As transformações ocorridas, em especial, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, promoveram questionamentos e rupturas acerca de práticas voltadas à manutenção do silêncio até então vigente. Nesse contexto, as relações entre memória, história e identidade de gênero não ficaram imunes a tais mudanças, constituindo-se em objeto de análise. Assim, busca-se investigar de que modo aspectos ligados aos relatos memorialísticos e aos fatos históricos contribuem para o processo de representação da identidade feminina e sua respectiva modificação frente ao desafio da desconstrução – imprescindível – em direção a uma reelaboração, ou seja, uma (re)construção tanto em âmbito pessoal quanto coletivo. Para tanto, são utilizadas as contribuições dos Estudos Culturais de Gênero, do Pós-Colonialismo e da Regionalidade, no sentido de destacar as especificidades e as contribuições da literatura produzida por mulheres no espaço latinoamericano, com foco na reelaboração identitária do sujeito feminino. / Universidade de Caxias do Sul / Los cambios que se producen, en particular, de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, promovido preguntas acerca de las interrupciones y las prácticas destinadas a mantener el silencio há prevalecido hasta el momento. En este contexto, las relaciones entre la memoria, la historia y identidad de género no eran inmunes a estos cambios, convirtiéndose en el objeto de análisis. Por lo tanto, tratamos de investigar cómo los aspectos de la memoria y los hechos históricos contribuyen al proceso de representación de la identidad femenina y su respectivo cambio frente al desafío de la deconstrucción - indispensable - hacia un rediseño, es decir, una (re)construcción, personal y colectiva. Para ello, utilizamos las aportaciones de los Estudios Culturales de Género, el Poscolonialismo y la Regionalidad, con el fin de poner de relieve las especificidades y las contribuciones de las mujeres en la literatura producida en el espacio latinoamericano, con un enfoque en el rediseño de la identidad del sujeto femenino.

Da Grécia antiga até os dias de hoje, o sexo feminino carrega um fardo de submissão perante o sexo masculino, que parte das diferenças biológicas e chega à esfera sociocultural. Durante séculos, a mulher permaneceu silenciada, aceitando a condição de dominação imposta, principalmente, pela diferença de seu corpo em relação ao do homem. Entretanto, aos poucos, o sexo feminino passa a lutar em prol de seus direitos igualitários, atingindo, até certo ponto, direitos semelhantes àqueles desfrutados pelos homens. Mesmo assim, a dificuldade em igualar os direitos entre ambos ainda se apresenta latente em nossa sociedade. Este trabalho analisa, por meio da perspectiva dos Estudos Culturais de Gênero, elementos significativos de representação feminina e sua sexualidade, representados em A noiva escura, de Laura Restrepo, a fim de discutir a subversão ou não do discurso patriarcal por meio do exercício da sexualidade da mulher. Assim, defende-se a hipótese de que a mulher, ao optar pela atividade da prostituição como meio de subsistência, bem como para o próprio prazer, coloca-se distante dos domínios do poder masculino. Cabe ressaltar que, por estimular uma divisão de gêneros, a sociedade representada na narrativa privilegia os valores alicerçados em uma base patriarcal, restando ao feminino mover-se em função de sua sexualidade. Nesse sentido, a desconstrução da oposição homem/mulher e as demais oposições associadas a esta no universo narrado acontecem por meio da sexualidade feminina, representada pela personagem principal – Sayonara, a prostituta. / From ancient Greece up to nowadays, the female gender carries a burden of submission before the male gender, which beggings with the biological differences and goes up to the sociocultural sphere. For centuries, women remained silenced, withstanding the condition of domination imposed to them, mainly because the differences of their body compared to men. However, little by little, the female gender starts to fight for their social equality, acomplishing, up to a certain point, similar rights of those of men. Even so, the difficulty to equal the rights between both genders is still veiled in our society. This work analyses, from the perspective of Cultural Studies of Gender, significant elements of female representation and their sexuality, represented in "A noiva escura", by Laura Restrepo, with the intention of discussing the subversion or not of the patriarcal speech by means of women's sexuality use. Then, the hipotesis defended is of the women, choosing prostitution as a mean of survival, as well as pleasure itself, puts themselves away from male dominance. It's also needed to emphysize, by stimulating the division of genders, society represented in narrative holds high the values based on patriarcal ways, remains to female move on their sexuality. In this way, the deconstruction of the opposition man/woman and the other oppositions associated with one, in the narrated universe happens by female sexuality, represented by the main character – Sayonara, the prostitute.

