A interação mutualística, espécie-especifica, vespas de figo-figueiras envolve dois processos antagonísticos, predação de sementes e polinização, realizadas por vespas da família Agaonidae. Sabe-se que a larva da vespa se alimenta de tecido da semente durante seu desenvolvimento, mas o processo pelo qual isto ocorre é pouco conhecido, não se sabendo até que ponto a larva depende do desenvolvimento da semente. Neste trabalho foi estudada a biologia larval de Pegoscapus tonduzi, polinizadora de Ficus citrifolia (Moraceae). O estudo foi realizado em plantas de F. citrifolia presentes no campus da Universidade de São Paulo em Ribeirão Preto/SP, durante o período de julho de 2007 a agosto de 2008. Para tal, quatro coortes de vespas foram estudas, nas quais cerca de cinco figos foram coletados em intervalos de dois dias, ao longo do ciclo de desenvolvimento larval. Os figos foram dissecados para observação das larvas e para a obtenção de ovários/galhas da planta para o preparo de lâminas histológicas. Os resultados mostraram que o processo de predação de sementes realizado pelas larvas de P. tonduzi é elaborado, com o desenvolvimento larval intimamente relacionado aos processos embriogênicos da planta. O desenvolvimento larval apresenta quatro instares, detectados pela mudança de tamanho e formadas larvas. A duração do ciclo de vida de P. tonduzi foi de 40 a 70 dias, aproximadamente, correlacionando-se negativamente com a temperatura ambiente no período. O ovo é depositado na região próxima à base do estilete, entre o nucelo e o tegumento interno do ovário da planta. Nessa fase, observase o surgimento do embrião vegetal, indicando que o ovário em que larva se desenvolve foi fertilizado. No segundo estádio larval, o inseto migra para a região micropilar e passa a se alimentar oralmente do endosperma da planta. Nesta fase, ainda, nota-se o desaparecimento do embrião vegetal, sugerindo que este é consumido pela larva da vespa. Os resultados sugerem a existência de um ajuste evolutivo fino entre inseto-planta, uma vez que o desenvolvimento da larva da vespa de figo parece depender da fertilização e conseqüente formação do endosperma. / The species-specific mutualistic interaction between fig trees and fig wasps engages two antagonist processes: seed predation and pollination, both achieved by wasps of the Agaonidae family. It is well known that fig wasp larvae feed on seed tissues for their development but the process itself is poorly known. Here is a study on the larval biology of Pegoscapus tonduzi, pollinator of Ficus citrifolia (Moraceae). The study was carried out between July 2007 and August 2008 at the Sao Paulo University campus in Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo State. Four cohorts of fig wasps were studied; for each cohort, about five figs were sampled each two days until complete larval cycle. Sampled figs were dissected for larvae observation and measurement, and flower ovaries/galls subsamples destined to histological study. Results showed that seed predation by fig wasps is a complex process, with larval development closely related to plant embryogenesis. Four larval instars were determined by changes on larva size and shape. Larval cycle extended from 40 to 70 days, showing a negative relation with environmental temperature. The egg is laid near the style insertion, between nucleus and inner integument of the flower ovary. Vegetal embryo was observed along with first larval instar, indicating that fertilization took place inside the ovary where larva develops. At second instar, the larva migrates to the micropilar region and begins to feed orally from endosperm. In this phase, the embryo disappears, suggesting that it is consumed by the larva. Our results suggest a fine tune evolutionary insect-plant adjustment, as fig wasp larvae seems to depend on ovary fertilization and endosperm development.