<p>This Master’s thesis is a pilot study that investigates different systems to drive autonomous and non-autonomous vehicles simultaneously on test tracks. The thesis includes studies of communication, positioning, collision avoidance, and techniques for surveillance of vehicles which are suitable for implementation. The investigation results in a suggested system outline.</p><p>Differential GPS combined with laser scanner vision is used for vehicle state estimation (position, heading, velocity, etc.). The state information is transmitted with IEEE 802.11 to all surrounding vehicles and surveillance center. With this information a Kalman prediction of the future position for all vehicles can be estimated and used for collision avoidance.</p>

Investigating the organization of production systems can reveal much about a society, in particular how resources and labor were allocated, and the influence that economic, political, social, and ceremonial institutions had on the production process. Interpreting the nature of specialized production is useful for understanding how production was organized. In turn, the degree of standardization exhibited by the goods being produced is used to determine the nature of specialization. While archaeological research regarding specialized production has expanded over time to incorporate a wide range of societies, such research is often focused on complex societies. The research presented here focuses on the small-scale, or non-stratified, community that once inhabited the Kolomoki site, a Middle to Late Woodland period site in Early county, Georgia. This thesis utilizes a three-dimensional laser scanner to document Weeden Island pottery from Kolomoki. The digital images created by the scanner were used to measure incising and punctation marks. The measurements were then analyzed in order to determine the extent of standardization among the decorative attributes. Results suggest that standardization varies among different subsamples of pottery. However, the overall degree of standardization is relatively low, thus suggesting that specialized production may not have existed, or was very limited, at Kolomoki. Despite the limited extent of standardization among the decorative attributes, the results of this research, especially in conjunction with previous research, suggest that some pottery may have been afforded special attention during the production process. In particular, pottery from mound proveniences, and socially valued goods, notably sacred and prestige items, demonstrate higher degrees of standardization. This leads to the conclusion that the production of Weeden Island pottery was likely influenced by ritual and ceremonial activity within the Kolomoki community. This thesis contributes to a greater understanding of specialization in non-stratified Woodland period societies in the southeastern United States.

Traditional slope stability analysis and design methods, such as limit equilibrium method and continuum numerical methods have limitations in investigating three dimensional large scale rock slope stability problems in open pit mines associated with stress concentrations and deformations arising due to intersection of many complex major discontinuity structures and irregular topographies. Analytical methods are limited to investigating kinematics and limit equilibrium conditions based on rigid body analyses. Continuum numerical methods fail to simulate the detachment of rock blocks and large displacements and rotations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to try some new methods to have a deeper understanding of the open pit mine rock slope stability problems. The intact rock properties and discontinuity properties for both DRC and DP rock formations that exist in the selected open pit mine were determined from tests conducted on rock samples collected from the mine site. Special survey equipment (Professor Kulatilake owns) which has a total station, laser scanner and a camera was used to perform remote fracture mapping in the research area selected at the mine site. From remote fracture mapping data, the fracture orientation, spacing and density were calculated in a much refined way in this dissertation compared to what exist in the literature. Discontinuity orientation distributions obtained through remote fracture mapping agreed very well with the results of manual fracture mapping conducted by the mining company. This is an important achievement in this dissertation compared to what exist in the literature. GSI rock quality system and Hoek-Brown failure criteria were used to estimate the rock mass properties combining the fracture mapping results with laboratory test results of intact rock samples. Fault properties and the DRC-DP contact properties were estimated based on the laboratory discontinuity test results. A geological model was built in a 3DEC model including all the major faults, DRC-DP contact, and two stages of rock excavation. The built major discontinuity system of 44 faults in 3DEC with their real orientations, locations and three dimensional extensions were validated successfully using the fault geometry data provided by the mining company using seven cross sections. This was a major accomplishment in this dissertation because it was done for the first time in the world. Numerical modeling was conducted to study the effect of boundary conditions, fault system and lateral stress ratio on the stability of the considered rock slope. For the considered section of the rock slope, the displacements obtained through stress boundary conditions were seemed more realistic than that obtained through zero velocity boundary conditions (on all four lateral faces). The fault system was found to play an important role with respect to rock slope stability. Stable deformation distributions were obtained for k₀ in the range of 0.4 to 0.7. Because the studied rock mass is quite stable, it seems that an appropriate range for k₀ for this rock mass is between 0.4 and 0.7. Seven monitoring points were selected from the deformation monitoring conducted at the open pit mine site by the mining company using a robotic total station to compare with numerical predictions. The displacements occurred between July 2011 and July 2012 due to the nearby rock mass excavation that took place during the same period were compared between the field monitoring results and the predicted numerical modeling results; a good agreement was obtained. This is a huge success in this dissertation because such a comparison was done for the first time in the world. In overall, the successful simulation of the rock excavation during a certain time period indicated the possibility of using the procedure developed in this dissertation to investigate rock slope stability with respect to expected future rock excavations in mine planning.

