Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Estudos em animais experimentais evidenciaram associações significativas entre esquistossomose mansoni e hipercolesterolemia. Estudos in vitro e in vivo já demonstraram que o colesterol é essencial para Schistosoma mansoni, embora este não tenha capacidade de sintetizá-lo. A captação é realizada a partir do ambiente (cultivo ou hospedeiro) através do tegumento. O colesterol está envolvido nos mecanismos de evasão do helminto contra a resposta imunológica, além de poder participar na modulação da sinalização celular e reprodução, estimulando os órgãos reprodutores dos helmintos adultos como observado na fase aguda da infecção experimental. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar se o mesmo fenômeno ocorre na fase crônica. Os helmintos foram recuperados de dez camundongos submetidos à dieta hiperlipídica ou padrão (controle) foram corados pelo carmin cloridrico e montados, individualmente, em lâmina histológica com bálsamo do Canadá. A preparação foi analisada por microscopia de campo claro nos seguintes caracteres: tegumento e o sistema reprodutor nos vermes machos (lobos testiculares, vesícula seminal, lobos testiculares supranumerários e canal ginecóforo) e, nas fêmeas (ovário, oótipo, útero, ovo, glândulas vitelínicas e espermateca). Posteriormente, algumas lâminas foram separadas para visualização pela microscopia confocal dos órgãos do sistema reprodutores acima descritos. Apesar de ter sido observado uma maior quantidade de espermatozoides, uma maior quantidade de oócitos sendo liberados no grupo da dieta, não houve diferença estatística significativa (p>0,05) entre os grupos analisados. Houve um aumento na oogênese como observado na fase aguda. Dessa forma, o colesterol pode estar relacionado com a estimulação na atividade dos órgãos reprodutores dos helmintos adultos na fase crônica da infecção. / Studies in experimental animals showed significant associations between with schistosomiasis and hypercholesterolemia. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that cholesterol is essential for Schistosoma mansoni, although this is not able to synthesize it. The capture is carried out from the environment (cultivation or host) through the tegument. The capture is carried out from the middle (cultivation or host) through the tegument. Cholesterol is involved in the helminth evasion mechanisms against the immune response, and can participate in the modulation of cell signaling and reproduction of worms by stimulating the reproductive organs of adult worms as observed in the acute phase of experimental infection. This study aims to evaluate whether the same phenomenon occurs in the chronic phase. Helminthes recovered from ten mice subjected to high fat diet or standard (control) were stained with hydrochloric carmine and mounted individually on histological slide with Canada balsam. The preparation was analyzed by bright field microscopy the following characteristics: oral sucker and ventral sucker, tubercles on tegument and the reproductive system in male worms (lobes testicular, seminal vesicles, supernumerary testicular lobes and gynaecophoric canal), and in females (ovary, ootype, uterus, egg, vitelline glands and spermatheca). Subsequently, some slides were separated for confocal microscopy for visualization of the organs of the reproductive system described above. Despite having been observed a higher amount of sperm, a larger number of oocytes are released in the diet group, there was no statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) between the groups. There was an increase in oogenesis as observed in the acute phase. Thus, cholesterol may be related to the stimulation of the activity of the reproductive organs of adult helminths in the chronic phase of infection.