Este trabalho busca compreender a articulação do cinema moderno da América Latina com a literatura que lhe era contemporânea e a tradição letrada latino-americana na construção de um projeto nacional-continental. Para isto, recorre-se à análise de três filmes: Cabezas cortadas (Glauber Rocha, Brasil/Espanha, 1970), Una pelea cubana contra los demonios (Tomás Gutiérrez Alea, Cuba, 1971) e La nación clandestina (Jorge Sanjinés, Bolívia/Espanha, 1989). Cabezas cortadas apresenta múltiplas relações com a literatura: a afinidade com os \"romances de ditadores\" publicados na América Latina nos anos 1970; além disso, ao pretender-se uma apropriação \"borgeana\" de Shakespeare, o filme se situa, no panorama latino-americano, dentro de um amplo movimento de revisão da obra do bardo. Com Una pelea cubana contra los demonios Gutiérrez Alea adaptou estudo histórico homônimo de Fernando Ortiz, publicado em 1959. No filme observa-se um diálogo mais amplo com a obra de Ortiz, para além da pesquisa histórica que lhe serve de inspiração. Quanto a La nación clandestina e o desenvolvimento da obra de Sanjinés, estes podem ser compreendidos através de uma comparação com o chamado neo-indigenismo literário da região andina. Se, como afirmou Jean-Claude Bernardet, o cinema brasileiro encontrou temas e formas na literatura, a tese que aqui se apresenta é de que o mesmo pode ser afirmado com relação ao cinema moderno da América Latina em geral: os cineastas fundaram os alicerces para a criação de um \"cinema latino-americano\" nas letras, terreno em que uma consciência latino-americana mais se havia enraizado até então / This research seeks to understand how modern Latin American cinema articulates itself with the literature of the same period and with Latin America literary tradition in building a nationalcontinental project. To achieve this goal we have the analysis of three modern Latin-American movies and their links with literature. The films are Glauber Rocha\'s Cabezas cortadas (1970), Tomás Gutiérrez Alea\'s Una pelea cubana contra los demonios (1971) and Jorge Sanjinés\' La nación clandestina (1989). In the case of Cabezas cortadas, what interested me the most was the idea of analyzing the movie as something akin to the \"dictator novels\" that were published around the 1970s, same time as the movie was produced; also, by attempting to be a \"Borgean\" appropriation of Shakespeare the movie inserts itself in a broad revision of the playwright\'s work within the Latin American panorama, as it was produced at a time in which The Tempest was being revisited by Caribbean writers. With Una pelea cubana contra los demonios, Gutiérrez Alea has adapted Fernando Ortiz\'s historical investigation published in 1959. In the movie we see a broader dialogue with Ortiz\'s work, beyond the historical research that inspires it. As for La nación clandestina and the development of Sanjinés\' work, these may be understood from a comparison with the so-called literary neo-indigenism of the Andes region. If Brazilian cinema has found themes and forms in literature, as states Jean-Claude Bernardet, the present thesis states that the same may be said about modern Latin American film in general: the moviemakers have created in literature the foundation for a \"Latin American Cinema\", the field in which a Latin American consciousness had spread its roots the furthest at the time.

Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

BACKGROUND: Maladaptive patterns of alcohol consumption can lead to clinically significant impairment or distress and have been established as a partial cause of a wide variety of health conditions, including neuropsychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, hepatic inflammations, certain cancers, and infectious diseases. In the United States, Hispanic and non-Hispanic white (NHW) men have comparable rates of moderate alcohol consumption, however, Hispanic men are more likely to consume higher volumes of alcohol and with more frequency and experience disproportionate levels of adverse health and social consequences of alcohol abuse when compared to NHW men. Further, Hispanic men face greater barriers than NHW men in accessing, engaging, and completing alcohol abuse treatment services despite the contrasting burden of alcohol-related consequences they face. OBJECTIVES: This dissertation is composed from three studies addressing the following aims to: 1) synthesize the culturally- and gender-responsive components of alcohol and substance abuse and dependence treatment programs designed for Hispanic males in the United States; 2) explore Hispanic male perspectives and opinions regarding alcohol use and abuse patterns that may lead to disparate rates of alcohol abuse in Hispanic males in the United States; and 3) examine U.S. Hispanic male perspectives regarding the barriers to alcohol abuse treatment-seeking related behaviors that lead to disparate treatment engagement and completion rates. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted for Aim 1 in which articles reporting on culturally- and/or gender-adapted alcohol and/or substance abuse interventions designed exclusively for Hispanic males were identified. Aim 2 and Aim 3 used semi-structured interviews to elicit Hispanic male perspectives of alcohol abuse and alcohol abuse treatment seeking behaviors. Separate thematic analyses were conducted as per the objectives of Aims 2 and 3. Data analysis was based on a deductive process including a preliminary codebook that was supplemented with inductive codes that surfaced during iterative thematic analyses. RESULTS: Regarding Aim 1, literature searches yielded 2685 titles, resulting in 12 articles that fit the parameters of the review. The most scientifically rigorous findings suggest that cultural adaptations may outperform standard treatment for Hispanic men (n=6). Nevertheless, a fraction of the included interventions (n=4) did not improve outcomes compared to standard treatment. Considering the scarce number of publications, it is difficult to discern how much findings reflect ineffective interventions or methodological limitations. Findings for Aim 2 indicate that there are intersected effects of machismo, a culture of normalized overconsumption, social context stressors, and poor coping strategies that may influence maladaptive relationships with alcohol use. Findings for Aim 3 suggest that treatment seeking behaviors are highly influenced by; a) structural factors related to treatment accessibility, and linguistic and cultural-responsiveness of available treatment, b) sociocultural factors related to difficulties problematizing alcohol abuse due to lack of knowledge and cultural normalization of consumption, and societal stigmatization of alcohol abuse treatment, and c) individual factors related to machismo-bound pride as well as lack of knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Given the rapid expansion of the Hispanic population in the United States, and the parallel growth of alcohol abuse implications in this population, it is imperative that we learn where these problems may be rooted to better understand how to diminish the existing gaps. Collectively, these findings point to the need for treatment providers to disseminate accurate information about treatment availability and eligibility, and the treatment process. This work also illustrates the need to for consciousness building efforts targeting the Hispanic male community regarding the detrimental effects of alcohol-related problems and treatment, in order to diminish the stigma. Increased or redistributed funding for linguistically and culturally responsive programs is also needed in communities with large Hispanic populations in order to meet the growing demand, particularly for the uninsured. Further research is needed to identify other potential barriers and recovery resources for this population and other Hispanic subgroups in other parts of the United States.

