Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-23T18:34:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-luciano-sec.pdf: 1411311 bytes, checksum: 683e953cb766c31b8aeb9633635ca645 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-08T11:40:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-luciano-sec.pdf: 1411311 bytes, checksum: 683e953cb766c31b8aeb9633635ca645 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-08T11:40:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-luciano-sec.pdf: 1411311 bytes, checksum: 683e953cb766c31b8aeb9633635ca645 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Os Granulomas Dentários e Cistos Radiculares representam lesões periapicais crônicas que, frequentemente, acometem os ossos maxilares. As Células de Langerhans são células dendríticas, responsáveis pela apresentação de antígenos aos Linfócitos T, que desempenham importante função nos tecidos epiteliais, bem como na patogênese das lesões periapicais. O presente estudo analisou a expressão das Células de Langerhans, através da técnica imuno-histoquímica para o marcador CD1a em 18 casos de Granuloma Dentário (GD) e 26 casos de Cisto Radicular (CR). Essas células dendríticas foram observadas em 11,1% dos Granulomas Dentários e em 69,2% dos Cistos Radiculares, mostrando correlação estatisticamente significante (p-valor=0,000. Teste de Fisher). Nos Cistos Radiculares, as CLs exibiram tanto a forma arredondada quanto a dendrítica, em todas as camadas epiteliais. Já nos Granulomas Dentários, as CLs foram vistas apenas no tecido de granulação com densidade discreta de marcação. Apesar de termos encontrado uma correlação entre densidade de marcação e espessura de epitélio, bem como entre imunomarcação e intensidade inflamatória, não foi observada representatividade estatística entre essas correlações. Dos resultados obtidos conclui-se que as Células de Langerhans parecem influenciar na imunopatogênese das lesões periapicais aqui estudadas, principalmente nos Cistos Radiculares. / Salvador

Com o propósito de colaborar na elucidação da fisiopatologia do pênfigo foliáceo endêmico (PFE), realizou-se titulação de anticorpos séricos e quantificação das células de Langerhans (CL) e células dendríticas dérmicas (CD) na pele de pacientes com PFE. Sangue e biopsia de pele de lesão ativa foram colhidos de 22 pacientes com PFE e, em 13 deles realizou-se também biopsia de pele normal não adjacente à lesão, em área não exposta ao sol. Dos 22 pacientes, 13 apresentavam a forma clínica localizada e 9, generalizada; 11 estavam em tratamento. O grupo controle constituiu-se de pele normal obtida da região torácica anterior de 8 cadáveres e de 12 mulheres submetidas à cirurgia plástica (mastoplastia). A imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) foi realizada com pele humana normal da região abdominal como substrato e anti-IgG humana. A identificação das CL e CD foi feita pela técnica imunohistoquímica da avidina-biotina-peroxidase com o anticorpo anti-CD1a e quantificação por análise morfométrica. Houve correlação entre a titulação de anticorpos séricos por IFI e a forma clínica do PFE, sendo esse maior na forma generalizada. O número de CL na lesão (60,18 CL/ mm2; 5,00 CL/ mm de membrana basal (MB); 3,55 CL/mm de camada córnea) e na pele normal do PFE (28,45 CL/ mm2; 2,50 CL/ mm de MB; 2,87 CL/mm de camada córnea) foi semelhante ao número de CL na pele dos grupos controles de cirurgia plástica (72,35 CL/ mm2; 4,53 CL/ mm de MB; 4,42 CL/mm de camada córnea) e de cadáveres (47,15 CL/ mm2; 2,53 CL/ mm de MB; 2,42 CL/mm de camada córnea). O número de CD dérmicas na pele lesada de PFE (0,98 CD/ mm de MB) foi semelhante ao do grupo controle de plástica de mama (0,48 CD/ mm de MB), porém maior do que o do grupo cadáver (0,13 CD/ mm de MB). A razão entre o número de CL e CD dérmicas foi menor na pele lesada do paciente com PFE comparada à dos grupos controles, confirmando maior número de CD na derme. Num mesmo paciente, as CL e CD da derme encontravam-se em maior número na lesão de PFE (61,50 CL/ mm2; 5,49 CL/ mm de MB; 6,64 CL/mm de camada córnea, 0,86 CD dérmicas/ mm de MB) quando comparadas à pele normal (28,45 CL/ mm2; 2,50 CL/ mm de MB; 2,87 CL/mm de camada córnea; 0,04 CD dérmicas/ mm de MB). Houve correlação direta entre o número de CD dérmicas na lesão de PFE e a titulação de anticorpos séricos por IFI (r=0,4779, p<0,05), indicativo de que as CD dérmicas poderiam estar participando da patogênese do PFE. Poder-se-ia supor que as CD estariam transitando pela derme em direção ao linfonodo regional, exercendo função estimuladora de linfócitos T na indução da resposta imune e produção de auto-anticorpos. / In order to contribute to the elucidation of pathophysiology of Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus (EPF) titration of serum antibodies and quantification of Langerhans Cells (LC) and dermal dendritic cells (DC) in skin of patients with EPF were made. Blood and skin biopsies (lesional skin) of 22 EPF patients were collected and, in 13 of them, biopsies of normal sun-protected skin of non perilesional area were collected too. 13 patients had localized lesions and 9, generalized; 11 were in treatment. Control groups consisted of thoracic normal skin from 8 cadavers and 12 women submitted to breast plastic surgery. For indirect immunofluorescence (IFI), abdominal normal skin as substrate and anti-IgG were used. LC and dermal DC identification was done by immunohistochemistry with anti-CD1a antibody and quantification by morfometric analysis. It was found association between titration of serum antibodies by IFI and clinical form of EPF, with greater titration in the generalized one. LC number in lesion (60.18 LC/ mm2, 5.00 LC/ mm basement membrane (BM), 3.55 LC/mm stratum corneum) and normal skin of EPF patients (28.45 LC/ mm2, 2.50 LC/ mm BM, 2.87 LC/mm stratum corneum) was similar to LC number in skin of plastic surgery (72.35 LC/ mm2, 4.53 LC/ mm BM, 4.42 LC/mm stratum corneum) and cadaver controls (47.15 LC/ mm2, 2.53 LC/ mm BM, 2.42 LC/mm stratum corneum). Dermal DC number in lesional skin of EPF patients (0.98 DC/ mm BM) was similar to the DC number of plastic surgery controls (0.48 DC/ mm BM), but greater than DC number in cadaver controls (0.13 DC/ mm BM). The ratio LC number/ dermal DC number was smaller in lesional EPF skin than in controls, confirming the greatest DC number in dermis. In the same patient, LC and dermal DC were in greater amounts in EPF lesional skin (61.50 LC/ mm2, 5.49 LC/ mm BM, 6.64 LC/mm stratum corneum, 0.86 dermal DC/ mm BM) than in normal skin (28.45 LC/ mm2, 2.50 LC/ mm BM, 2.87 LC/mm stratum corneum, 0.04 dermal DC/ mm BM). It was found direct association between dermal DC number in lesional skin of EPF patients and titration of antibodies by IFI (r=0.4779, p<0.05), confirming that dermal DC could play an important role in EPF pathogenesis. It could be proposed that DC would be in transit through the dermis towards the regional lymph node, stimulating T lymphocytes to produce autoantibodies.