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Nassarius vibex à um gastrÃpode comum no Nordeste brasileiro que se apresenta em abundÃncia em estuÃrios. A biologia reprodutiva dessa espÃcie foi estudada a fim de caracterizÃ-la e verificar a influÃncia das variaÃÃes ambientais, parasitismo e ocorrÃncia de imposex em duas populaÃÃes, uma no estuÃrio do Rio Cearà e outra no estuÃrio do Rio Pacoti, Nordeste, Brasil. A precipitaÃÃo pluviomÃtrica e a salinidade parecem influenciar nas caracterÃsticas reprodutivas de N. vibex, enquanto a temperatura nÃo apresenta efeito significativo devido a sua pouca variaÃÃo anual. A espÃcie apresenta uma populaÃÃo predominantemente feminina, com variaÃÃes mensais nas proporÃÃes, sem haver predominÃncia dos machos em nenhum dos meses. O lÃbio externo da concha foi utilizado como indicador do estado reprodutivo da espÃcie, sugerindo que essa caracterÃstica pode refletir o estado maturativo do animal. As cÃlulas germinativas de machos e fÃmeas foram caracterizadas. As populaÃÃes analisadas apresentaram parasitismo por trematÃdeos digenÃticos, cestÃdeos e por outros parasitas nÃo identificados. AnÃlises histopatolÃgicas foram realizadas. Os trematÃdeos apresentaram efeitos deletÃrios mais significativos sobre a reproduÃÃo de N. vibex do que os outros grupos, alÃm de sua presenÃa ter sido numericamente maior. No estuÃrio do Rio CearÃ, houve maior diversidade de parasitas, com prevalÃncia reduzida. No estuÃrio do Rio Pacoti, a diversidade de parasitas foi menor, mas as freqÃÃncias mensais foram mais elevadas. O imposex foi detectado exclusivamente na populaÃÃo do estuÃrio do Rio CearÃ. Nessa populaÃÃo, foi registrada a ocorrÃncia de pÃnis nas fÃmeas, formaÃÃo de vaso deferente, convoluÃÃes no oviduto e alteraÃÃes na massa glandular (glÃndula da cÃpsula e de albÃmen). Essa Ãltima alteraÃÃo resultou em esterilidade nas fÃmeas afetadas, provavelmente em decorrÃncia da presenÃa de cÃpsulas abortivas. Foram aplicados os seguintes Ãndices para a quantificaÃÃo do imposex: %I, MPL, FPL, RPLI, VDSI e AOS. O desenvolvimento embrionÃrio e larval da espÃcie foi determinado. A desova e os estÃgios de desenvolvimento foram registrados. O perÃodo de desova foi registrado nos meses de Junho a Dezembro. Nassarius vibex deposita cÃpsulas ovÃgeras em substratos duros e as larvas eclodem no estÃgio de vÃliger. Foi registrada a ocorrÃncia de cÃpsulas incubadas no interior do vestÃbulo de fÃmeas em ambos os estuÃrios e sua relaÃÃo com as variÃveis ambientais e o parasitismo. Mesmo apresentando similaridade entre as duas populaÃÃes, a determinaÃÃo de padrÃes reprodutivos bem definidos para a espÃcie nÃo foi observada. / Nassarius vibex is a common gastropod present in abundance in the Northeast estuaries. The reproductive biology of this species was studied to characterize it and verify the influence of environmental variables, occurrence of imposex and parasitism in two populations of the species, one in the Cearà River estuary and the other in the Pacoti River estuary, Northeast, Brazil. Rainfall and salinity seem to influence the reproductive characteristics of N. vibex, while temperature has no significant effect due to its low annual variation. The species has a female biased population, with monthly variations, but with no predominance of males in any of the months. The outer lip of the shell was used as an indicator of the species reproductive status, suggesting that this characteristic may reflect the maturity state of the animals. The germ cells of males and females were characterized. The populations examined were parasitized by digenetic trematodes, Cestoda and other unidentified parasites. Histopathological analysis were performed. Trematodes showed more deleterious effects on reproduction than the other groups, and their presence was numerically larger. In the Cearà River estuary there was greater diversity of parasites with reduced prevalence. In the Pacoti River estuary the diversity of parasites was lower, but the monthly rates were higher. Imposex was exclusively detected in the Cearà River estuary population. In this population was reported the occurrence of penis and vas deferens in the affected females, convolutions in the oviduct and changes in the glandular mass (capsule and albumen glands). This last change resulted in sterility in the affected females, probably due to the presence of abortive capsules. The following indices for imposex quantification were applied: % I, MPL, FPL, RPLI, VDSI and AOS. The species embryonic and larval development was determined. The spawning and development stages were recorded. The spawning period occurred between June and December. Nassarius vibex deposit ovigerous capsules on hard substrates and larvae hatches at the veliger stage. The occurrence of incubated capsules in the females vestibule was recorded for both estuaries and its relationship with environmental variables and parasitism was analyzed. Even showing similarities between the two populations, the establishment of clearly defined standards for the species was not achieved.

Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2008. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-22T21:55:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertaao shei.pdf: 955699 bytes, checksum: 8f9882265e94129eca93eb60bbe7cdf7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-07-27T19:09:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertaao shei.pdf: 955699 bytes, checksum: 8f9882265e94129eca93eb60bbe7cdf7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-27T19:09:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertaao shei.pdf: 955699 bytes, checksum: 8f9882265e94129eca93eb60bbe7cdf7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / O “neon goby” Elacatinus figaro é endêmico da costa brasileira e foi uma das espécies mais importantes no comércio de peixes ornamentais marinhos do país. Atualmente, encontra-se na lista de espécies ameaçadas de extinção e resguardadas do extrativismo. Este trabalho teve como intuito descrever a reprodução, o desenvolvimento embrionário e a larvicultura do “neon goby” em laboratório. As primeiras desovas naturais foram observadas a partir do 24° dia após a formação dos casais, sendo o intervalo entre as desovas de 8 a 10 dias a 26°C. A fecundidade variou de 430 a 1.020 ovos por desova com média de 648 ± 183 ovos (média ± desvio padrão1, com taxa de eclosão média de 69 ± 16% Os ovos são elípticos, medem 1,81 ± 0,1 mm de comprimento e 0,61 ± 0,03 mm de diâmetro, eles apresentam filamentos adesivos na parte basal e contêm cinco protuberâncias na parte distal. O tempo para eclosão das larvas é de 7 a 8 dias. As larvas recém eclodidas medem 3,15 ± 0,07 mm, apresentam fototaxia positiva, olhos pigmentados, boca aberta e vesícula gasosa inflada. As larvas foram alimentadas com rotíferos Brachionus plicatilis em sistema de água verde com a microalga Nannochloropsis oculata do 1° ao 20° dia após a eclosão. Náuplios de Artemia foram oferecidos a partir do 15 ° dia em conjunto com rotíferos e, exclusivamente, a partir do 20° dia. O assentamento ocorreu a partir do 28° dia, quando as larvas do “neon goby” atingiram comprimento de 8,50 ± 0,18 mm com sobrevivência entre 2 e 20%. / The “neon goby” Elacatinus figaro is endemic of the Brazilian coast and was one of the most important species in the marine ornamental fish trade in the country. Today it is on the list of endangered species and it can no longer be collected in the wild. This work was carried out in order to describe natural breeding, embryonic development and larviculture of neon goby in laboratory. The first natural spawning was observed 24 days after the pairs were formed 8 to 10 days at 26°C. Mean fecundity was 648 ± 183 (± SD) eggs per clutch and ranged from 430 to 1020 eggs, the hatching rate was 69 ± 16%. Eggs are elliptical in shape, they present adhesive filaments at the proximal end and five protuberances at the distal end. Egg length averaged 1.81 ± 0.1 mm and maximum width was 0.61 ± 0.03 mm. The embryonic developmental period lasts between 7 and 8 days. The newly hatched larvae measure 3.15 ± 0.07 mm, showing positive phototaxis, pigmented eyes, mouth opened and insufflated gas bladder. Larvae were fed with rotifers Brachionus plicatilis in green water system along with the microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata from day 1 to day 20 day after hatching. Artemia nauplii were added to the diet on day 15, and 5 days later rotifers were no longer offered. Larvae began to settle to the bottom on day 28, when length of neon goby was 8.50 ± 0.18 mm, the final survival rate ranged between 2 and 20%.

Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2010. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-27T14:13:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao corrigido final de ana carolina sampaio.pdf: 1962570 bytes, checksum: 530d0baf753727aa3bda4dcc7e937c68 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-07-27T17:07:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao corrigido final de ana carolina sampaio.pdf: 1962570 bytes, checksum: 530d0baf753727aa3bda4dcc7e937c68 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-27T17:07:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao corrigido final de ana carolina sampaio.pdf: 1962570 bytes, checksum: 530d0baf753727aa3bda4dcc7e937c68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os principais eventos ocorridos durante o desenvolvimento inicial da matrinxã Brycon amazonicus, correlacionando-os com o comportamento alimentar apresentado pelas larvas no período de 24 a 240 h após a eclosão (HAE) ou 10 dias. O objetivo do primeiro capítulo foi descrever o desenvolvimento embrionário e larval da matrinxã, caracterizando os principais eventos ocorridos até 72 h após a fertilização (HAF). O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Estação de Piscicultura de Balbina Município de Presidente Figueiredo. A caracterização foi feita com base na análise estéreo-microscópica, morfométrica e comparação bibliográfica. Os ovos da matrinxã são livres, transparentes, esféricos com grande espaço perivitelínico (0,56 ± 0,3 mm). As sucessivas clivagens originam células com 64 blastômeros na primeira hora AF. A gástrula, iniciada 02 h e 40 min AF, caracterizou-se por progressiva involução celular e formação do eixo embrionário, culminando com diferenciação de cabeça e cauda, com 05 h e 30 min AF. A embriogênese teve duração de 3 h com formação de somitos, notocorda, vesículas óptica, ótica e otólitos, além de batimentos cardíacos e liberação da cauda. As larvas eclodiram com 10 h e 30 min AF, quando teve início o estágio larval, em temperatura média de 29,9ºC. As larvas eclodiram com 3,56 ± 0,46 mm de comprimento total. Entre 