This Master’s thesis is a pilot study that investigates different systems to drive autonomous and non-autonomous vehicles simultaneously on test tracks. The thesis includes studies of communication, positioning, collision avoidance, and techniques for surveillance of vehicles which are suitable for implementation. The investigation results in a suggested system outline. Differential GPS combined with laser scanner vision is used for vehicle state estimation (position, heading, velocity, etc.). The state information is transmitted with IEEE 802.11 to all surrounding vehicles and surveillance center. With this information a Kalman prediction of the future position for all vehicles can be estimated and used for collision avoidance.

A importância do aprofundamento dos estudos sobre argamassas de revestimento justifica-se por este ser um material muito utilizado internamente e externamente em edificações brasileiras, no entanto, ainda apresentar grande quantidade de manifestações patológicas. Estudos sobre os mecanismos envolvidos no desenvolvimento da aderência das mesmas vêm sendo realizados por pesquisadores nacional e internacionalmente, com o intuito de compreender as interações que ocorrem entre a argamassa e os substratos. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em determinar a influência dos parâmetros reológicos de argamassas, da energia de aplicação e da tensão superficial dos substratos na área de contato na interface argamassa/substrato. Os objetivos secundários consistem em caracterizar diferentes argamassas através do squeeze-flow e reometria rotacional, verificar a influência da distribuição granulométrica nos parâmetros reológicos, verificar a influência da energia de aplicação no desenvolvimento da área de contato da interface argamassa/substrato e desenvolver metodologia para a quantificação da área de contato da interface argamassa/substrato. Para atingir estes objetivos, foi montada uma matriz experimental com argamassas de três diferentes proporcionamentos, quais sejam: 1:0:3 (A3), 1:1:6 (A6), e 1:2:9 (A9) (cimento:cal:areia, materiais secos, em volume). Estes proporcionamentos foram confeccionados com cimento Portland CPIV, cal hidratada CHI e três composições granulométricas (CG) de agregado miúdo. As areias passantes nas peneiras, 1,2, 0,6, 0,3 e 0,15mm foram compostas com 25% de cada uma das frações para a CG1, 10% das frações extremas e 40% das frações intermediárias para a CG2 e 40% das frações extremas e 10% das frações intermediárias para a CG3. Por fim, cada uma das argamassas proporcionadas com as diferentes CG foram dosadas para o índice de consistência de 240 mm. Depois de caracterizadas quanto as suas propriedades no estado fresco e endurecido, as argamassas foram submetidas a ensaios reológicos de squeeze-flow (NBR 15839/2010) e reometria rotacional. Para a avaliação da área de contato das argamassas sobre os substratos, foram escolhidos três substratos com acabamento superficial liso e sem absorção significativa e com diferentes ângulos de contato: o vidro, o acrílico e o polietileno. Cada uma das argamassas dosadas foi lançada sobre estes substratos, dispostos em gabaritos de madeira, a alturas de queda de 30 e 100 cm, através da caixa de queda. Por fim, as argamassas foram descoladas dos substratos e foi realizada a digitalização tridimensional a laser, através de scanner 3D, onde as áreas sem contato das argamassas foram quantificadas com a utilização dos softwares Geomagic Studio e Photoshop. Os resultados mostraram que o uso do scanner 3D associado à análise de imagens através de softwares de fácil manuseio e interpretação mostra-se como uma boa técnica de análise da área de contato. Quanto aos proporcionamentos de argamassas propostos, a alteração da faixa granulométrica da areia demonstrou-se uma boa estratégia no sentido de alterar a reologia das argamassas. A seleção dos substratos mostrou-se eficaz no sentido de reproduzir superfícies com ângulos de contato distintos, potencialmente hidrofóbicas e potencialmente hidrofílicas e pode-se notar através das alturas de queda escolhidas influenciam nos demais parâmetros de avaliação em função desta alteração da energia de lançamento. Todos as variáveis