 mg/L), Cd (0.075 mg/L), Ni (0.088 mg/L), Fe (0.658 mg/L), Ba (1,205 mg/L) Cr (0.125 mg/L) Mn (0,297 mg/L), and Al (3.44 mg/L ).The research identified requirements for improvement projects, execution and control of C&D wastes landfills to minimize future potential adverse impacts generated by these residues in water resources.

O aumento da preocupação de soluções ambientalmente adequadas e energeticamente eficientes, aliado às recentes mudanças nas diretrizes políticas Brasileiras em relação à gestão e ao gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos e suas práticas de disposição final, permite a oportunidade de investigar a recuperação energética e o abatimento dos efluentes gerados por aterros sanitários. O presente trabalho explora, separadamente, o uso de modelo de previsão de produção de biogás baseado no decaimento de primeira ordem, e para a estimativa de produção de lixiviado, aplica-se o método do balanço hídrico (MBH). A partir de variação dos principais parâmetros de entrada de cada modelo, obtêm-se cenários de produção de biogás e estimativas da capacidade de geração máxima e mínima de lixiviado para o aterro sanitário de Guajuviras (Canoas - RS, Brasil). Tomando os resultados de geração de lixiviado e de biogás calculados, estima-se o potencial energético disponível e o desempenho de três diferentes sistemas de conversão energética propostos: geração elétrica por motogeradores, evaporação de lixiviado em regime de cogeração com motogeradores, motogeradores com trocadores de calor em regime de cogeração e sistema de evaporação de lixiviado (LES). Resultados obtidos para o período analisado, mostram que a produção elétrica do cenário mais conservador está na faixa entre 17.300 a 18.800 MWh, enquanto que a produção de energia elétrica do cenário otimista atinge valores entre 416.976 e 459.900 MWh. Já para a evaporação de lixiviado, os volumes evaporados em regime de cogeração variaram de 1 a 70% em relação ao volume de lixiviado gerado pelo aterro sanitário, enquanto que o LES, considerando o cenário otimista, foi capaz de evaporar 100% do lixiviado durante 18 anos. / The growing concern on environmentally suitable and energy efficient solutions allied with the recent changes in the Brazilian policies on the solid waste management and its final disposal practices, enables an opportunity to investigate the energy recovery and abatement of landfills emissions. The present work explores separately the utilization of 1st order decay model for assess the landfill gas (LFG) production, and applies the water budget method for prediction of leachate generation. Ranging the main input parameters on each model, were obtained distinct scenarios for LFG production and the maximum and minimum leachate generation capacity of Guajuviras landfill (Canoas- RS, Brazil). Based in the calculated results for leachate and LFG production were assessed the available energetic potential and the performance of three distinct energetic conversion systems: motogenerators, heat exchangers in cogeneration with motogenerators and leachate evaporation system (LES). Results for the analyzed period show that the electric generation for conservative scenario ranges between 17.300 to 18.800 MWh, whereas, the electricity production for more optimistic scenario ranges between 416.976 to 459.900 MWh. As for the leachate evaporation, the evaporated volume by the cogeneration system reaches values between 1 to 70% of the leachate produced by the landfill, whereas, the LES, considering the optimistic scenario, is able to evaporate all the generated leachate by the landfill among 18 years.

This dissertation is about treatment of the nonbiodegradable organic content of landfill leachate by chemical oxidation combined with biological treatment. It is divided into three parts. In the first part, ferrate was compared to Fenton's reagent for the purpose of removing non-biodegradable organic compounds from mature leachate. Oxidation conditions (time, pH, and dose) were optimized to yield maximum organic removal using two leachate samples from 20 and 12-year old solid waste cells. Results from this research demonstrated that ferrate and Fenton's reagent had similar optimum pH ranges (3-5), but different organic removal capacities, ranging from 54 to 79 % of initial leachate organic contents. An advantage of ferrate was that it was relatively effective over a wide pH range (Fenton's reagent lost its reactivity outside optimum pH range). Advantages associated with Fenton's reagent include a higher organic removal capacity, production of more oxidized organic compounds (measured as chemical oxygen demand/dissolved organic carbon), and production of more biodegradable byproducts (measured as 5-day biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand). Finally, both treatments were found to oxidize larger molecules (>1000 dalton) and produce smaller molecules, as indicated by an increase in smaller molecule contribution to organic carbon. In part two, effects of Fenton's reagent treatment on biodegradability of three landfill leachates collected from a Florida landfill were evaluated using biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), biochemical methane potential (BMP), and tertamethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) thermochemolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The hypothesis was that Fenton's reagent will remove refractory compounds that inhibit biodegradation and will produce smaller, more biodegradable organic molecules which will result in an increase in BOD and BMP values. Both BOD and BMP results demonstrated that Fenton's reagent treatment did not convert mature leachate to biodegradable leachate, as indicated by a low BOD5 expressed as C /dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ratio of almost 0.15 in treated samples and a low net methane production / theoretical methane potential (less than 0.15). Ultimate BOD only slightly increased. However the first-order BOD reaction rate increased by more than five fold, suggesting that Fenton's reagent removed refractory and inhibitory compounds. BMP results demonstrated that the ratio of CO2/CH4 produced during anaerobic biodegradation did not increase in treated leachate (compared to untreated), indicating that small biodegradable organic acids produced by oxidation were removed by coagulation promoted by Fenton's reagent. Finally, the TMAH thermochemolysis results showed that several of the refractory and inhibitory compounds were detected fewer times in treated samples and that carboxylic acids did not appear in treated samples. In the third part of this dissertation the application of flushing/Fenton's reagent oxidation to produce sustainable solid waste cells was evaluated. A treatment similar to pump and treat process utilizing Fenton's reagent on-site treated leachate combined with in-situ aeration was proposed. Treated leachate would be recycled to the landfill cell flushes releasable nonbiodegradable carbon from the cell and oxidizes it externally. This technique was demonstrated to have treatment cost and time benefits over other alternatives for producing completely stable solid waste cells such as anaerobic flushing and biological and/or mechanical pretreatment of solid waste (used in the EU).