BMPs ocupam papel central na diferenciação e crescimento celulares. A sinalização intracelular das BMPs depende de substratos conhecidos como BR-SMADs (SMAD1/5/8). Em ilhotas pancreáticas de ratas grávidas, onde ocorre aumento da massa endócrina e da síntese e secreção de insulina, houve aumento da expressão do receptor BMPR1A. Em camundongos knockout para BMPR1A houve diminuição da expressão de genes-chave na exocitose de grânulos de insulina. Tais eventos estão associados à redução da atividade das BR-SMADs. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, em células <font face=\"Symbol\">b INS1E, o perfil de expressão gênica em larga escala após silenciamento das BR-SMADs. As expressões relativas de Munc18a, Munc18b e Snap23 foram reduzidas quando do silenciamento das BR-SMADs (n=3, p<0,05 vs CTL). O silenciamento de SMAD1 (n=3, p<0,05 vs CTL) ou SMAD5 (n=3, p<0,05 vs CTL) acarretaram redução do mRNA de Sintaxina 4. Conclui-se que as BR-SMADs estão envolvidas na regulação da secreção de insulina modulando proteínas envolvidas na fusão de vesículas contendo grânulos de insulina à membrana plasmática de células INS1E. / BMPs play a determinant role in cell differentiation and growth. BMP intracellular signaling involves the substrates know as BR-SMADs (SMAD1/5/8). BMPR1A receptor expression was upregulated in pancreatic islets from pregnant rats, in wich endocrine mass and insulin secretion are increased. Mice with attenuated BMPR1A signaling in <font face=\"Symbol\">b cells showed decreased expression of key genes involved in insulin exocytosis. These events are associated with reduction of BR-SMADs activity. The aim of this work was to perform a screening to evaluate changes in expression profiles after knockdown of BR-SMADs in INS1E <font face=\"Symbol\">b cells. Relative expressions of Munc18a, Munc18b and Snap23 were diminished after knockdown of the BRSMADs (n=3, p<0,05 vs CTL). Only SMAD1 (n=3, p<0,05 vs CTL) and SMAD5 (n=3, p<0,05 vs CTL) silencing caused reduction of sintaxin 4 expression. These data point to the involvement of BR-SMADs in the regulation of insulin secretion by modulating the expression of proteins responsible by fusion of insulin-containing granules to the membrane of INS1E cells.

A NADPH oxidase participa da secreção de insulina estimulada pela glicose e da produção de superóxido nas ilhotas pancreáticas. Nesse estudo, avaliamos o efeito do ácido palmítico na produção de superóxido e secreção de insulina por ilhotas pancreáticas de ratas e linhagem INS-1E. O palmitato aumentou a produção de superóxido por mecanismo dependente da ativação da PKC e da NADPH oxidase e da oxidação do ácido graxo. O ácido graxo causou a translocação da p47PHOX para a membrana plasmática, processo indicativo da ativação do complexo enzimático. A exposição de ilhotas ao palmitato causou o aumento do conteúdo proteico da p47PHOX e do RNA mensageiro da p22PHOX, gp91PHOX, p47PHOX, pró-insulina e do GPR40. A estimulação da secreção de insulina pelo ácido graxo na presença de alta glicose foi reduzida através do inibidor da NADPH oxidase e também pela inibição da expressão do GPR40 por RNA de interferência. A atividade da NADPH oxidase e a sinalização via GPR40 são mecanismos envolvidos no controle da secreção de insulina estimulada pelo palmitato. / The NADPH oxidase complex is involved in the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and the superoxide production in pancreatic islets. In this study, we examined the effect of palmitic acid on superoxide production and insulin secretion by rat pancreatic islets and INS-1E cells. Palmitate increased superoxide production in a process dependent on the activation of PKC, NADPH oxidase and fatty acid oxidation. In fact, palmitate caused p47PHOX translocation to the plasma membrane. Exposure to palmitate for 1 h up-regulated the protein content of p47PHOX and the mRNA levels of p22PHOX, gp91PHOX, p47PHOX, proinsulin and the GPR40. Fatty acid stimulation of insulin secretion in the presence of a high glucose concentration was reduced by the inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity and by the inhibition of GPR40 expression by a small interference RNA. In conclusion, NADPH oxidase is an important source of palmitate-induced superoxide production in beta cells. The NADPH oxidase activity and GPR40 signaling are involved in the control of insulin secretion by palmitate.