controláveis foram significativamente influentes na área de contato na interface argamassa/substrato, sendo que a mais significativa foi o proporcionamento das argamassas. Além disso, constatou-se que maiores energias de aplicação resultam em maiores áreas de contato desde que o substrato aonde a argamassa for aplicada seja favorável ao espalhamento, por fim, foi possível concluir que o empacotamento das partículas e o coeficiente de uniformidade exercem grande influência na viscosidade das argamassas, sendo que área de contato da interface mostrou ser inversamente proporcional à viscosidade. / This study assesses the influence of the granulometric composition of sand, application energy and the superficial tension of substrates on the contact area of rendering mortars. Three substrates with distinct wetting behaviors were selected through preliminary analysis, three non-absorbent substrates with different wettability ratings were chosen: glass, acrylic, and polypropylene. Mortars were prepared with different proportioning and sand compositions. The compositions of 1:0:3 (A3), 1:1:6 (A6) and 1:2:9 (A9) (cement: hydrated lime: dry sand) were produced according to the Brazilian Standard NBR 13276/2005, for a 240 mm consistence index, all of them, with grains retained in sieves #1.2; 0.6; 0.3 and 0.15 mm. The first composition (CG1, unitary mass 1.51 g/cm³) consists of equal fractions of each sieve, 25% for each. The second (CG2, unitary mass 1.48 g/cm³), with 10%, 40%, 40% and 10% from sieve respectively, and third (CG3, unitary mass 1.54 g/cm³) with 40%, 10%, 10% and 40% from sieve, respectively. Characterization tests were performed on fresh and hardened mortars, as well as a rheological characterization. Mortars were applied on substrates with two different energies. The interfacial area was then digitized with a 3D scanner. Results show that 3D scanning proved to be an appropriate method for real contact area measurement. Additionally, all variables have interfacial contact influence, in terms of the contact area development, among which the most significant was mortar proportioning. Furthermore, it was found that higher applying energy results in larger interfacial contact areas since substrate where the mortar is applied has favorable wettability. Finally, it was concluded that the particles packing and uniformity coefficient greatly influence the mortar viscosity, and interface contact area was found to be inversely proportional to viscosity.

A importância do aprofundamento dos estudos sobre argamassas de revestimento justifica-se por este ser um material muito utilizado internamente e externamente em edificações brasileiras, no entanto, ainda apresentar grande quantidade de manifestações patológicas. Estudos sobre os mecanismos envolvidos no desenvolvimento da aderência das mesmas vêm sendo realizados por pesquisadores nacional e internacionalmente, com o intuito de compreender as interações que ocorrem entre a argamassa e os substratos. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em determinar a influência dos parâmetros reológicos de argamassas, da energia de aplicação e da tensão superficial dos substratos na área de contato na interface argamassa/substrato. Os objetivos secundários consistem em caracterizar diferentes argamassas através do squeeze-flow e reometria rotacional, verificar a influência da distribuição granulométrica nos parâmetros reológicos, verificar a influência da energia de aplicação no desenvolvimento da área de contato da interface argamassa/substrato e desenvolver metodologia para a quantificação da área de contato da interface argamassa/substrato. Para atingir estes objetivos, foi montada uma matriz experimental com argamassas de três diferentes proporcionamentos, quais sejam: 1:0:3 (A3), 1:1:6 (A6), e 1:2:9 (A9) (cimento:cal:areia, materiais secos, em volume). Estes proporcionamentos foram confeccionados com cimento Portland CPIV, cal hidratada CHI e três composições granulométricas (CG) de agregado miúdo. As areias passantes nas peneiras, 1,2, 0,6, 0,3 e 0,15mm foram compostas com 25% de cada uma das frações para a CG1, 10% das frações extremas e 40% das frações intermediárias para a CG2 e 40% das frações extremas e 