19 e 30 h após a fertilização (HAF) foram observadas: 1) pigmentação e formação do tubo digestivo 2) surgimento de arcos branquiais 3) nadadeira peitoral 4) abertura da boca e 5) surgimento dos dentes. O canibalismo foi iniciado às 34 HAF, com 5,7 ± 0,66 mm de comprimento total, abertura bucal 1,46 ± 0,19 mm e intensos movimentos mandibulares acompanhados de natação vertical. A larva está apta à natação, busca e apreensão de presas e escape de predadores desde 60 HAF, permitindo sua transferência aos viveiros de alevinagem. No segundo capítulo se objetivou conhecer a seletividade alimentar da matrinxã no período de 24 a 240 h após a eclosão (HAE). Foram ofertados diariamente uma mistura de organismos zooplanctônicos (50 organismos/larva) e ração. A mistura ofertada foi previamente quali e quantificada e as larvas alimentadas eram amostradas diariamente para verificação do conteúdo alimentar no trato digestório analisado sob estereomicroscópio. Não foi observada seleção por organismos menores (Rotíferos e náuplios) e não foi observada correlação entre as medidas morfométricas da larva e medidas da presa. Os resultados mostram seleção por alimento vivo, com preferência alimentar por Cladóceros até o décimo dia de vida. No terceiro capítulo foi avaliado o desempenho das larvas quando submetidas a diferentes tratamentos alimentares, no período de 28 a 100 HAE, sendo: T1 = ração; T2 = zooplâncton e T3 = Ração + zooplâncton. O T3 apresentou maior taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) (2,03) e comprimento (6,49 mm), contudo a sobrevivência não diferiu entre os tratamentos. As larvas iniciaram a ingestão de alimento vivo ou ração no período entre 40 e 43 HAE, quando restavam pequenas proporções da reserva endógena (vitelo), indicando início de alimentação exógena neste período e utilização do alimento vivo até 240 HAE. Diante dos resultados observados, acredita-se que um correto manejo alimentar deve considerar redução no período de incubação de 72 h para 40 h, quando as larvas deverão receber alimento vivo e treinamento alimentar para aceitação de ração até o 10º dia após a eclosão. Isto possivelmente proporcionará maiores taxas de sobrevivência na larvicultura. / The objective of this work was to describe the main events happened during the initial development of the matrinxã Brycon amazonicus, correlating them with the alimentary behavior presented by the larvae in the period from 24 to 240 h after hatching (HAH) or 10 days. The objective of the first chapter was to describe the embryonic and larval development of the matrinxã, characterizing the main events happened until 72 h after fertilization (HAF). The work was developed in Center of Tecnology, Training and Production in Aquaculture (CTTPA), in Balbina Municipal district of President Figueiredo. The characterization was made under stereomycroscopic analysis, morfometry and bibliographical comparison. The eggs of matrinxã are free, transparent, and spherical with a large perivitelline space (0.56 ± 0.3 mm). The successive clivages originate cells with 64 blastomeres in the first HAF. The gastrulation initiates at 02 h and 40 min AF, and was characterized by progressive cells involution and formation of the embryonic axis, culminating with differentiation of head and tail with 05 h and 30 min AF. The embriogenesis had duration of 3 h with somitos formation, notocord, optical vesicle, otics vesicle and otholits, besides heart beats and liberation of the tail. The larvae hatched at 10 h and 30 min AF, when it had beginning the apprenticeship, in medium temperature of 29.9ºC. Larvae total lengh at hatching was 3.56 ± 0.46 mm. Between 19 and 30 HAF they were observed: 1) pigmentation and formation of the digestory tube 2) appearance of branchial arches 3) fin peitoral 4) opening of the mouth and 5) appearance of the teeth. The cannibalism started at 34 HAF, with 5.7 ± 0.66 mm of total length, mouth opening 1.46 ± 0.19mm and intense jaw movements and vertical swimming. The larva is capable the swimming, it looks for and apprehension of preys and escape of predators, from 60 HAF, allowing your transfer to the nurseries ponds, reducing the incubation period. In the second chapter two the objective was to know de feeding selectivity of matrinxã larvae between 24 and 240 hours after hatching (HAH). Daily was offered a mixture of zooplanctonic organisms (50 organisms/larvae) and ration. The mixture was previously quantificated and qualificated and the feeding contents of larvae were analysed under estereomicroscopy. We didn´t observed selectivity for little items (rotifers and nauplians) and there wasn´t correlations between larvae and pray measurement. The results show selection for live food and preferences by Cladocera until tenth day of life. In the third chapter, it was evaluated the acting of the larvae when submitted to different alimentary treatments, in the period from 28 to 100 HAH, being: T1 = ration; T2 = zooplancton and T3 = Ration + Zooplancton. T3 presented larger specific growth rate (SGR) (2.03), and length (6,49 mm), however the survival didn't differ among the treatments. The larvae began the ingestion of alive food or ration bettween 40 and 43 HAH ages, when they remain small proportions of the endogenous reservation (vitelo). The results indicate beginning of the feeding exogen between 40 and 43 HAH and the use of the alive food up to 240 HAH. Before the observed results, we believed that a correct handling to feed it should consider reduction in the incubation period, from 72 to 40 h, when the larvae should receive alimentary training for ration acceptance, until the 10th day after appearance. So, may be possible to increase the survival rates during hatchery.