The EC Landfill Directive (1999), which is enforced in England and Wales through the Landfill (England and Wales) Regulations (2002), has increased the technical challenge associated with the design and construction of landfill containment systems, in particular those on steep side slopes. Increased numbers of lining system components, varied configurations, and complex loading scenarios require advanced analysis tools to facilitate design. This project involved the development of advanced numerical modelling techniques, based on the FLAC finite difference modelling code. The analysis toolbox can be used to predict the behaviour of multilayered geosynthetic and soil lining systems, during and after staged construction. The model can include non-linear interface and geosynthetic axial properties, represent complex loading, including downdrag from the waste mass, whilst retaining the flexibility to represent varied geometries and include engineered support structures. Whilst numerical modelling is becoming increasingly commonplace in commercial design, there is little evidence of the validation of numerical models with field or experimental data. Validation of the analysis toolbox described in this document was conducted by back analysis of published data, modelling of landfill failure mechanisms, and comparisons to large scale laboratory testing. Design of field scale instrumentation has also been carried out as part of this project. The influence of interface shear strength variability has been assessed through the compilation of a comprehensive database, and the effect of this variability on lining system behaviour assessed through reliability based analyses. This has shown probability of failures may be higher than proposed limiting values when adopting traditional accepted factors of safety. A key area of interest identified during the project was the requirement for support, potentially through reinforcement, of the geological barrier. The inclusion of randomly reinforced fibres in bentonite enhanced soil has shown the potential for increased strength, without adverse effects on hydraulic barrier performance. ii Additionally, the influence of geomembrane seams on lining system integrity has been investigated, showing that fusion welded seams can result in stress concentration and extruded seams can cause significant stress concentration.

Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os conceitos de solos não saturados e descreve os diversos tipos de camada de cobertura usadas em aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Apresenta trabalhos científicos que contemplam curvas características de solos tropicais brasileiros. Caracteriza o solo usado antigamente como camada de cobertura do Aterro Morro do Céu e este solo com adição de 5% de bentonita. Determina a curva característica desses dois solos pelo Método do Papel Filtro e pela Placa de Sucção e, em seguida, Placa de Pressão. As curvas obtidas por esses métodos apresentaram diferenças. A adição da bentonita no solo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do mesmo. O solo com adição de bentonita apresentou maior plasticidade, menor permeabilidade e maior capacidade de retenção de água no solo. Apresenta a modelagem de camadas monolíticas, camadas monolíticas evapotranspirativas, barreiras capilares, barreiras capilares evapotranspirativas através do uso do Programa VADOSE/W como ferramenta para aferição. / This study is a review about unsatured soils concepts and describes some types of soil cover systems used in landfills. It presents scientific works about Brazilian tropical soils Water Retention Curve. It characterizes the soil that was used as a cover layer system used at Morro do Céu landfill and the same soil with addition of 5% of bentonite. It determinates the soil water retention curve by Filter Paper Method and Suction Plate and, after that, Pressure Plate. The curves obtained by these two methods showed differences. The objective of the addition of the bentonite in the soil is to evaluate its performance. The soil with the addition of bentonite shows higher plasticity, lower hydraulic conductivity and higher moisture storage. It presents the modeling of monolithic covers, evapotranspirative monolithic covers, capillary barriers and evapotranspirative capillary barriers by the use of VADOSE/W Program as a tool for gauging.

Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os conceitos de solos não saturados e descreve os diversos tipos de camada de cobertura usadas em aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Apresenta trabalhos científicos que contemplam curvas características de solos tropicais brasileiros. Caracteriza o solo usado antigamente como camada de cobertura do Aterro Morro do Céu e este solo com adição de 5% de bentonita. Determina a curva característica desses dois solos pelo Método do Papel Filtro e pela Placa de Sucção e, em seguida, Placa de Pressão. As curvas obtidas por esses métodos apresentaram diferenças. A adição da bentonita no solo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do mesmo. O solo com adição de bentonita apresentou maior plasticidade, menor permeabilidade e maior capacidade de retenção de água no solo. Apresenta a modelagem de camadas monolíticas, camadas monolíticas evapotranspirativas, barreiras capilares, barreiras capilares evapotranspirativas através do uso do Programa VADOSE/W como ferramenta para aferição. / This study is a review about unsatured soils concepts and describes some types of soil cover systems used in landfills. It presents scientific works about Brazilian tropical soils Water Retention Curve. It characterizes the soil that was used as a cover layer system used at Morro do Céu landfill and the same soil with addition of 5% of bentonite. It determinates the soil water retention curve by Filter Paper Method and Suction Plate and, after that, Pressure Plate. The curves obtained by these two methods showed differences. The objective of the addition of the bentonite in the soil is to evaluate its performance. The soil with the addition of bentonite shows higher plasticity, lower hydraulic conductivity and higher moisture storage. It presents the modeling of monolithic covers, evapotranspirative monolithic covers, capillary barriers and evapotranspirative capillary barriers by the use of VADOSE/W Program as a tool for gauging.

No description available.

Η παρούσα μελέτη στοχεύει στη διερεύνηση των τοξικών επιπτώσεων των στραγγισμάτων που δημιουργούνται σε χώρους υγειονομικής ταφής απορριμμάτων (ΧΥΤΑ) σε υδρόβιους οργανισμούς, όπως τα ανόστρακα καρκινοειδή Thamnocephalus platyurus και Artemia franciscana, το τροχόζωο Brachionus plicatilis, το μικροφύκος Dunaliella tertiolecta και το δίθυρο μαλάκιο Mytilus galloprovincialis, καθώς και τη διερεύνηση των παραμέτρων που θα μπορούσαν να επηρεάσουν την εν δυνάμει τοξικότητά τους. Η μελέτη στραγγισμάτων που συλλέχθηκαν από τον ΧΥΤΑ Αιγείρας (ν. Αχαΐας) κατά τη διάρκεια του έτους 2011, έδειξε σημαντικές ποιοτικές και ποσοτικές εποχιακές διαφορές στην εν δυνάμει τοξικότητα των στραγγισμάτων στους οργανισμούς που ελέγχθηκαν, με τις σημαντικότερες τοξικές επιπτώσεις να εμφανίζονται στα δείγματα που συλλέχθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια άνυδρων περιόδων, όπως η περίοδος μεταξύ Οκτωβρίου και Δεκεμβρίου. Παρόμοια, έκθεση μυδιών σε δείγμα στραγγίσματος που συλλέχθηκε κατά τη διάρκεια της παραπάνω περιόδου (Νοέμβριος 2011) έδειξε σημαντική αύξηση του ποσοστού θνησιμότητας των ατόμων, σε συγκεντρώσεις μεγαλύτερες από 0.5% v/v, ενώ σε μικρότερες συγκεντρώσεις (0.01 και 0.1% v/v) εμφανίστηκαν σημαντικές κυτταροτοξικές, νευροτοξικές και γενοτοξικές επιπτώσεις, καθώς και φαινόμενα οξειδωτικής καταπόνησης (oxidative stress). Τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας εργασίας καταδεικνύουν την τοξικότητα των σταγγισμάτων σε υδρόβιους οργανισμούς, η οποία μπορεί επιπλέον να εκτιμηθεί μέσω της ανάλυσης επιλεγμένων παραμέτρων όπως η αγωγιμότητα (Cond), τα παράγωγα του αζώτου (NO3−, και NH4–N), ο λόγος BOD5/NH4–N και οι φαινόλες (T-PH). / The present study investigates seasonal variations of leachate composition and its toxic potency on different species, such as the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana (formerly Artemia salina), the fairy shrimp Thamnocephalus platyurus, the estuarine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and the microalgal flagellate Dunaliella tertiolecta, as well as its ability to induce lethal and pre-pathological alterations in organisms bioindicators, such as the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. In specific, leachate regularly collected from the municipal landfill site of Aigeira (Peloponissos, Greece) during the year 2011, showed significant alterations of almost all its physicochemical parameters, as well as its toxic potency, with time. Samples collected during the dry season (October until December) proved to be more toxic than samples from other sample dates/periods. Further analysis showed significant increase of mortality among mussels exposed to leachate collected during that period (November 2011) (96h LC50 = 0.526%, v/v), while mussels exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (0.01 και 0.1% v/v) showed increased cytotoxic, neurotoxic, genotoxic and oxidative effects. The current study revealed for the first time that the estimation of a battery of leachate physicochemical parameters, such as Cond, TDS, NH4–N, T-PH and the respective BOD5/NH4–N ratio, could be used as a low-cost effective tool in order to estimate leachate strength and toxicity, at least in the case of semi-arid areas, such as the most of the Mediterranean countries.