The purpose of this study was to estimate disparities in late human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis and all-cause mortality among varying populations of HIV-positive Latinos, and to identify neighborhood-level predictors. Florida HIV surveillance data for years 2000–2011 were merged with 2007–2011 American Community Survey (ACS) data. Multilevel logistic regressions were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for late HIV diagnosis (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome within 3 months of HIV diagnosis). Multilevel weighted Cox regressions were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for mortality. Of 5522 Latinos diagnosed 2007–2011, males were at increased odds of late diagnosis compared with females (aOR 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.67). Associated factors included residing in the lowest quartile of neighborhood education for females, and in the 3 highest quartiles of unemployment for males. Foreign-born compared with United States (US)-born Latinos were also at risk (aOR 1.24, 95% CI 1.08-1.42). Among foreign-born, residing in areas with

This study examines the influence of acculturative stress on substance use and HIV risk behaviors among recent Latino immigrants. The central hypothesis of the study is that specific religious coping mechanisms influence the relationship that acculturative stress has on the substance use and HIV-risk behaviors of recent Latino immigrants. Within the Latino culture religiosity is a pervasive force, guiding attitudes, behaviors, and even social interactions. When controlling for education and socioeconomic status, Latinos have been found to use religious coping mechanisms more frequently than their Non-Latino White counterparts. In addition, less acculturated Latinos use religious coping strategies more frequently than those with higher levels of acculturation. Given its prominent role in Latino culture, it appears probable that this mechanism may prove to be influential during difficult life transitions, such as those experienced during the immigration process. This study examines the moderating influence of specific religious coping mechanisms on the relationship between acculturative stress and substance use/HIV risk behaviors of recent Latino immigrants. Analyses for the present study were conducted with wave 2 data from an ongoing longitudinal study investigating associations between pre-immigration factors and health behavior trajectories of recent Latino immigrants. Structural equation and zero-inflated Poisson modeling were implemented to test the specified models and examine the nature of the relationship among the variables. Moderating effects were found for negative religious coping. Higher levels of negative religious coping strengthened an inverse relationship between acculturative stress and substance use. Results also indicated direct relationships between religious coping mechanisms and substance use. External and positive religious coping were inversely related to substance use. Negative religious coping was positively related to substance use. This study aims to contribute knowledge of how religious coping influence’s the adaptation process of recent Latino immigrants. Expanding scientific understanding as to the function and effect of these coping mechanisms could lead to enhanced culturally relevant approaches in service delivery among Latino populations. Furthermore this knowledge could inform research about specific cognitions and behaviors that need to be targeted in prevention and treatment programs with this population.

Hepatitis C infection (HCV) continues to disproportionately affect Hispanics/Latinos in the United States. Hispanic/Latino intravenous drug users (IDUs), because of their risky injection and sexual behaviors, are prone to HCV infection and rapid transmission of the virus to others via several routes. With a prevalence rate of approximately 75% among IDUs, it is imperative that transmission of HCV be prevented in this population. This study aims to examine the associations between demographic, injection and sexual risk factors to HCV infection in a group Hispanic/Latino IDUs in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Preliminary unadjusted results in this sample reveal that age (OR=4.592, p=0.004), weekly injection (OR=5.171, p=0.000), daily injection frequency (OR=3.856, p=0.000) and use of a dirty needle (OR=2.320, p= 0.006) were all significantly associated with HCV infection. Being born outside the U.S. was significantly negatively associated with HCV infection (OR=0.349, p=0.004). Additionally, having two or more sex partners in the past three months (OR=0.472, p=0.014) was negatively associated with HCV infection. After adjusting for all other variables, older age (AOR=7.470, p=0.006), weekly injection (AOR=3.238, p=0.007) and daily injection frequency (AOR=2.625, p=0.010) were all significantly associated with HCV infection. Being born outside the U.S. (AOR=0.369, p=0.019) was a significant protective factor for HCV infection, along with having two or more sex partners in the past three months (AOR=0.481, p=0.037). When analyzing the significant variables in a backward regression model, having 2 or more sex partners in the past three months was not significant at the p