Orientador: Ângelo Pires do Prado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T00:18:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Provatti_OvandoJose_M.pdf: 2946008 bytes, checksum: 569d89a94da7e3ec7ba225959e2c8e30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A dengue tem se tornado um importante problema de saúde pública em vários continentes. Nas Américas o Aedes aegypti é o principal vetor da doença em razão de sua elevada competência vetorial e hábito antropofílico. Assim, é fundamental que o sistema de vigilância municipal disponha de indicadores sensíveis para avaliação dos níveis de infestação do vetor. A vigilância entomológica do Ae. aegypti no município de Campinas, SP, é fundamentada no Índice de Breteau (IB), que indica o número de criadouros com larvas em 100 imóveis pesquisados. Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar e quantificar os criadouros de Aedes aegypti, bem como estimar os índices de infestação larvária por esse vetor em áreas com histórico de dengue na região norte do município de Campinas, SP. Foram analisados os dados obtidos nas avaliações de densidade larvárias realizadas pelas equipes de saúde municipais no período de janeiro de 2005 a outubro de 2009, nas áreas de abrangência dos Centros de Saúde S. Mônica, Anchieta, B. Geraldo e S. Marcos. Nessas áreas a amostragem foi realizada em conglomerados de quarteirões, onde foram pesquisados todos os imóveis, excetuando-se aqueles com elevada quantidade de criadouros (pontos de risco), os terrenos baldios e as praças e parques. No ambiente intra e peridomiciliar desses imóveis foram vistoriados os criadouros potenciais (em condições de acumular água) e os encontrados com água (com e sem presença de larvas). As larvas encontradas foram coletadas e identificadas no laboratório do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Campinas, SP. Para cada área foram estimados três indicadores de infestação larvária, o Índice de Breteau (IB), o Índice Predial (IP) e o Índice de Criadouros (IC). Para cada área também foi avaliada a positividade dos pontos de risco de forma independente da amostragem dos demais imóveis. Os tipos de criadouros pratos para plantas e outros foram os criadouros potenciais, e também os encontrados com água, mais freqüentes. Os tipos que apresentaram maior positividade para Ae. aegypti foram os vasos de plantas, pneus e depósitos de água não ligados à rede de abastecimento. A positividade dos mesmos não sofreu interferência das condições climáticas. O IB foi mais elevado no ano de 2009 em comparação aos anos anteriores, e apresentou correlação elevada com o IP, e moderada com o IC. Todos os índices larvários foram mais elevados nos meses de maior temperatura e pluviosidade. Os pontos de risco apresentaram maior positividade em 2006, sendo que os encontrados com maior freqüência com larvas de Ae. aegypti foram os ferros-velhos, as oficinas-mecânicas e o cemitério. Conclui-se que há elevada disponibilidade de criadouros em todas as áreas, durante todo o período avaliado. O IB não demonstrou sensibilidade como indicador de risco ambiental no período seco, onde as ações de prevenção deveriam ser enfatizadas. Os criadouros podem ser diferenciados quanto à importância para o vetor, mediante a análise da positividade, embora seja recomendável incluir outros indicadores que permitam diferenciá-los quanto à abundância larvária / Abstract: Dengue has been an important public health problem in many continents. In America Aedes aegypti is the main dengue vector with high vectorial competence and antropophilic habits. For this reason, the disponibility of sensible indicators for avaliation of vector infestation is fundamental for the county vigilance system. Ae. aegypti entomologic vigilance in Campinas, SP, is based in Breteau Index (BI), which indicates the number of larval breedings in 100 premises. The objectives of this study were quantify and characterize the Ae. aegypti breedings, as well as estimate the larval infestation indeces in areas with dengue historic in noth region of Campinas , SP. It were analised the datum obtained in larval density avaliations realizaed by county health team between January 2005 and October 2009 in the áreas of health centers; S. Mônica, Anchieta, B. Geraldo and S. Marcos. In these areas the sampling was realized in conglomerate of blocks, in which were searched all premises, except those with high quantity of breeding sites (risk premises), wastelands, squares and parks. In the intra and peridomiciliar environment of these premises the potencial breedings (in condition of accumulate water) and the breedings with water (with or without larvae) were investigated. The larvae were collected