Physical and functional properties of advanced nano-composite materials and biological structures are determined by self-organized atoms and molecules into nanostructures and in turn by microscopic organization of the nanostructures into assemblies of higher structural complexity. Therefore, microscopes are indispensable tools for structural investigations at various levels of organization. In this work, novel nonlinear optical microscopy methods were developed to non-invasively study structural organization at the nanoscopic and microscopic levels. Atomic organization of semiconductor nanowires, molecular organization of amylose biocrystallites in starch granules, and microscopic organization of several photosynthetic organisms was elucidated. The structure of ZnSe nanowires, key components in many modern nanodevices, was investigated using polarization harmonic generation microscopy. Based on nonlinear optical properties of the different crystal lattices, zinc blende and wurtzite nanowires were differentiated, and the three-dimensional orientation of the zinc blende nanowires could be found. The structure of starch granules, a model biocrystal, important in food as well as health sciences, was also investigated using polarization harmonic microscopy. The study was combined with ab initio calculations using the crystal structures of amylose A and B, revealing that second harmonic signals originate from the hydroxide and hydrogen bonds in the starch granules. Visualization of several photosynthetic organisms including the green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, two species of cyanobacteria, Leptolyngbya sp. and Anabaena sp., aggregates of light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes as well as chloroplasts from green plants were also explored, revealing that future nonlinear microscopy applications could include structural studies of cell walls, the Chlamydomonas eyespot, and photosynthetic membranes. In this study, several nonlinear optical microscopy modalities were developed for quantitative structural investigations of nano and micro-sized architectures. Non-invasive extraction of crystallographic information in microscopic samples will have a number of potential benefits, for example, in clinical applications, allowing observations of disease states inside tissues without the need for biopsy. Industrial nanotechnology will benefit from fast determination of nanostructures with nonlinear microscopy that will improve quality of nanodevices.

Physical and functional properties of advanced nano-composite materials and biological structures are determined by self-organized atoms and molecules into nanostructures and in turn by microscopic organization of the nanostructures into assemblies of higher structural complexity. Therefore, microscopes are indispensable tools for structural investigations at various levels of organization. In this work, novel nonlinear optical microscopy methods were developed to non-invasively study structural organization at the nanoscopic and microscopic levels. Atomic organization of semiconductor nanowires, molecular organization of amylose biocrystallites in starch granules, and microscopic organization of several photosynthetic organisms was elucidated. The structure of ZnSe nanowires, key components in many modern nanodevices, was investigated using polarization harmonic generation microscopy. Based on nonlinear optical properties of the different crystal lattices, zinc blende and wurtzite nanowires were differentiated, and the three-dimensional orientation of the zinc blende nanowires could be found. The structure of starch granules, a model biocrystal, important in food as well as health sciences, was also investigated using polarization harmonic microscopy. The study was combined with ab initio calculations using the crystal structures of amylose A and B, revealing that second harmonic signals originate from the hydroxide and hydrogen bonds in the starch granules. Visualization of several photosynthetic organisms including the green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, two species of cyanobacteria, Leptolyngbya sp. and Anabaena sp., aggregates of light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes as well as chloroplasts from green plants were also explored, revealing that future nonlinear microscopy applications could include structural studies of cell walls, the Chlamydomonas eyespot, and photosynthetic membranes. In this study, several nonlinear optical microscopy modalities were developed for quantitative structural investigations of nano and micro-sized architectures. Non-invasive extraction of crystallographic information in microscopic samples will have a number of potential benefits, for example, in clinical applications, allowing observations of disease states inside tissues without the need for biopsy. Industrial nanotechnology will benefit from fast determination of nanostructures with nonlinear microscopy that will improve quality of nanodevices.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Estudos em animais experimentais evidenciaram associações significativas entre esquistossomose mansoni e hipercolesterolemia. Estudos in vitro e in vivo já demonstraram que o colesterol é essencial para Schistosoma mansoni, embora este não tenha capacidade de sintetizá-lo. A captação é realizada a partir do ambiente (cultivo ou hospedeiro) através do tegumento. O colesterol está envolvido nos mecanismos de evasão do helminto contra a resposta imunológica, além de poder participar na modulação da sinalização celular e reprodução, estimulando os órgãos reprodutores dos helmintos adultos como observado na fase aguda da infecção experimental. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar se o mesmo fenômeno ocorre na fase crônica. Os helmintos foram recuperados de dez camundongos submetidos à dieta hiperlipídica ou padrão (controle) foram corados pelo carmin cloridrico e montados, individualmente, em lâmina histológica com bálsamo do Canadá. A preparação foi analisada por microscopia de campo claro nos seguintes caracteres: tegumento e o sistema reprodutor nos vermes machos (lobos testiculares, vesícula seminal, lobos testiculares supranumerários e canal ginecóforo) e, nas fêmeas (ovário, oótipo, útero, ovo, glândulas vitelínicas e espermateca). Posteriormente, algumas lâminas foram separadas para visualização pela microscopia confocal dos órgãos do sistema reprodutores acima descritos. Apesar de ter sido observado uma maior quantidade de espermatozoides, uma maior quantidade de oócitos sendo liberados no grupo da dieta, não houve diferença estatística significativa (p>0,05) entre os grupos analisados. Houve um aumento na oogênese como observado na fase aguda. Dessa forma, o colesterol pode estar relacionado com a estimulação na atividade dos órgãos reprodutores dos helmintos adultos na fase crônica da infecção. / Studies in experimental animals showed significant associations between with schistosomiasis and hypercholesterolemia. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that cholesterol is essential for Schistosoma mansoni, although this is not able to synthesize it. The capture is carried out from the environment (cultivation or host) through the tegument. The capture is carried out from the middle (cultivation or host) through the tegument. Cholesterol is involved in the helminth evasion mechanisms against the immune response, and can participate in the modulation of cell signaling and reproduction of worms by stimulating the reproductive organs of adult worms as observed in the acute phase of experimental infection. This study aims to evaluate whether the same phenomenon occurs in the chronic phase. Helminthes recovered from ten mice subjected to high fat diet or standard (control) were stained with hydrochloric carmine and mounted individually on histological slide with Canada balsam. The preparation was analyzed by bright field microscopy the following characteristics: oral sucker and ventral sucker, tubercles on tegument and the reproductive system in male worms (lobes testicular, seminal vesicles, supernumerary testicular lobes and gynaecophoric canal), and in females (ovary, ootype, uterus, egg, vitelline glands and spermatheca). Subsequently, some slides were separated for confocal microscopy for visualization of the organs of the reproductive system described above. Despite having been observed a higher amount of sperm, a larger number of oocytes are released in the diet group, there was no statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) between the groups. There was an increase in oogenesis as observed in the acute phase. Thus, cholesterol may be related to the stimulation of the activity of the reproductive organs of adult helminths in the chronic phase of infection.

This master’s thesis deals with the design of methodology for measurement of refractive index and thickness of living cells by coherence-controlled holographic microscope. The theoretical part summarises the holographic microscopy and its development at IPE FME BUT in Brno. The thesis focuses on the multimodal holographic microscope, its description, the principle, the procedure of work and data processing. Confocal microscopy is also described, which serves to compare the acquired values with the proposed methodology. The last part of the theoretical part deals with the testing of statistical hypotheses, which is needed for the processing of measured data. Experiments were designed for the verification of methodology for determination of the refractive index and cell thickness. The experimental part of the thesis deals with the sample preparation and measurement. The procedure and results of the proposed experiments and their evaluation follows.

Background: Syllids are a species rich annelid family possessing remarkable regenerative ability, which is not only the response after traumatic injury, but also a key step during the life cycle of several syllid taxa. In these animals the posterior part of the body becomes an epitoke and is later detached as a distinct unit named stolon. Such a sexual reproductive mode is named schizogamy or stolonization. The prostomium and the proventricle, a modified foregut structure, have been proposed to have a control function during this process, though the concrete mechanisms behind it have never been elucidated. Results: By using different experimental set-ups, histology and immunohistochemistry combined with subsequent cLSM analyzes, we investigate and document the regeneration and stolonization in specimens of Typosyllis antoni that were amputated at different levels throughout the antero-posterior body axis. The removal of the anterior end including the proventricle implies an incomplete anterior regeneration as well as severe deviations from the usual reproductive pattern, i.e. accelerated stolonization, masculinization and the occurrence of aberrant stolons. The detailed anatomy of aberrant stolons is described. A histological study of the proventricle revealed no signs of glandular or secretory structures. The ventricle and the caeca are composed of glandular tissue but they are not involved in the reproductive and regenerative processes. Conclusions: As in other investigated syllids, the proventricle region has a significant role during stolonization and reproduction processes in Typosyllis antoni. When the proventricle region is absent, anterior and posterior regeneration are considerably deviated from the general patterns. However, proventricle ultrastructure does not show any glandular component, thereby questioning a direct involvement of this organ itself in the control of reproduction and regeneration. Our findings offer a comprehensive starting point for further studies of regeneration and reproductive control in syllids as well as annelids in general.

