The application of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate,!MgNH&PO& ∙ 6H+O) precipitation and its recycling use for the purpose of ammonia removal from both synthetic solutions and landfill leachate were investigated in this study. The results demonstrated that chemical precipitation by struvite formation is efficient for ammonia removal from aqueous solutions. In addition, by recycling the thermal residue of struvite, continuously removing ammonia can technically be achieved. In the struvite precipitation, ammonia removal significantly depended on the pH and chemical molar ratios of NH& ,:!Mg+,:!PO& ./. For synthetic solution (TAN=1,000 mg/L), remarkable TAN removal efficiency of over 98% has been reported when the molar ratio of NH& ,:!Mg+,:!PO& ./ equals 1.0:1.2:1.2, 1.0:1.3:1.3, 1.0:1.3:1.4 and 1.0:1.5:1.5 at optimum pH 9. The optimum combinations of reagents applied in landfill leachate (TAN=1,878 mg/L) were!NH& ,:!Mg+,:!PO& ./ =1.0:1.3:1.3, 1.0:1.4:1.3, 1.0:1.5:1.4 and 1.0:1.5:1.5 at optimum pH 9.5, all of which displayed excellent TAN removal efficiencies of over 99%. Response surface method (RSM) helped to analyze the data and optimize the results. The struvite pyrolysate provided best performance of removing ammonia in both simulated wastewater and landfill leachate at a dosage of 60 g/L, when struvite was previously heated at 105 􀀁 by oven for 2.5 h. In the recycling phase, the struvite pyrolysate resulting from NaOH-mediated pyrolysis was more effective at continuously treating ammonia synthetic solution than was direct heating, with an initial mode of 87.4% at the beginning to 75.1% in the fifth round and direct heating of struvite from 80.9% in the first cycle and 60.6% in the final cycle. The struvite pyrolysate formed by NaOH-mediated pyrolysis performed with greater ability to continuously eliminate ammonia from landfill leachate (97.2% removal at the beginning and 72.3% in the fifth round), than did directly heated struvite (98.4% in the first cycle and 81.3% in the final cycle). Additionally, microwave irradiation could also dissociate struvite, which subsequently demonstrated moderate TAN removal in recycling phases.

O enfoque deste estudo de caso foi o encerramento das atividades de um aterro sanitário que operava fora dos padrões exigidos pela legislação. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal apresentar um assunto que vem sendo discutido no país, tanto nos níveis acadêmicos quanto nos administrativos. A metodologia empregada foi elaborada com base nos dados contidos em documentos existentes nas unidades da CETESB, nas informações obtidas junto ao Departamento de Serviços Municipais da Prefeitura Municipal de Mogi Mirim e no Projeto de Encerramento e Recuperação do Aterro Sanitário de Mogi Mirim. Durante o trabalho observou-se ocorrência de vários problemas tais como a dicotomia teórica e prática presente na estrutura de um aterro, a ausência de metodologias inter e multidisciplinares, com conteúdos formativos e informativos sobre as atividades de um aterro, a falta de articulação dos três níveis de governo (municipal, estadual e federal) e o distanciamento dos mesmos das instituições de ensino e pesquisa, a dificuldade de implantação das ações saneadoras e a falta de estrutura e corpo técnico qualificado para a realização das atividades de operação e encerramento de um aterro. Os resultados do estudo proporcionaram demonstrar o histórico ambiental e social local, adequação à legislação ambiental, os principais impactos ambientais, a redução das contaminações existentes, as medidas mitigadoras propostas durante a operação do aterro em questão e o monitoramento ambiental subsequente. O estudo proporcionou discutir a questão do encerramento dos aterros, e propor metodologia de fácil implantação, levando em consideração o problema histórico das ações políticas em conflito com as recomendações técnicas para assunto de tamanha relevância para a sociedade. / The focus in this case study is the shutdown of a sanitary landfill. It intends to shed a light on a subject that is being discussed in Brazil, as much in the academic levels as in the commercial and political ones, although the political sphere deals with it in a less open way. The employed methodology was elaborated upon the current data contained in the documents available in CETESB (Environmental Agency), in the information of the Urban Department and upon the Project of Closing and Recovery of Sanitary Landfills of Mogi Mirim (urban solid waste sanitary landfills). Some problems pointed out by this case study are: the theoretical and practical dichotomy in the structure of a landfill, the absence of treatment of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary of the formative and informative contents on the activities of a landfill, the lack of joint between the three governmental spheres (local, state and federal) and the institutions of education and research, the closing action it selves, said or executable, and the lack of structure and qualified personnel to deal with the shutting down of a landfill. Results were found though examining: social and historical records, the adequacy of environmental laws, studies done on the main environmental impacts, the mitigating measures proposed during the time the landfill was active, results given by environmental monitoring. These forthcoming results, have, as main goal, look onto the question of closing down a sanitary landfill, bargaining for the history of the politics involved and the actions taken during the active time until the closure of the sanitary landfill.