and identified by Centro de Controle de Zoonoses laboratory, Campinas, S.P. For each area were estimated three larval índices, Breteau Index (BI), Predial Index (PI) and Container Index (CI). Also for each area the risk premises positivity were calculated with independent sampling. The flowerpot saucers and the others type were the most frequent potential and with water breeding sites. The breedings with highest Ae. aegypti positivity were the flowerpots, tires and water containers. The positivity of them were not affected by climatic conditions. The BI Index was most elevated in the 2009 than in previous years and exhibit elevated correlation with PI, and moderated with CI. All larval indices were most elevated in the highest temperature and rainfall months. The risk premises presented the highest positivity in 2006. Those with most frequent Ae. aegypti larvae were junk-dealers, automechanic's shops and the cemetery. It follows that there are a great breeding sites disponibility in all assessed areas. The BI not presented sensibility as ambiental risk indicator in the dry season when the prevention actions would be emphasized. The breeding sites can be differentiate in importance to vector through positivity estimation, although it is advisable incorporate others indicators to differentiate the breedings with respect to larvae abundance / Mestrado / Entomologia / Mestre em Parasitologia

O presente projeto analisou o perfil dos ácidos graxos, embriogênese e ontogenia do sistema digestório das larvas da garoupa verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus durante os primeiros dias de desenvolvimento. Além disso, descrevemos como os embriões se dividem, eclodem e desenvolvem suas principais características, e como se desenvolve seu sistema digestório ao longo dos primeiros dias de desenvolvimento, e como utilizam os AG durante os primeiros 8 dias de desenvolvimento. Observamos que as larvas da garoupa apresentam desenvolvimento de suas estruturas digestórias relativamente lento, no entanto, estas são capazes de capturar, ingerir e digerir presas já a partir do 4º DAE. Os ovos da garoupa verdadeira são compostos por elevados percentuais de PUFA nos fosfolipídios e para o processo de eclosão utilizam preferencialmente os SFA dos fosfolipídios. Além disso, os PUFA da série n3 sobrepõe-se aos da série n6, principalmente o DHA, que apresentaram valores elevados em comparação com outras espécies marinhas tanto nos fosfolipídios quanto nos triglicérides nos três primeiros dias de desenvolvimento. As larvas apresentam uma elevada necessidade dos HUFAs DHA/EPA, e durante essa fase é importante a utilização de alimento vivo de tamanho reduzido (copépodes ou “SS strain” Brachionus rotundiformes) enriquecidos com valores da relação entre DHA/EPA acima de 2,0. Com isso, todo o conhecimento gerado durante esses dias de desenvolvimento já permitem a aplicação deste conhecimento no processo de embriogênese e larvicultura da garoupa verdadeira contribuindo para alavancar sua domesticação e produção em cativeiro e elaborar futuramente um programa de repovoamento desta espécie contribuindo para sua conservação. / This project analyzed the fatty acids profile, embryogenesis and ontogeny of the digestive system of dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus larvae during the first days of development. Furthermore, we described how the embryos are divided, hatch and develop its main features, and how develops its digestive system during the first days of development, and how they use the FA during the first 8 days of development. We observed that the grouper larvae present relative slow development of their digestive structures, however, the larvae are able to capture, ingest and digest preys already from 4º DAE. The dusky grouper eggs are composed by high percentages of PUFA in phospholipids and for the hatching process it uses preferably the SFA of phospholipids. Additionally, the n3 series PUFAs overlaps the n6 series, especially DHA, which exhibited high values compared to other marine species both on phospholipids as in the triglycerides during the first three days of development. The larvae exhibit a high requirement of HUFAs DHA/EPA, and during this phase is important to use live food of small size (copepods or “SS strain” Brachionus rotundiformes) enriched with the ratio of DHA/EPA levels above 2.0. Thus, all the knowledge generated during these days of development allow us the application of this knowledge in the embryogenesis and hatchery process of the dusky grouper contributing to leverage its domestication and production in captivity and eventually draw up a restocking program of this species contributing to their conservation.