Soils represent an essential habitat for a wide diversity of invertebrates. Among these organisms, termites are considered ecosystem engineers for their impact on nutrient cycling and soil functioning, stemming from their wide feeding habits. For instance, soil/litter-feeding termites are one of the groups that incorporate the most organic matter from the soil. Thus, the high abundance and diversity of this group of termites does not only indicate its ecological success, but also its high value for the ecosystem. TheApicotermitinae subfamily (family Termitidae) is a highly diverse group of soil-feeding termites widespread in Afro- and Neotropical regions. However, due to taxonomic difficulties in soldierless groups and poor sampling of species living deep in the soil, it is also one of the most understudied subfamilies. In this thesis, I addressed phylogenetic, anatomical, and ecological aspects of the Apicotermitinae, with the ultimate goal of explaining their high diversity and ecological success. In the first axis, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of Apicotermitinae species by using de novo mitochondrial genomes. African taxa with soldiers form several basal branches. We confirmed the monophyly of Asian and neotropical lineages, resulting from two independent dispersal events from tropical Africa, and established the relationships of the main lineages in the subfamily. The relationships among and within some genera remain unresolved, probably revealing an explosive radiation. Some genera appear as polyphyletic, showing the need for further taxonomic revision. In the second axis, we described for the first time in detail the anatomical structures of the gizzard. Thepulvillar belt bears a highly diverse, sclerotized and autofluorescent structures. These structures and the ornamentation patterns remain limited to African species since the Neotropical species do not present such specialized structures. Consequently, these ornamentations are proposed as a new complementary taxonomic tool, which can prove useful in the future revisions of genera with phylogenetic incongruences. In the third axis, we characterized the content of crop-gizzard and inferred the isotopic niche of species. Slight variations in the food content suggested that Apicotermitinae can be considered as a single feeding group, with mineralized soil as a primary source. Variations in the crop-gizzard volume can be related to food-collecting behavior. The neotropical species exhibited the broadest isotopic spaces, indicating flexibility to explore large organic matter humification gradients. The broad overlap of isotopic niches and co-occurrence with other termites suggests that this group could be affected by spatial segregation. Finally, in an evolutionary context, it was inferred that the Neotropical soldierless taxa underwent an explosive radiation during the early-middle Miocene. While the reduction of sclerotized structures in the gizzard is associated with the dispersal towards the Neotropics, the African soldierless species developed a pulvillar armature. All of these results provide an overview of the understanding of Apicotermitinae and open up new perspectives on the evolutionary and functional aspects of associations in favor of diet as an agent of their success. / Les sols représentent un habitat essentiel pour une grande diversité d'invertébrés. Parmi ceux-ci, les termitessont considérés comme des ingénieurs de l'écosystème, pour leur impact sur le cycle des nutriments ainsique sur le fonctionnement du sol. Ce rôle écologique majeur est du fait entre autres de la grande diversitéde leur régime alimentaire. Les termites qui se nourrissent de sol et/ou de litière constituent l'un des groupesqui incorpore le plus de matière organique depuis le sol. Ainsi, l'abondance et la diversité élevées de cegroupe de termites indiquent non seulement leur succès écologique, mais aussi leur forte valeur pour lesécosystèmes. La sous-famille des Apicotermitinae (Termitidae) constitue un groupe de termites humivorestrès abondant et diversifié dans les régions afrotropicale et néotropicale. Cette sous-famille est pourtant peuétudiée, du fait des difficultés taxonomiques rencontrées pour les termites sans soldats, mais aussi desdifficultés d’échantillonnage associées aux espèces propres aux sols plus profonds. Le présent travail dethèse se veut être une étude de la