In today's society, the disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste is an ever growing problem. Legislation has become increasingly stringent with regard to protecting the environment from groundwater contamination. As documented by the EPA, the proportion of waste disposed of in landfills has steadily declined throughout the past thirty years due to source reduction, waste diversion to combustion facilities, and material recovery efforts. <p>This project examines the effects of material recovery levels on landfill life-cycle costs. A model has been developed to study the relationships between the operational costs, profit, and material recovery levels. The landfill in King George County, Virginia is used as the basis for studying the effects of increasing the current state required material recovery level from 25% to 50%. / Master of Science

Today, a large part of the recycling facilities inert waste goes to landfill.  Landfilling with waste leads to greenhouse gasemissions and the accumulation of pollutants that are liable to leak into the surrounding environment. Water and waste expertise in Norr AB (Vakin) is responsible for all waste management in the municipality of Umeå and Vindeln and aims to climb up the waste hierarchy by finding ways to recycle landfill waste. Today 100% of the landfill fraction is deposited. The purpose of the study is to investigate alternative treatment methods of waste in a landfill fraction, to reduce the amount of landfill waste. A sorting analysis was performed at Dåva landfill and waste facility in Umeå AB (Dåva DAC) to investigate the waste content in a landfill fraction. Interview questions were sent via e-mail to communal recycling centers to compare the handling and content of the required landfill fraction. The result show that landfill fraction contained hazardous waste, glass, porcelain, concrete, plasterboard/insulation, metal, combustible/plastic, brick, stone, tile/clinker and cardboard. To recycle construction and demolition waste, the fraction must be uniform and free of extraneous material The conclusion is that concrete, tile/clinker, brick and stone are sub-fractions that have the greatest potential for recycling. With a better waste sorting at the recycling facility, the amount of landfill fraction can be reduced.

The research presented in this paper evaluates the potential impact of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate quality on the loss of metals from discarded treated wood during disposal. The loss of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and boron (B) from several types of pressure-treated wood (CCA: chromated copper arsenate, ACQ: alkaline copper quaternary, CBA: copper boron azole, and DOT: disodium octaborate tetrahydrate) using leachate collected from 26 MSW landfills in Florida was examined. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), and California's waste extraction test (WET) were also performed. The results suggested that loss of preservative components was influenced by leachate chemistry. Copper loss from CCA-, ACQ- and CBA-treated wood was similar in magnitude when in contact with landfill leachates compared to synthetic TCLP and SPLP solutions. Ammonia was found as one of the major parameters influencing the leaching of Cu from treated wood when leached with MSW landfill leachates. The results suggest that disposal of ACQ- and CBA-treated wood in substantial quantity in MSW landfills may elevate the Cu concentration in the leachate; this could be of potential concern, especially for a bioreactor MSW landfill in which relatively higher ammonia concentrations in leachate have been reported in recent literature. For the As, Cr and B the concentrations observed with the landfill leachate as the leaching solutions were over a range from some sample showing the concentrations below and some showing above the observed value from corresponding SPLP and TCLP tests. In general the WET test showed the highest concentrations.

abstract: Zero-Valent Metals (ZVM) are highly reactive materials and have been proved to be effective in contaminant reduction in soils and groundwater remediation. In fact, zero-Valent Iron (ZVI) has proven to be very effective in removing, particularly chlorinated organics, heavy metals, and odorous sulfides. Addition of ZVI has also been proved in enhancing the methane gas generation in anaerobic digestion of activated sludge. However, no studies have been conducted regarding the effect of ZVM stimulation to Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) degradation. Therefore, a collaborative study was developed to manipulate microbial activity in the landfill bioreactors to favor methane production by adding ZVMs. This study focuses on evaluating the effects of added ZVM on the leachate generated from replicated lab scale landfill bioreactors. The specific objective was to investigate the effects of ZVMs addition on the organic and inorganic pollutants in leachate. The hypothesis here evaluated was that adding ZVM including ZVI and Zero Valent Manganese (ZVMn) will enhance the removal rates of the organic pollutants present in the leachate, likely by a putative higher rate of microbial metabolism. Test with six (4.23 gallons) bioreactors assembled with MSW collected from the Salt River Landfill and Southwest Regional Landfill showed that under 5 grams /liter of ZVI and 0.625 grams/liter of ZVMn additions, no significant difference was observed in the pH and temperature data of the leachate generated from these reactors. The conductivity data suggested the steady rise across all reactors over the period of time. The removal efficiency of sCOD was highest (27.112 mg/lit/day) for the reactors added with ZVMn at the end of 150 days for bottom layer, however the removal rate was highest (16.955 mg/lit/day) for ZVI after the end of 150 days of the middle layer. Similar trends in the results was observed in TC analysis. HPLC study indicated the dominance of the concentration of heptanoate and isovalerate were leachate generated from the bottom layer across all reactors. Heptanoate continued to dominate in the ZVMn added leachate even after middle layer injection. IC analysis concluded the chloride was dominant in the leachate generated from all the reactors and there was a steady increase in the chloride content over the period of time. Along with chloride, fluoride, bromide, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulfate were also detected in considerable concentrations. In the summary, the addition of the zero valent metals has proved to be efficient in removal of the organics present in the leachate. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Environmental and Resource Management 2019