abstract: Objectives. This study primarily explored the relationship between family meal frequency and youth intake of fruits and vegetables (FV) and added sugar from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in a population of Latinx parents and their middle school children. The study secondarily explored factors influencing family meal frequency; specifically, whether parent education level, income level, acculturation level, and food insecurity are associated with family meal frequency. Methods. Latinx parents and their 6th-8th grade children were recruited from eligible middle schools in Maricopa County to participate in a larger intervention study. A sample of parent-youth dyads from the first cohort of the larger study was selected for cross-sectional analysis of baseline data in this study (n=124). Participants completed a survey requesting demographics, family meal habits, and dietary intake. Participants were asked to report annual income, education level, and number of family meals in the home in the past week. They were also asked to complete an Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans, a 6-item Household Food Security Questionnaire, and a 26-question Dietary Screener Questionnaire. Analyses were run using Spearman’s Rank Correlation test and a Chi Square test of Independence. Results. Mean daily youth intake of FV was 2.7 ± 1.4 cup equivalents, and daily youth intake of sugars from SSBs was 8.6 ± 4.9 teaspoon equivalents per day. Fifty percent of parents reported 7 or more family meals per week, while 38.7% reported 3-6 family meals per week and 11.3% reported 2 or fewer family meals per week. There was no significant association between family meal frequency and youth FV (r=-0.154; p=0.256) or added sugar from SSBs (r=0.027; p=0.807) intake. Similarly, results from Chi Square analyses suggested there was no association between family meal frequency and parent income level (p=0.392), Mexican-oriented acculturation level (p=0.591), Anglo-oriented acculturation level (p=0.052) and food insecurity (p=0.754). In contrast, a significant association between parent education and family meal frequency was found (p=0.014). Conclusions. Parent education may play a role in shaping family meal practices in Latinx families. More research is needed to further understand this relationship and the relationship between family meal habits and youth dietary intake. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2020

Research studies have pointed to specific challenges for undocumented Latino immigrants including exploitation in the workplace (Stoddard, 1976), denial of health care (Angel, Frias & Hill, 2005; Passel, 2005) and lack of access to higher education (Seif, 2004). In addition, fear is never far from their consciousness. Fear of being identified as illegal and faced with possible arrest and deportation are realities for undocumented Latino immigrants. Both work and home are unsafe, particularly because of immigration raids by federal agents. In addition they are stigmatized by mainstream society (Padilla & Perez, 2003). Even the word "undocumented" has been used interchangeably with words like "illegal" and "alien" suggesting criminal behavior. These hardships make it difficult for these immigrants to become part of mainstream society and create barriers to opportunities. All of these factors should logically discourage Latin Americans from immigrating to the United States. However, both the documented and undocumented Latino populations in the United States continue to increase. Although the situation of new Latino immigrants, especially those who are undocumented, seems extremely difficult, there is something unexplained occurring that has not been accounted for in current research that allows them to survive these hardships. In addition, there is a gap in information about the immigration process gathered from immigrants themselves. Therefore, this study uses a qualitative descriptive approach to learn from undocumented immigrants about their experiences when they first came to the United States and how they negotiate their situation while living in the United States. The major findings of this study offer an inside look into the world of undocumented Latino immigrants. The obstacles these immigrants face were language barriers, limited education and unfair wages at work. On the other hand, they also identify facilitators that were helpful during their initial transition into the U.S such as getting help in finding a job, knowing someone in the United States before immigrating, being connected to support networks, and receiving support from others who shared their struggles. However, these findings do not reflect the whole story. Even though most of these Latino immigrants underwent stress and adversity as new undocumented immigrants, the study shows how they transformed their suffering using their personal strengths and drawing on support from a close-knit community. At the same time they maintained their cultural identity both in their immigrant community and within the larger community where they resided. An additional factor which contributed to their survival was that this particular community is unique in preserving the different cultures of ethnic groups rather than fusing them into a "melting pot." Recommendations for practice include using a strengths perspective with clients and community; recommendations for teaching include using interdisciplinary educational strategies and involving students in experiential learning experiences with immigrants. Additional recommendation for policy and research are made.