diversité des Apicotermitinae selon trois axes, à savoir phylogénétique,anatomique et écologique, dans le but d'expliquer les tenants et aboutissants de la grande diversité desApicotermitinae, ainsi que les raisons de leur succès écologique.Dans le premier axe de la thèse, nous avons étudié les relations phylogénétiques entres les différentesespèces d’Apicotermitinae à l’aide de génome mitochondriaux assemblé de novo. Les taxa africains avecsoldats forment plusieurs branches basales. Nous avons confirmé la monophylie des lignées asiatique etnéotropicale, qui résultent de deux colonisations indépendantes au départ de l'Afrique, et établi les relationsentre les principales lignées de la sous-famille. Les relations, entre ou au sein, de certains genres sont malrésolues et correspondraient à une explosion radiative. Plusieurs genres apparaissent commepolyphylétiques, montrant le besoin d’une révision taxonomique future.Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous avons décrit pour la première fois en détail les différentesstructures anatomiques du gésier. La ceinture pulvillaire porte des structures très diverses, sclérifiées etauto-fluorescentes. Ces ornementations sont proposées comme un nouvel outil taxonomiquecomplémentaire, qui serait utile pour les révisions requises dans les genres problématiques susmentionnés.Ces structures et les motifs d'ornementation restent toutefois limités aux espèces africaines, les espècesnéotropicales ne présentant pas de structures spécialisées.Concernant le troisième axe de la thèse, nous avons caractérisé le contenu du jabot-gésier et estimé la nicheisotopique de différentes espèces. Les légères variations du contenu suggèrent que les Apicotermitinaepartagent sensiblement le même régime alimentaire, en ingérant une quantité importante de sol minéralisé.Les variations du volume du jabot-gésier peuvent être liées au comportement de collecte des aliments. Lesespèces néotropicales montrent une étendue des niches isotopiques plus large, ce qui indique la possibilitéd'exploiter plusieurs niveaux d’humification de la matière organique. Le large chevauchement des nichesisotopiques et la co-occurrence avec d'autres termites suggèrent que les espèces de ce groupe tendraient àse ségréger spatialement.Enfin, dans un contexte évolutif, il a été estimé que le groupe des espèces néotropicales sans soldats a subiune explosion radiative au début du Miocène moyen. Alors que la réduction des structures fortementsclérifiées dans le gésier est associée à la dispersion vers les Néo-tropiques, les espèces africaines sanssoldats ont développé une armature pulvillaire. L'ensemble de ces résultats donne un aperçu de lacompréhension des Apicotermitinae et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives quant à des aspects évolutifs etfonctionnels des associations en faveur du régime alimentaire en tant qu'agent de leur succès. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Previously, we described prostate cancer (PCa) detection (83% sensitivity; 67% specificity) in seminal plasma by CE-MS/MS. Moreover, advanced disease was distinguished from organ-confined tumors with 80% sensitivity and 82% specificity. The discovered biomarkers were naturally occurring fragments of larger seminal proteins, predominantly semenogelin 1 and 2, representing endpoints of the ejaculate liquefaction. Here we identified proteases putatively involved in PCa specific protein cleavage, and examined gene expression and tissue protein levels, jointly with cell localization in normal prostate (nP), benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), seminal vesicles and PCa using qPCR, Western blotting and confocal laser scanning microscopy. We found differential gene expression of chymase (CMA1), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP3, MMP7), and upregulation of MMP14 and tissue inhibitors (TIMP1 and TIMP2) in BPH. In contrast tissue protein levels of MMP14 were downregulated in PCa. MMP3/TIMP1 and MMP7/TIMP1 ratios were decreased in BPH. In seminal vesicles, we found low-level expression of most proteases and, interestingly, we also detected TIMP1 and low levels of TIMP2. We conclude that MMP3 and MMP7 activity is different in PCa compared to BPH due to fine regulation by their inhibitor TIMP1. Our findings support the concept of seminal plasma biomarkers as non-invasive tool for PCa detection and risk stratification.