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21363号 / 工博第4522号 / 新制||工||1704(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 高岡 昌輝, 教授 米田 稔, 准教授 大下 和徹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

The growing amount of landfill waste within the EU could pose a problem in the future should there not be any effective treatment methods. This study aims to investigate the performance of landfill waste in a plasma gasification process by simulating the process in ASPEN Plus. The investigation is focused on the energy recovery potential of RDF based on composition and heating value of syngas, and cold gas efficiency (CGE). The plasma gasification system consists of a shaft gasifier and a separate tar cracking reactor where high temperature plasma is used for conversion of tar compounds considered in the model, which are toluene and naphthalene. In addition, the model is divided into five sections, namely drying, pyrolysis, char gasification, melting and tar cracking. Mass and energy balance of the system was performed to better understand the system. The results show that the plasma gasification system was able to produce a syngas with a LHV of 4.66 MJ/Nm3 while improving syngas yield by attaining a higher content of hydrogen. Thus, the plasma tar cracking of tar compounds can achieve a clean syngas and improve syngas yield. Parameter study on effect of ER show that syngas has higher heating value and CGE at lower ER. On the other hand, preheated air can help recover energy from the system while lowering the ER required for the char gasification process to meet the heat demand from partial combustion. The findings implied that landfill waste has energy potential by using a suitable treatment process such as plasma gasification.

A new and promising trend in solid waste management is to operate the landfill as a bioreactor. Bioreactor landfills are controlled systems in which moisture addition and/or air injection are used as enhancements to create a solid waste environment capable of actively degrading the biodegradable organic fraction of the waste. Although there are many advantages associated with bioreactor landfills, some challenges remain. One such challenge is the ammonia-nitrogen concentration found in the leachate. The concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen tend to increase beyond concentrations found in leachate from conventional landfills because recirculating leachate increases the rate of ammonification and results in accumulation of higher levels of ammonia-nitrogen concentrations, even after the organic fraction of the waste is stabilized. Because ammonia-nitrogen persists even after the organic fraction of the waste is stabilized, and because of its toxic nature, it is likely that ammonia-nitrogen will determine when the landfill is biologically stable and when post-closure monitoring may end. Thus an understanding of the fate of nitrogen in bioreactor landfills is critical to a successful and economic operation. Ammonia-nitrogen is typically removed from leachate outside of the landfill. However, additional costs are associated with ex-situ treatment of ammonia, as separate treatment units on site must be maintained or the leachate must be pumped to a publicly owned wastewater treatment facility. Therefore, the development of an in-situ nitrogen removal technique would be an attractive alternative. Several recent in-situ treatment approaches have been explored, but lacked the information necessary for field-scale implementation. The objectives of this study were to develop information necessary to implement in-situ ammonia removal at the field-scale. Research was conducted to evaluate the kinetics of in-situ ammonia removal and to subsequently develop guidance for field-scale implementation. An aerobic reactor and microcosms containing digested municipal solid waste were operated and parameters were measured to determine nitrification kinetics under conditions likely found in bioreactor landfills. The environmental conditions evaluated include: ammonia concentration (500 and 1000mg N/L), temperature (25o, 35o and 45oC), and oxygen concentration in the gas-phase (5, 17 and 100%). Results suggest that in-situ nitrification is feasible and that the potential for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in field-scale bioreactor landfills is significant due to the presence of both aerobic and anoxic areas. All rate data were fitted to the Monod equation, resulting in an equation that describes the impact of pH, oxygen concentration, ammonia concentration, and temperature on ammonia removal. In order to provide design information for a field-scale study, a simple mass balance model was constructed in FORTRAN to forecast the fate of ammonia injected into a nitrifying portion of a landfill. Based on model results, an economic analysis of the in-situ treatment method was conducted and compared to current ex-situ leachate treatment costs. In-situ nitrification is a cost effective method for removing ammonia-nitrogen when employed in older waste environments. Compared to reported on-site treatment costs, the costs associated with the in-situ ammonia removal process fall within and are on the lower end of the range found in the literature. When compared to treating the leachate off-site, the costs of the in-situ ammonia removal process are always significantly lower. Validation of the laboratory results with a field-scale study is needed.