10% das frações intermediárias para a CG3. Por fim, cada uma das argamassas proporcionadas com as diferentes CG foram dosadas para o índice de consistência de 240 mm. Depois de caracterizadas quanto as suas propriedades no estado fresco e endurecido, as argamassas foram submetidas a ensaios reológicos de squeeze-flow (NBR 15839/2010) e reometria rotacional. Para a avaliação da área de contato das argamassas sobre os substratos, foram escolhidos três substratos com acabamento superficial liso e sem absorção significativa e com diferentes ângulos de contato: o vidro, o acrílico e o polietileno. Cada uma das argamassas dosadas foi lançada sobre estes substratos, dispostos em gabaritos de madeira, a alturas de queda de 30 e 100 cm, através da caixa de queda. Por fim, as argamassas foram descoladas dos substratos e foi realizada a digitalização tridimensional a laser, através de scanner 3D, onde as áreas sem contato das argamassas foram quantificadas com a utilização dos softwares Geomagic Studio e Photoshop. Os resultados mostraram que o uso do scanner 3D associado à análise de imagens através de softwares de fácil manuseio e interpretação mostra-se como uma boa técnica de análise da área de contato. Quanto aos proporcionamentos de argamassas propostos, a alteração da faixa granulométrica da areia demonstrou-se uma boa estratégia no sentido de alterar a reologia das argamassas. A seleção dos substratos mostrou-se eficaz no sentido de reproduzir superfícies com ângulos de contato distintos, potencialmente hidrofóbicas e potencialmente hidrofílicas e pode-se notar através das alturas de queda escolhidas influenciam nos demais parâmetros de avaliação em função desta alteração da energia de lançamento. Todos as variáveis controláveis foram significativamente influentes na área de contato na interface argamassa/substrato, sendo que a mais significativa foi o proporcionamento das argamassas. Além disso, constatou-se que maiores energias de aplicação resultam em maiores áreas de contato desde que o substrato aonde a argamassa for aplicada seja favorável ao espalhamento, por fim, foi possível concluir que o empacotamento das partículas e o coeficiente de uniformidade exercem grande influência na viscosidade das argamassas, sendo que área de contato da interface mostrou ser inversamente proporcional à viscosidade. / This study assesses the influence of the granulometric composition of sand, application energy and the superficial tension of substrates on the contact area of rendering mortars. Three substrates with distinct wetting behaviors were selected through preliminary analysis, three non-absorbent substrates with different wettability ratings were chosen: glass, acrylic, and polypropylene. Mortars were prepared with different proportioning and sand compositions. The compositions of 1:0:3 (A3), 1:1:6 (A6) and 1:2:9 (A9) (cement: hydrated lime: dry sand) were produced according to the Brazilian Standard NBR 13276/2005, for a 240 mm consistence index, all of them, with grains retained in sieves #1.2; 0.6; 0.3 and 0.15 mm. The first composition (CG1, unitary mass 1.51 g/cm³) consists of equal fractions of each sieve, 25% for each. The second (CG2, unitary mass 1.48 g/cm³), with 10%, 40%, 40% and 10% from sieve respectively, and third (CG3, unitary mass 1.54 g/cm³) with 40%, 10%, 10% and 40% from sieve, respectively. Characterization tests were performed on fresh and hardened mortars, as well as a rheological characterization. Mortars were applied on substrates with two different energies. The interfacial area was then digitized with a 3D scanner. Results show that 3D scanning proved to be an appropriate method for real contact area measurement. Additionally, all variables have interfacial contact influence, in terms of the contact area development, among which the most significant was mortar proportioning. Furthermore, it was found that higher applying energy results in larger interfacial contact areas since substrate where the mortar is applied has favorable wettability. Finally, it was concluded that the particles packing and uniformity coefficient greatly influence the mortar viscosity, and interface contact area was found to be inversely proportional to viscosity.