There is currently worldwide pressure to establish Marine Protected Area (MPA) networks which are self-sustaining and will persistently protect habitats and species. In order for MPA networks to be effective, the species targeted for conservation must be able to disperse between protected areas and maintain a gene-flow necessary for population sustainability and persistence. This warrants new research on how to quantify and map faunal dispersal to ensure that protection will be effective and sustainable. Population genetic methods have merit, with the ability to track parentage and gene flow between areas directly. However the costs, quantity of samples, and time required to genetically quantify dispersal for multiple species make these approaches prohibitive as the only method of assessment, especially in relatively inaccessible offshore waters. Dispersal modelling is now becoming more accessible and may fulfil immediate needs in this field (although ground truthing will be necessary in the future). There have been very few dispersal modelling studies focussed on deep sea or offshore areas, predominantly due to the lack of high resolution hydrodynamic models with sufficient geographic extent away from shore. Current conclusions have been drawn based on shallow water coastal studies, informing offshore MPA network size and spacing. However the differences between these two environments may mean that dispersal abilities are not comparable. Deep water receives less influence from wind and weather, and the scales are vastly different in terms of a) the depth ranges covered, b) the planktonic larval durations (PLDs) of animals, and c) the geographic areas concerned as a consequence. Global hydrodynamic models with reasonable resolution are now becoming more accessible. With the outputs from these models, and freely available particle simulators, it is becoming more practical to undertake offshore deep water dispersal studies. This thesis aims to undertake an analysis of these accessible modelling tools within a deep sea context. The guidelines which are currently available to dispersal modellers are yet to encompass the needs of deep water modellers which may require some additional considerations given the extended depth range covered and the different hydrodynamic drivers away from the air/sea interface. Chapter 1 reviews the larval dispersal process, the factors which may affect dispersal success, and those which should be incorporated into future predictions of dispersal. The current methods for assessing larval dispersal are explored covering genetics, elemental tagging and modelling approaches with an extended look at modelling considerations. Existing marine conservation policy is also touched on in the context of connectivity and larval dispersal. Chapter 2 is designed to inform future deep sea modellers on how to parameterise and understand a dispersal model. As models appear as a ‘black box’ to the majority of users, sensitivity tests can offer a way of scaling model inputs and tempering expectations from model outputs. A commonly used model pairing (the HYCOM hydrodynamic model and the Connectivity Modeling System) is assessed, using parameters which link to the temporal and spatial scales of mixing in the modelled system: timestep of particle tracer, horizontal and vertical positioning of release points, release frequency of larvae, and temporal range of simulation. All parameters were shown to have a decreased sensitivity with depth, with patterns reflecting local watermass structure. Future studies observing similar hydrodynamic conditions seeking to optimise their model set up would be advised to stratify their model release locations with depth. A means to incorporate all sensitivity test results into optimal input parameters for future studies is demonstrated. Chapter 3 investigates whether dispersal models provide any advantage over a “sphere of influence” estimate based on average current speeds and PLDs: there is no use pursuing dispersal modelling if the outputs are too erroneous to provide any advantage over a back-of-the-envelope calculation. This chapter examines the outputs of two dispersal models driven by two different hydrodynamic models in order to observe the variability in prediction between models. This model comparison revealed a greater disparity between hydrodynamic model predictions than has been previously understood by ecologists. The two models compared (POLCOMS and HYCOM) may equally be considered as suitable to promote realism in the study region, but slight differences in resolution and numerical error handling resulted in dispersal predictions from which opposing conclusions can be drawn. This chapter therefore emphasises the necessity for model ground truthing before predictions can be trusted. Chapter 4 assimilates the findings of the previous chapters and applies their advice to a study of MPA network dispersal connectivity. Using the hydrodynamic model which performed best in chapter 3 (HYCOM), a simulation was undertaken for cold water coral (Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus 1758)) larval dispersal between already established MPAs in the NE Atlantic. As larval characters have only been observed ex situ, dispersal was simulated using two null models (passive and active vertical migration) and averaged to provide an intermediate prediction. A method for assessing dispersal within MPAs and MPA networks is offered based on the intermediate prediction, as well as a network wide assessment of the difference in dispersal patterns for passive and active larvae. It was found that the existing network performs well at supplying larvae to non-networked sites, but performs poorly at supplying other MPAs. The ‘best’ MPAs were central to the network and facilitated the traverse of regional gaps in suitable habitat. The ‘worst’ MPAs were peripheral to the network and small in size. Network-wide passive and active dispersal matrices had no significant difference between them. However site specific variability in the effect of vertical migration was detected subject to variability in local topographic barriers to dispersal, only some of which could be surmounted with vertical migration. All chapters aim to inform future deep sea dispersal modellers, and encourage exploration of this tool in other contexts, as well as marine conservation. The thesis cautions against the transplantation of shallow water assumptions to deep water environments, and advocates region specific studies and mandatory ground truthing of predictions. An upcoming study will ground truth the findings of this thesis with both genetic and oceanographic data, allowing the accuracy of study results to be quantified.

