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Those who practice poor meal timing habits such as irregular day-to-day eating, eating late at night, and have a short overnight fast are more at risk for weight gain, reduced weight loss with weight loss attempts, and increased risk for developing and/or worsening health conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease and/or risk factors for said conditions. Recent studies have identified possible factors that influence meal timing, one of which is hunger. Hunger is defined as a physiologic need to eat, and can be triggered by a rise in the hormone ghrelin. Hunger in general, or greater hunger at certain times of day, may lead to poor meal timing and/or difficulty adhering to meal timing recommendations made in behavioral interventions. The goal of our study was to determine if the overall hunger level and time of onset of greatest hunger were associated with poor meal timing cross-sectionally and lower adherence to meal timing recommendations. The meal timing behaviors we examined were eating late at night, having a longer overnight fast, and an earlier ingestive period midpoint based on published evidence suggesting these are important for weight control. We hypothesized that a greater overall hunger level and later onset of greatest hunger would be inversely associated with poor meal timing cross-sectionally and a lower adherence to potential meal timing recommendations to be applied to future interventions. Our cross-sectional study was a secondary analysis of data from a previous study on diet and energy regulation in 116 healthy adults (mean BMI 24.3 kg/m2; SD 3.8, mean age 29.4 years; SD 11.9). Both continuous and categorical meal timing outcomes were examined. The continuous outcomes were eating late at night (defined as eating past 20:00 h), length of overnight fast (defined as the length of time between the last meal consumed before bedtime and first eating occasion after waking), and timing of the largest meal, which we measured using the midpoint of the ingestive period. Categorical outcomes, which had cutoff values determined based on evidence from published research, were: not eating after 20:00, achieving an overnight fast of ≥13 hours, and having the midpoint of the ingestive period before 15:00. Associations of hunger variables with continuous meal timing outcomes were examined in three separate models using analysis of covariance, with hunger variables as the independent variables and the meal timing patterns as the dependent variables. Associations of hunger variables with categorical (bivariate) outcomes had the same independent variables but were examined with logistic regression analysis. Covariates included in both continuous and categorical models were age, sex, race, physical activity level, weighted average bedtime on weekdays and weekends, dietary restraint score, dietary disinhibition score, sleep duration, and sleep quality. After inclusion of all covariates, a higher hunger score was associated with having an overnight fast lasting ≥13 hours (p=0.026), suggesting that participants were able to achieve a longer overnight fast despite being hungrier. There was no significant association between hunger variables and eating late at night or midpoint of ingestive period (p>0.05), although the p-value was marginally non-significant with eating late at night (p=0.080). Time of greatest hunger was not associated with any of the meal timing variables (p>0.05). As previous studies have shown that a longer overnight fast improves weight loss, a possible application of our findings, namely the length of overnight fast, is for individuals who aim to achieve an overnight fast of ≥13 hours to lose weight by consuming a greater proportion energy in the morning/afternoon as opposed to dinner/later at night.. This suggestion is based on previous studies showing eating a larger breakfast decreases feelings of hunger at night. Additionally, including more protein and fiber in the diet can increase satiety at any time of day. Future studies are needed to examine relationships between hunger score and a longer overnight fast, in larger, more diverse populations and with randomized controlled designs, as our study was cross-sectional and was unable to determine causality.

What do we see when we look at writing? In addition to the verbal messages conveyed by the written words, visual dimensions of script are powerful tools that hold semantic value. This dissertation focuses on one such visual element—the arrangement of written words into geometric shapes or patterns in the context of medieval Islamicate societies (1100–1250 AD)—to uncover its meanings. The dissertation offers a primary case study of the Kitāb al-diryāq (Book of Antidotes, 595 AH/1199 AD, BnF arabe 2964), an illuminated and illustrated manuscript with a variety of geometric patterns created using Arabic script. By examining a broad range of materials (scientific manuscripts, magical objects, and architectural decoration) across Late Antiquity and the medieval period, this heuristic study argues that the arrangement of script in geometric patterns was a vital medium of visualizing knowledge and transmitting knowledge—the form not only carrying cultural meanings but also shaping the reception of verbal messages. Magic is one form of knowledge that is particularly fruitful for examining the function of the geometric script patterns in general, and of the Kitāb al-diryāq in particular. This study traces the contexts in which the geometric script patterns appear, the cultural practices associated with them, and the medieval worldviews in which the patterns circulated. In considering these factors, the study argues that the combination of shape and script is embedded with knowledge that reflects the medieval scientific, magical, and popular imagination. / Graduate / 2023-06-23