A importância do aprofundamento dos estudos sobre argamassas de revestimento justifica-se por este ser um material muito utilizado internamente e externamente em edificações brasileiras, no entanto, ainda apresentar grande quantidade de manifestações patológicas. Estudos sobre os mecanismos envolvidos no desenvolvimento da aderência das mesmas vêm sendo realizados por pesquisadores nacional e internacionalmente, com o intuito de compreender as interações que ocorrem entre a argamassa e os substratos. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em determinar a influência dos parâmetros reológicos de argamassas, da energia de aplicação e da tensão superficial dos substratos na área de contato na interface argamassa/substrato. Os objetivos secundários consistem em caracterizar diferentes argamassas através do squeeze-flow e reometria rotacional, verificar a influência da distribuição granulométrica nos parâmetros reológicos, verificar a influência da energia de aplicação no desenvolvimento da área de contato da interface argamassa/substrato e desenvolver metodologia para a quantificação da área de contato da interface argamassa/substrato. Para atingir estes objetivos, foi montada uma matriz experimental com argamassas de três diferentes proporcionamentos, quais sejam: 1:0:3 (A3), 1:1:6 (A6), e 1:2:9 (A9) (cimento:cal:areia, materiais secos, em volume). Estes proporcionamentos foram confeccionados com cimento Portland CPIV, cal hidratada CHI e três composições granulométricas (CG) de agregado miúdo. As areias passantes nas peneiras, 1,2, 0,6, 0,3 e 0,15mm foram compostas com 25% de cada uma das frações para a CG1, 10% das frações extremas e 40% das frações intermediárias para a CG2 e 40% das frações extremas e 10% das frações intermediárias para a CG3. Por fim, cada uma das argamassas proporcionadas com as diferentes CG foram dosadas para o índice de consistência de 240 mm. Depois de caracterizadas quanto as suas propriedades no estado fresco e endurecido, as argamassas foram submetidas a ensaios reológicos de squeeze-flow (NBR 15839/2010) e reometria rotacional. Para a avaliação da área de contato das argamassas sobre os substratos, foram escolhidos três substratos com acabamento superficial liso e sem absorção significativa e com diferentes ângulos de contato: o vidro, o acrílico e o polietileno. Cada uma das argamassas dosadas foi lançada sobre estes substratos, dispostos em gabaritos de madeira, a alturas de queda de 30 e 100 cm, através da caixa de queda. Por fim, as argamassas foram descoladas dos substratos e foi realizada a digitalização tridimensional a laser, através de scanner 3D, onde as áreas sem contato das argamassas foram quantificadas com a utilização dos softwares Geomagic Studio e Photoshop. Os resultados mostraram que o uso do scanner 3D associado à análise de imagens através de softwares de fácil manuseio e interpretação mostra-se como uma boa técnica de análise da área de contato. Quanto aos proporcionamentos de argamassas propostos, a alteração da faixa granulométrica da areia demonstrou-se uma boa estratégia no sentido de alterar a reologia das argamassas. A seleção dos substratos mostrou-se eficaz no sentido de reproduzir superfícies com ângulos de contato distintos, potencialmente hidrofóbicas e potencialmente hidrofílicas e pode-se notar através das alturas de queda escolhidas influenciam nos demais parâmetros de avaliação em função desta alteração da energia de lançamento. Todos as variáveis controláveis foram significativamente influentes na área de contato na interface argamassa/substrato, sendo que a mais significativa foi o proporcionamento das argamassas. Além disso, constatou-se que maiores energias de aplicação resultam em maiores áreas de contato desde que o substrato aonde a argamassa for aplicada seja favorável ao espalhamento, por fim, foi possível concluir que o empacotamento das partículas e o coeficiente de uniformidade exercem grande influência na viscosidade das argamassas, sendo que área de contato da interface mostrou ser inversamente proporcional à viscosidade. / This study assesses the influence of the granulometric composition of sand, application energy and the superficial tension of substrates on the contact area of rendering mortars. Three substrates with distinct wetting behaviors were selected through preliminary analysis, three non-absorbent substrates with different wettability ratings were chosen: glass, acrylic, and polypropylene. Mortars were prepared with different proportioning and sand compositions. The compositions of 1:0:3 (A3), 1:1:6 (A6) and 1:2:9 (A9) (cement: hydrated lime: dry sand) were produced according to the Brazilian Standard NBR 13276/2005, for a 240 mm consistence index, all of them, with grains retained in sieves #1.2; 0.6; 0.3 and 0.15 mm. The first composition (CG1, unitary mass 1.51 g/cm³) consists of equal fractions of each sieve, 25% for each. The second (CG2, unitary mass 1.48 g/cm³), with 10%, 40%, 40% and 10% from sieve respectively, and third (CG3, unitary mass 1.54 g/cm³) with 40%, 10%, 10% and 40% from sieve, respectively. Characterization tests were performed on fresh and hardened mortars, as well as a rheological characterization. Mortars were applied on substrates with two different energies. The interfacial area was then digitized with a 3D scanner. Results show that 3D scanning proved to be an appropriate method for real contact area measurement. Additionally, all variables have interfacial contact influence, in terms of the contact area development, among which the most significant was mortar proportioning. Furthermore, it was found that higher applying energy results in larger interfacial contact areas since substrate where the mortar is applied has favorable wettability. Finally, it was concluded that the particles packing and uniformity coefficient greatly influence the mortar viscosity, and interface contact area was found to be inversely proportional to viscosity.