Denna rapport behandlar genomförandet av ett examensarbete på högskolenivå inom maskinteknik vid Högskolan i Borås. Examensarbetet har utförts hos SP Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut AB, enheterna SP Safety – Mechanical Research i Borås och Göteborg samt Food and Bioscience i Göteborg. Den största delen av arbetet har utförts vid sektionen Mechanical Research Göteborg. Målet med examensarbetet var att kombinera analys av experimentell bilddata från konfokalmikroskopi och mekanisk lastdata från en dragcell som gradvis deformerar ett polyuretanskum med modellering av skummets mekaniska egenskaper med hjälp av finita elementmetoder (FEM). Syftet var att bestämma elasticitetsmodul och Poissons tal. En viktig del av projektet var också att säkerställa hög repeterbarhet och möjliggöra vidareutveckling av metodiken genom att skapa rutiner för hur de olika delmomenten i arbetscykeln bäst utförs. Polyuretanskum, liksom många andra mjuka heterogena biomaterial saknar i dagsläget uppmätta eller beräknade mekaniska egenskaper. Därför finns potential för att den framtagna metodiken kommer till användning för att bestämma materialparametrar och analysera beteenden för fler av dessa material. Genom att bestämma materialparametrarna är det sedan möjligt att¬ utföra hållfasthetsberäkningar på sådana material, och korrelera materialparametrarna till processparametrarna vid tillverkningen för att optimera materialets egenskaper. Studien började med att ett prov av polyuretanskum placerades i en dragcell där det utsattes för en kraft så att det gradvis deformerades. Med hjälp av ett konfokalmikroskop kan hela deformationsprocessen följas i hög upplösning. De framtagna bildserierna analyserades sedan med hjälp av DaVis, en mjukvara som genomför så kallad digital image correlation-analys, med vars hjälp lokala förskjutningar kunde bestämmas. För att kunna utföra FEM-beräkningar delades materialstrukturen in i elementnät med hjälp av den fritt tillgängliga programvaran OOF2. Elementnät och förskjutningsdata importerades sedan till Matlab och insticksmodulen CalFEM. Med hjälp av CalFEM konstruerades en materialmodell med elasticitetsmodul och Poissons tal som inparametrar. Valideringskriterium användes för att säkerställa korrektheten i finita elementanalyserna. Elasticitetsmodulen bestämdes till 4.6 MPa och Poissons tal till 0.33 ± 0.06. Med tillgängliga data kunde inte modellen användas för att uppskatta båda parametrarna samtidigt. Poissons tal bestämdes genom manuell analys av bildserierna. Metodiken kan förbättras och vidareutvecklas genom att analysera fler provbitar för att ta hänsyn till lokala fluktuationer i materialstrukturen, samt avbilda provet i tredimensioner. Tredimensionell avbildning skulle också möjliggöra konstruktion av en tredimensionell beräkningsmodell av materialet. / This bachelor thesis deals with the implementation of a degree in mechanical engineering at the University of Borås. The thesis work has been conducted at SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden AB at the departments SP Safety – Mechanical Research in Borås and Gothenburg and Food and Bioscience in Gothenburg. The major part of the work has been done at the Mechanical Research department in Gothenburg. The aim of the thesis work was to combine analysis of experimental image data from confocal laser scanning microscopy and mechanical load data from a tensile cell that gradually deforms a polyurethane foam with modelling of the mechanical properties of the foam using finite element methods (FEM). The purpose was to determine Young’s modulus and Poisson's ratio. A crucial part of the project was also to facilitate a high degree of repeatability and further development of the method through establishing routines and best practices for how to implement different parts of the method. There is currently a lack of measured or calculated properties for polyurethane foams, as is the case also for many other soft heterogeneous biomaterials. This implies that the developed method has potential use for determining material parameters and analyzing behavior also for other materials of this type. Determining the material parameters facilitates strength calculations on these materials and makes it possible to correlate material parameters to process parameters during manufacturing to optimize material performance. The polyurethane foam was placed in a tensile cell, exposed to a force and slowly, gradually deformed. Using a confocal microscope, the entire deformation process can be observed at high resolution. The obtained image series were then analyzed using DaVis, a software that can perform so called digital image correlation analysis where local displacements could be determined. In order to perform the finite element calculations, the material structure was divided into an element mesh using the software OOF2. The element mesh and displacement data were then imported to Matlab and the plugin module CalFEM. Using CalFEM, a material model involving Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio was created. Young’s modulus was determined to be 4.6 MPa and Poisson’s ratio 0.33 ± 0.06. Using the available data, the model was insufficient to determine both parameters simultaneously. Therefore, Poisson’s ratio was determined through manual analysis of the image series. The method can be improved and further developed mainly by analyzing several samples to account for local fluctuations in the material structure and by using three-dimensional imaging methods. The latter would also open up for creating a three-dimensional model of the material.