Le follicule pileux (FP) est un appendice cutané animé par un cycle régénératif dynamique provoquant des modifications de son microenvironnement. Les cellules de Langerhans (CLs), sentinelles de l’épiderme, sont en partie localisées à proximité du FP. Cette association spatiale nous a conduit à explorer le possible impact du cycle pileux sur l’homéostasie des CLs. Durant mon doctorat, nous avons mis en évidence (1) une augmentation de la prolifération des CLs au cours de l’anagène (phase de pousse du poil), (2) le mécanisme moléculaire sous-jacent impliquant une variation d’expression folliculaire de l’IL-34, une cytokine cruciale dans l’homéostasie des CLs et (3) un départ accru des CLs vers les ganglions lymphatiques en catagène (phase de régression du FP) concomitant avec le recrutement de cellules susceptibles d’être des précurseurs des CLs.Par ailleurs, la structure de la peau ainsi que la densité et le type de FP peuvent varier selon la région corporelle considérée. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse de variations locales dans la composition du système immunitaire cutané. Notre étude, focalisée sur les cellules dendritiques cutanées, a démontré l’existence d’une hétérogénéité de ces cellules en fonction de la zone de peau considérée. / The hair follicle (HF) is a skin appendage endowed with a dynamic regenerating cycle. This renewal remodels the HF microenvironment. Langerhans cells (LCs) are epidermal immune sentinels, a part of which localizes close to the HF. This spatial association led us to explore whether the HF cycle could impact on LC homeostasis. During my doctorate, we uncovered an anagen (HF growing phase)-associated burst of LC proliferation with dividing cells associated with the HF. Using mouse models of HF loss and hair cycle manipulation, we showed that HFs are dispensable for initial formation of the LC network but critical for the proliferation burst. We correlated it to a cyclic variation of IL-34 expression, a crucial cytokine for LC homeostasis, by a specific subset of HF cells. In addition, catagen (HF regression phase) is characterized by the departure of LCs to draining lymph nodes and the concomitant recruitment of a potential LC precursor.The skin structure as well as the density and type of HFs vary across body areas. This observation led us to assess the possibility of local variations in skin immune cells composition. Our study, focused on cutaneous dendritic cells, highlighted an heterogeneity in those cells according to the skin area considered.

Complications in pregnancy elevate fetal norepinephrine (NE) concentrations. Previous studies in NE-infused sheep fetuses revealed that sustained exposure to high NE resulted in lower expression of α2-adrenergic receptors in islets and increased insulin secretion responsiveness after acutely terminating the NE infusion. In this study, we determined if the compensatory increase in insulin secretion after chronic elevation of NE is independent of hyperglycemia in sheep fetuses and whether it is persistent in conjunction with islet desensitization to NE. After an initial assessment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) at 129 ± 1 days of gestation, fetuses were continuously infused for seven days with NE and maintained at euglycemia with a maternal insulin infusion. Fetal GSIS studies were performed again on days 8 and 12. Adrenergic sensitivity was determined in pancreatic islets collected at day 12. NE infusion increased (P < 0.01) fetal plasma NE concentrations and lowered (P < 0.01) basal insulin concentrations compared to vehicle-infused controls. GSIS was 1.8-fold greater (P < 0.05) in NE-infused fetuses compared to controls at both one and five days after discontinuing the infusion. Glucose-potentiated arginine-induced insulin secretion was also enhanced (P < 0.01) in NE-infused fetuses. Maximum GSIS in islets isolated from NE-infused fetuses was 1.6-fold greater (P < 0.05) than controls, but islet insulin content and intracellular calcium signaling were not different between treatments. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration for NE was 2.6-fold greater (P < 0.05) in NE-infused islets compared to controls. These findings show that chronic NE exposure and not hyperglycemia produce persistent adaptations in pancreatic islets that augment β-cell responsiveness in part through decreased adrenergic sensitivity.