Laser scanners in combination with devices for accurate orientation like Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) are often used in Geometric Reverse Engineering (GRE) to measure point data. The industrial robot as a device for orientation has relatively low accuracy but the advantage of being numerically controlled, fast, flexible, rather cheap and compatible with industrial environments. It is therefore of interest to investigate if it can be used in this application. This thesis will describe a measuring system consisting of a laser profile scanner mounted on an industrial robot with a turntable. It will also give an introduction to Geometric Reverse Engineering (GRE) and describe an automatic GRE process using this measuring system. The thesis also presents a detailed accuracy analysis supported by experiments that show how 2D profile data can be used to achieve a higher accuracy than the basic accuracy of the robot. The core topic of the thesis is the investigation of a new technique for planar segmentation. The new method is implemented in the GRE system and compared with an implementation of a more traditional method. Results from practical experiments show that the new method is much faster while equally accurate or better.

Coastal cliff erosion is a widespread problem that threatens property and infrastructure along many of the world’s coastlines. The management of this risk calls for robust quantification of cliff erosion rates, which are often difficult to obtain along rocky coasts. Quantification of sea-cliff rates of retreat on annual to decadal time scales has typically been limited to rapidly eroding soft rock coastlines. Rates of erosion used for shoreline management in the UK are generally based on analysis of historic maps and aerial photographs which, in rocky coast environments, does not wholly capture the detail and timing at which the processes operate and the failures occur across the cliff face. The first stage of this study uses airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data at nine sites around a rocky coastline (Cornwall, UK) to gain a quantitative understanding of cliff erosion where average recession rates are relatively low (c. 0.1 m yr-1). It was found that three-dimensional volumetric changes on the cliff face and linear rates of retreat can be reliably calculated from consecutive digital elevation models (DEMs) several years apart. Rates of erosion ranged between 0.03–0.3 m yr-1. The spatial variability in recession rates was considered in terms of the relationship with the varying boundary conditions (rock mass characteristics, cliff geometries, beach morphology) and forcing parameters (wave climate and wave exposure). Recession rates were statistically correlated with significant wave height (Hs), rock mass characteristics (GSI) and the ratio between the two (GSI/Hs). Although the rates derived using airborne LiDAR are comparable to the longer term rates of retreat, the detail of erosion to the cliff-face provides additional insight into the processes occurring in slowly eroding environments, which are vital for understanding the failure of harder rock coastlines. In addition to this, the importance of the wave climate and rainfall needs further attention on a more localised scale. Monthly cliff face volume changes, at two particularly vulnerable sites (Porthleven and Godrevy, Cornwall, UK), were detected using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS). Using these volumes alongside information on beach profile, beach- cliff junction elevation changes and nearshore hydrodynamics have allowed an insight into how the cliffs respond to seasonal fluctuations in wave climate and beach morphology. Monthly variability in beach morphology between the two sites over a one-year survey period i  indicated the influence that beach slope and the elevation of the beach-cliff junction have on the frequency of inundation and the power of wave-cliff impacts. Failure mechanisms between the two sites ranged from rotational sliding of superficial material to quarrying and block removal over the entire cliff elevation, according to the extent of wave-cliff interaction. This particular survey period highlighted the sensitivity of cliff erosion to the variability in wave climate and beach morphology at two different locations in the south-west of the UK, where the vast majority (over 85% of the annual value) of cliff face erosion occurs during the winter when extreme storm waves prevail. Coastal cliff erosion from storm waves is observed worldwide but the processes are notoriously difficult to measure during extreme storm wave conditions when most erosion normally occurs, limiting our understanding of cliff processes. Over January-March 2014, during the largest Atlantic storms in at least 60 years with deep water significant wave heights of 6 – 8 m, cliff-top ground motions of a rocky cliff in the south-west of the UK (Porthleven, Cornwall) showed vertical ground displacements in excess of 50–100 μm; an order of magnitude larger than observations made previously. Repeat terrestrial laser scanner surveys, over a 2-week period encompassing the extreme storms, gave a cliff face volume loss 2 orders of magnitude larger than the long-term erosion rate. Cliff-top ground motions and erosion volumes were compared at two different locations, one a reflective beach with steeply shelving bathymetry (Porthleven, Cornwall) and the other an intermediate, low tide bar-rip beach with a wide coastal slope (Godrevy, Cornwall). Under similar wave conditions (6–8 m Hs and 15–20 s. Tp) the vertical ground motions were an order of magnitude greater at the cliffs fronted by steeply shelving bathymetry, where the breaking waves plunge right at the shoreline, with little prior dissipation, leading to large energetic runup impacting the cliff. These storm results imply that erosion of coastal cliffs exposed to extreme storm waves is highly episodic and that long-term rates of cliff erosion will depend on the frequency and severity of extreme storm wave impacts as well as the wave dissipation that occurs as a function of the nearshore bathymetry. Having recorded microseismic cliff-top motion on this scale for the first time and determined an effective method of monitoring the energetic wave impacts, this study emphasises how investigations of cliff behaviour during storms is not only obtainable, but paramount to understanding coastal evolution under extreme conditions.