L’activité de captage permet d’assurer l’approvisionnement en juvéniles d’huîtres creuses,C. gigas, pour de nombreux ostréiculteurs. Les professionnels du bassin d’Arcachon ont constaté une augmentation de la variabilité du nombre de naissains fixés depuis la fin des années 90. Cette thèse vise à identifier les sources d’une telle variabilité du recrutement de l’huître creuse. Cette question est abordée par une analyse originale de chacune des étapes du cycle de reproduction :un modèle DEB pour la gamétogenèse, la valvométrie pour l’émission des gamètes, des séries historiques de pêches de larves pour le stade larvaire et un modèle hydrodynamique pour la dispersion.Concernant la gamétogenèse, les résultats soulignent l’importance du paramètre de qualité du phytoplancton pour la description des variations de la fécondité. L’étude de l’émission des gamètes montre qu’elle intervient préférentiellement aux pleines mer, lors des marées de vives-eaux et pour des amplitudes thermiques quotidiennes importantes. Ces observations rendent l’émission des gamètes prévisible. Le captage à Arcachon dépend de la survie des cohortes larvaires, elle-même dépendante d’un effet climatique complexe structuré autour de la température de l’eau. Enfin, les bassins d’Arcachon et de Marennes-Olèron semblent soumis aux variations de l’apport en larves, avec une source extérieure aux zones de captage en Charente et une source interne déclinante à Arcachon. Ce déclin de l’apport en larves et l’effet climatique sont les deux sources supposées de la variabilité accrue du captage dans le bassin d’Arcachon. / Spat collecting supplies numerous oyster-farmers with young cupped oyster, C. gigas.Since the end of the nineties, professionals have noticed an increasing variability of the number of spat among years. This thesis aimed to identify the origin of the variability of oyster recruitment. This question is addressed by different methods for each step of the reproduction of oyster: a DEB model for gametogenesis, valvometry for spawning, cohort analysis for larvalstage and hydrodynamic models for dispersion.At the stage of the gametogenesis, variations of fecundity appear to be mainly influenced by phytoplankton quality. The study of spawning shows that it happens during high tides of springtides, leading to a spawning that is foreseeable. For Arcachon Bay, spat number depends on the survival of larval cohort that is in turn submitted to a complex climatic effect mainly based on sea temperature. Arcachon and Marennes-Oléron Bays seem also to depend on the variability of larval supply: the supply of larvae is provide by a source of larvae in the north of spat collecting areas for Charente and by an local source that seems to decrease for Arcachon. This decreaseof larval supply and the climate effect are the two suspected origins of the increased variabilityof spat collecting in Arcachon Bay.

This study examined the effect of a growing environmental stressor, sedimentation, on the physiology and oxidative stress throughout the different life stages of two common scleractinian corals Montastraea cavernosa and Porites astreoides. Physiology, oxidative stress, and settlement success of newly released P. astreoides larvae were measured after exposure to various turbidity treatments. No significant effects were seen on larval settlement and photosynthetic efficiency, however carbonyl content and catalase activity were significantly higher in 2015 compared to 2014; highlighting a possible inter-annual variability in susceptibility. Larval settlement deterrence in the presence of a layer of accumulated fine- or coarse-grained sediment was examined and showed significant differences between treatments but not between sediment grain sizes. Ultimately showing that any sediment can deter settlement. The deleterious effects of sediment accumulation on the survival of newly settled spat was examined by smothering with varying layers of fine- or coarse- grained sediment. Survival was significantly different by treatment with coarse-grained sediment showing decreased survival with increasing accumulation. In adult P. astreoides fragments photosynthetic efficiency significantly decreased after being exposed to layers of accumulated sediment, with recovery monitoring after exposure revealing that over time photosynthetic efficiency did not recover to pre-exposure levels. However, in M. cavernosa the photosynthetic efficiency of fragments exposed to high sedimentation saw significant recovery after exposure. Significant differences among oxidative stress biomarkers (catalase activity and carbonyl content) were seen among exposed P. astreoides fragments, however no significance was seen in M. cavernosa. Tissue mortality was also assessed with P. astreoides fragments having significantly higher mortality compared to M. cavernosa. These results highlight the negative effects of sedimentation on scleractinian corals throughout their life history stages, increasing our need for a more thorough understanding of this growing environmental stressor.

This thesis aims to explore the larval development of a bird fluke Trichobilharzia regenti in its intermediate hosts, as well as the processes of differentiation of its embryonal cells and the differentiation between sporocystogenesis and cercariogenesis in sporocysts, with the ultimate goal to find out whether it is possible to find multiple generations of daughter sporocysts throughout the development of avian schistosomes in the intermediate hosts, just like in the case of human schistosomes of genus Schistosoma. Five developmental stages of daughter sporocysts, and ten developmental stages of cercariae have been defined. The first developmental stage in both larvae is the germinal cell. It divides and gives rise to a cell agregate. Afterwards an envelope (primitive epithelium) is formed around the embryo and subsequently, the embryo elongates. At this stage, the development of the two larvae undergoes different pathways. We can distinguish daughter sporocyst from cercaria in the phase, when the tegument is completed. The daughter sporocyst acquires characteristic vermiform appearance, and its body cavity contains plenty of germinal cells. For cercariae with an developed tegument, presence of the penetration glands is characteristic. Key words: Trichobilharzia regenti, germinal cells, mother...