Two major problems preventing the clinical application of pancreatic islet transplantation were investigated. The problem of allograft rejection was studied in rats, made diabetic by streptozotocin treatment. It was shown that DA rats given LEW renal allografts and treated with cyclosporine accepted their grafts, and subsequently developed a strain-specific unresponsive state that allowed successful transplantation of LEW islets without further immunosuppression, whilst BN islets were rejected normally. The effect was demonstrated to be independent of the site of islet transplantation, and, once an islet allograft had been accepted, it was possible to remove the original renal allograft without affecting the transplanted islets. The effect was shown to apply to another strain combination (LEW into PVG), and also to animals made unresponsive to renal allografts by another method (donor-specific blood transfusion). The problem of separation of adequate numbers of viable islets from the pancreas was studied in the rat, dog, pig and human. To aid the investigation, supravital staining techniques were developed, using neutral red to identify the islets, and fluorescein diacetate and ethidium bromide to assess islet viability. A variety of islet isolation techniques were investigated, and a new technique for isolation of islets from the dog pancreas, yielding up to 160,000 islets from 1 pancreas with a maximum purity of 80%, was developed. The structural integrity and in vitro function of the isolated islets was demonstrated, but it was not possible to prevent diabetes by autotransplantation of islets to the portal vein of pancreatectomised dogs. A method for isolation of islets from the human pancreas was developed from that used in the dog, yielding up to 80,000 islets from a whole pancreas, with a maximum purity of 40%. The technique was shown to be both simple and reliable. The structural integrity and in vitro function of the isolated islets was demonstrated, and the viability of the islets proven by successful transplantation under the kidney capsule of nude mice.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Generalitat Valenciana (GV-3117-95); Ministerio de Sanidad (FIS 94/0014-01, FIS 96/1994-01); Unión Europea (ERBSC1-CT920833)

Pancreatic beta cell specification is a complex process, requiring proper function of numerous transcription factors. Nkx2.2 is a transcription factor that is crucial for beta cell formation, and is expressed early and throughout pancreatic development. Nkx2.2-/- mice display complete loss of the beta cell lineage and defects in the specification of other endocrine cell types, demonstrating the importance of Nkx2.2 in establishing proper endocrine cell ratios. Recent studies have also demonstrated a role for Nkx2.2 within the mature beta cell to maintain identity and function. This thesis work investigated the timing of pancreatic beta cell specification and the mechanism of this process. In these studies, Nkx2.2 was ablated specifically within the Ngn3-expressing endocrine progenitor population in vivo. These mice displayed defects similar to Nkx2.2-/- mice. Surprisingly, the disruption of endocrine cell specification did not require loss of expression of multiple essential transcription factors known to function downstream of Nkx2.2, including Ngn3, Rfx6, and NeuroD1. While these factors are all necessary for beta cell specification, their preserved expression did not rescue beta cell formation. ChIP-Seq analyses also revealed co-occupancy of Nkx2.2, Rfx6, and NeuroD1 near endocrine-related genes, suggesting Nkx2.2 may cooperate with its downstream targets to regulate beta cell fate. These results have revealed a unique requirement for Nkx2.2 during a critical window of beta cell development. In addition, the role of a conserved domain of Nkx2.2, the specific domain (SD), was assessed using Nkx2.2SDmutant mice. Transcriptional profiling of Nkx2.2SDmutant endocrine progenitors revealed a critical role for the SD domain in regulating the transcription of endocrine fate genes early in the process of endocrine differentiation. In addition, beta cell-specific deletion of the Nkx2.2 SD domain resulted in hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and dysregulation of beta cell functional genes. This suggests the SD domain is important for mediating Nkx2.2 function within the beta cell to maintain glucose homeostasis. Together, these results have elucidated a critical developmental window for beta cell specification and demonstrated an essential role for Nkx2.2 and specifically its SD domain in this process. Furthermore, these studies suggest that beta cell transcription factors may also regulate endocrine fate in a combinatorial manner, and exert changes within the endocrine progenitor lineage. These findings have provided us with a better understanding of in vivo pancreatic development, and will improve current research efforts to differentiate beta cells in vitro from hPSCs.