Utförande av kontroller av olika objekt i byggskedet är av stor betydelse för att undvika onödiga kostnader och förseningar. Betonggolv är en typ av objekt som har toleranskrav avseende lutning och buktighet. I Sverige gäller det svenska referensverket AMA-Hus, där anges toleranser för lutning och buktighet. Buktighet kontrolleras för två olika diametrar på 0,25 m respektive 2 m, i den här studien benämnda som lokal och global buktighet.Avsikten med studien var att identifiera det optimala tillvägagånssättet att kontrollera lutning och buktighet av en horisontell yta samt infallsvinkelns påverkan vid reflektorlösa mätningar. Rutnätsskanning med olika punktavstånd utförd med multistation och laserskanning från multistation och laserskanner har använts för att samla in data. Före mätning placerades konstgjorda upphöjda buktningar ut på golvet. Data från mätningarna interpolerades i Surfer-mjukvara, där kartor med höjdkurvor skapades. Interpolationsmetoden som användes var Kriging. Även ett program för objektiv kontroll av buktighet utvecklades i samarbete med en civilingenjör i datateknik.Vid analys konstaterades det att rutnätsskanningarna med punktavstånden över 12,5 cm ej anses lämpliga för kontroll av buktighet. Rutnätsskanningen med punktavstånd på 12,5 cm eller tätare kan inte heller anses optimal för kontroll av buktighet då tidsåtgången blir för omfattande. Laserskanning med multistationen är det tillvägagångsätt som utifrån resultatet i denna studie, baserat på kontrollbarhet av buktighet och lutning, ger tydligast resultat i förhållande till tidsåtgång.Högre infallsvinkel från mätningar längre bort från instrumentet visade ingen systematisk inverkan på mätningarna i denna studie. Den ökade punkttätheten som påvisats nära instrumentet orsakade något som tolkats som brus i punktmolnet och förhöjd tidsåtgång för utförande av mätningar. / Performing controls of different types of objects in the construction phase of buildings are of great importance to avoid unnecessary costs and delays. Concrete floors are one type of object that has defined tolerances regarding levelness and flatness. In Sweden, the tolerance for levelness and flatness can be found in the national guideline AMA-Hus. Flatness is controlled within two different diameters of 0.25 m and 2 m respectively, in this study referred to as local and global flatness.The aim of this study was to identify the optimal method to control levelness and flatness of a horizontal surface and to determine the effect from the angle of incidence using reflectorless measurements. Grid scanning with different point density performed with a multi station and laser scans from multi station and laser scanner were used to collect the data. Before measurements artificial elevated curvatures where placed on the concrete floor. Data from the measurements where interpolated in Surfer software, and height maps were created. The interpolation method used was Kriging. Software containing an algorithm for objective flatness detection was developed in cooperation with a civil engineer in computer science.Analysis of the grid scanning data revealed that point density over 12.5 cm is not sufficient to detect significant elevation differences when controlling flatness. Grid scanning at 12.5 cm or thicker also cannot be deemed optimal since the time required to perform the measurements are disproportionately long. Laser scanning using the multi station proved, in the conditions of this study, to be the optimal method for levelness and flatness control in respect to time consumption.Steeper angle of incidence from measurements further from the instrument showed no systematical deviations of the measurements in this study. However, the increased point density found close to the instrument caused something that could be considered as noise in the point cloud as well as increased time consumption.