This research examines the intellectuals’ reform activities in local society at the turn of twentieth century. Focusing on Wuxi, a city in south China, this study seeks to shed light on two major issues. First, it studies the reform activities in the areas of education and print media in such a transformative era. I come to argue that differences existed between reforms at a national level and the circumstances in local society. These reformers in Wuxi provided the common people more choices besides Chinese learning, rather than following the ti-yong formula. They connected their reform proposals with the common people. Second, this study scrutinizes the complexity of their local endeavors. The most profound challenge these reformers encountered, I argue, was whether they could compete in the urban space, which had become a site of conflict and contestation.

Bakgrund Antalet personer som diagnostiserats med ADHD har ökat stadigt under de senaste 15 åren. Det har visat sig att många har fått diagnosen först som vuxna. Under senare år har forskning visat upplevelse av lägre livskvalitet hos vuxna med ADHD samt flera konsekvenser av obehandlad ADHD som skilsmässa, ökad risk för missbruk, bilolyckor, olycksfall, depression, ångest och suicid. Syfte Syftet med litteraturstudien var att sammanställa upplevelser och erfarenheter av ADHD hos personer som fått diagnosen i vuxen ålder. Metod Litteraturstudie med kvalitativ design. Med ett perspektiv utifrån vuxna med ADHD har totalt tio vetenskapliga artiklar från databaserna PsycInfo och Cinahl granskats. Data extraherades, översattes, kondenserades, kodades och tematiserades utifrån grundläggande innehållsanalys. Resultat Analysen av studiernas resultat mynnade ut i tre huvudteman: ADHD påverkade livet som beskriver påverkan av ADHD, Diagnosens betydelse och krokiga väg berättar om tankar och känslor av att få diagnos, samt Erfarenheter av strategi, vård och behandling som skildrar hanteringen av symtom och svårigheter samt upplevelser av erbjuden vård. Slutsats Upplevelser av symtom och svårigheter relaterat till ADHD kan skilja stort mellan människor och kön. Något som måste förstås för att möjliggöra ett arbete utifrån personcentrerad omvårdnad. Stigma och negativa upplevelser av vården ses orsakas av bristande förståelse och okunskap. Varför vikten av attitydförändring i samhället ses som avgörande för god livskvalité och bra bemötande. En kunskapslucka som sågs var kvinnors upplevelse av orsak till senare diagnos, här behövs fortsatt forskning. / Background The number of people diagnosed with ADHD has increased steadily over the past 15 years. It has been shown that many have been diagnosed first as an adult. In recent years, research has shown the experience of a lower quality of life in adults with ADHD as well as several consequences of untreated ADHD such as divorce, increased risk of addiction, car accidents, accidental injuries, depression, anxiety, and suicide. Aim The aim of the literature study was to compile experiences of ADHD in people who received the diagnosis in adulthood. Method Literature review with qualitative design. Based on the perspective of adults with ADHD, a total of ten scientific articles from the PsycInfo and Cinahl databases were reviewed. Data were extracted, translated, condensed, coded and thematized based on basic content analysis. Results The analysis of the results of the studies resulted in three main themes: ADHD affected life which describes the impact of ADHD, The significance of the diagnosis and the winding road talks about thoughts and feelings of being diagnosed, and Experiences of strategy, care and treatment which depicts the coping strategies of symptoms and difficulties as well as experiences of offered care. Conclusion Experiences of symptoms and difficulties related to ADHD can differ greatly between people and gender. Something that has to be understood in order to enable work based on person-centred care. Stigma and negative experiences of healthcare are seen to be caused by lack of understanding and unawareness. Why the importance of attitude change in society is seen as crucial for good quality of life and to be treated well. One knowledge gap that was seen was women's experience of the cause of later diagnosis, here continued research is needed.