L’objectif de cette étude a été de formuler et caractériser des émulsions simples huile/eau d’intérêt pharmaceutique stabilisées par de la β-lactoglobuline (β-lg), de la gomme arabique (GA), de la gomme xanthane (GX) et des mélanges β-lg:GA et β-lg:GX. Les concentrations massiques totales des dispersions de biopolymères étaient de 1 % et ont été augmentées à 2,5 % si les émulsions formulées n’étaient pas stables. Le mélange β-lg:GA a été réalisé à pH 4,2 afin de permettre la formation de complexes par interactions électrostatiques attractives entre la β-lg et la GA. Deux ratios β-lg:GA ont été étudiés : 2:1 et 1:2. Enfin, le mélange β-lg:GX a été effectué à pH 7, où les deux biopolymères étant chargés négativement ne se complexent pas et à un ratio de 1:1. Une étude de stabilité des émulsions a été menée sur 6 mois. Les stabilités obtenues ont pu être classées par ordre croissant : GA 2,5 % < β-lg:GA 2,5 % < β-lg 2,5 % < GX 1 % = β-lg:GX 1 %. Plusieurs mécanismes de stabilisation ont été mis en évidence grâce à l’étude des propriétés interfaciales des biopolymères, à l’étude des propriétés rhéologiques des émulsions et à des observations au microscope confocal à balayage laser des émulsions après marquage des biopolymères à la fluorescence. La β-lg et la GA sont toutes deux capables de s’adsorber à l’interface des globules huileux alors que la GX augmente la viscosité de la phase continue. L’association β-lg:GA conduit à la formation d’une double couche interfaciale stabilisante. Enfin, l’association β-lg:GX combine les mécanismes de stabilisation de la protéine, par adsorption interfaciale et de la gomme, par augmentation de la viscosité de la phase continue. / The main objective of this study was to formulate and characterize oil-in-water simple emulsions of pharmaceutical interest stabilized by β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), gum arabic (GA), xanthan gum (XG), and mixtures of β-lg:GA and β-lg:XG. The total biopolymer final concentration in the dispersions was 1 (w/w) % and could be raised to 2.5 (w/w) % if the formulated emulsions were not stable. β-lg:GA mixing was performed at pH 4.2 to allow attractive electrostatic interactions between the two biopolymers and thus the formation of complexes. Two protein:polysaccharide ratios were investigated: 2:1 and 1:2. Conversely, β8lg:XG mixing was performed at pH 7, where both biopolymers are negatively charged, in order to avoid the complex formation, and with a 1:1 ratio. A stability study was conducted for emulsions over a 6-month period. The obtained stabilities could be classified increasingly: GA 2.5 % < β-lg:GA 2.5 % < β-lg 2.5 % < XG 1 % = β-lg:XG 1 %. Several stabilization mechanisms were evidenced by the study of the biopolymer interfacial properties, the study of emulsion rheology and by confocal laser scanning microscopy observations with labeled fluorescent biopolymers. β-lg and GA were both able to adsorb at the interface of oil globule. XG enhanced the continuous phase viscosity. β-lg:GA mixing led to the formation of a stabilizing interfacial double layer. Finally, β-lg:XG association combined the stabilization mechanisms of both biopolymers, respectively: interfacial adsorption and enhancement of the continuous phase viscosity.