Depression in transitional aged youth (TAY; aged ~16-24yr) has become a major issue of concern, with 14-25% of those aged 12-21yr experiencing at least one episode of depression. As such, the burden of disease of depression in this population is substantial. Depression in TAY is characterized as a chronic, relapsing disorder, with 50-70% of remitted patients developing a subsequent depressive episode within five years. Further, in younger adulthood (~21-38yr) individuals who experience depression do not always show complete functional recovery between episodes and report residual cognitive impairments. However, research examining the neural correlates of putative cognitive impairments in depressed individuals has traditionally focused on adult populations, with more limited research in depressed TAY. One means of characterizing neural profiles during cognitive processing is via electroencephalography (EEG), and event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from EEG. To date, it is unclear if ERP profiles during tasks tapping into certain cognitive processes known to be altered in depressed adults are comparable in depressed TAY. Greater insight into the neural features of cognitive processes in the context of depression can, ultimately, help in refining intervention and perhaps prevention strategies in depressed youth. The primary aim of this work was to assess ERP-indexed neural profiles of attention, including novelty orienting, and inhibition via the auditory oddball and visual flanker tasks in depressed, unmedicated TAY (DEP) vs. non-depressed TAY (HC). Specifically, the N2 and P3 ERPs elicited by incongruent and congruent stimuli in a visual flanker task were assessed, as were the P3a and P3b ERPs extracted from an auditory novelty oddball task. Further, behavioural scores on three tasks, measured by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox, that tap into similar cognitive processes as the ERP tasks (i.e., executive function, stimulus evaluation, inhibition, and working memory) were compared between groups using well-validated cognitive tests. Finally, correlations were carried out on the entire sample’s cognition scores and ERP measures, as well as the DEP group’s clinical scores and ERP measures to explore the relation between behavioural and neural features. A significant difference was found between groups for the early P3a (eP3a) latency elicited by unexpected novel sounds in the oddball task; the DEP group had a significantly shorter latency than the HC group. For the flanker task, group differences were found for N2 amplitude to incongruent flanker stimuli, wherein the DEP group showed significantly higher amplitudes than the HC group. No group differences were found between composite scores of three NIH Toolbox tasks assessed. Correlations revealed a positive relation between the Dimensional Change Card Sort test (NIH Card Sort task), generally regarded as a test of executive function, and P3 amplitude to both congruent and incongruent stimuli on the ERP Flanker task. Second, a positive relation existed between the Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention task (NIH Flanker) and P3 latency on the ERP Flanker task. This study failed to replicate previous reports of reduced ERP amplitudes and increased latencies of the oddball and flanker tasks in a depressed adult populations population. However, they contribute to our limited knowledge on the effects of depression in youth on cognitive processes and associated neuronal profiles. Indeed, the data suggest that non-severely depressed and unmedicated young people exhibited more efficient cortical processing to novelty orienting than matched controls, perhaps reflecting a hyper-vigilant state. Further, depressed TAY appeared to exhibit more pronounced cortical resource allocation to processes implicated in inhibition. Across all participants, we were also able to demonstrate a relation between better executive function and increased cortical resource allocation to attentive processes, and greater behavioural inhibition being associated with longer cortical processes of attention. Collectively, these data inform our understanding of the neural processes in young people with depression; such insight may aid in more refined intervention and prevention strategies in the future.

(F. Horáček: Antropologie Synesiova spisu O snech) 30. 8. 2017 Synesiusʼ treatise On Dreams (early 5th cent. AD) contains a Neoplatonic conception of the so-called pneuma (called also ʻvehicleʼ, ʻluminous bodyʼ etc.) that, among its other functions, ʻrepresentsʼ the immaterial Neoplatonic soul in the material universe. As against the other Neoplatonic texts from Late Antiquity, the authorʼs book is relatively concetrated and detailed so that it offers a comparatively full picture of the pneuma even though the text is no clear cut self-explanatory piece of writing due to its intended esoteric Neoplatonic readership. In my work I try to discover possible implications for the pneuma against the background of other Neoplatonic conceptions of the earlier and also of slightly later time. Synesiusʼ views of the pneuma are not always identical with those of the earlier thinkers. As he switches backgrounds it is often hard to tell whether what he has in mind is identical, like or different from them. I address predominantly - beside contextualization of On Dreams and efforts to solve individual small-scale problems in the text - questions of physical existence of the pneuma before, during, and after reincarnation chain of individual souls, further I discuss the interface between materiality and...