Hard-core bosons are versatile and useful in describing several physical systems due to their one-to-one mapping with spin-1/2 operators. We propose two frameworks where hard-core boson mapping not only reduces the complexity of the original problem, but also captures important features of the physics of the original system that would have implied high-computational procedures with not much profound insight in the mechanisms behind its behavior. The first case study comprising part i is an approach to the description of the phases 2D Lattice Gauge Theories, the Quantum 6-Vertex Model and the Quantum Dimer Model using one fluctuating electric string as an 1D precursor of the whole 2D systems[HAMS19]. Both models and consequently the string are described by the Rokhsar-Kivelson Hamiltonian with parameter v measuring the competition of potential versus kinetic terms. The string can be mapped one-to-one onto a 1D system of hard-core bosons that can be solved exactly for the Quantum 6-Vertex Model, and offers footprints of the phase diagram of the Quantum Dimer Model in the region close to the Rokhsar-Kivelson point v = 1, especially when |v| ≤ 1. The second case study we have discussed in part ii is an extension of higher-dimensional bosonization techniques in Landau Fermi liquids to the case of nodal semimetals where the Fermi surface shrinks to a point, so the description of particle-hole interactions as fluctuations of the Fermi surface is not available [MS20]. Additionaly, we focus our analysis on the Q = 0 sector where the electron and the hole have opposite momenta ±k, so they are mapped into a hard-core boson located at a site k in the reciprocal lattice. To test our extension we calculate nonperturbative corrections to the optical conductivity of 2D Dirac fermions with electron-electron interactins described as a Coulomb potential, obtaining results consistent to the literature and the experimental reports where corrections are small even in strong coupling regimes. Part iii discusses further ideas derived from parts i and ii, including a brief discussion on addressing the weak coupling instability in bilayer graphene using the bosonization extension that offers a picture of hard-core bosons describing Q = 0 excitons that undergo a Bose-Einstein condensation resulting in a ground state adiabatically disconnected from the noninteracting case.:1 Introduction 1 1.1 Quantum link models and fluctuating electric strings 2 1.2 Bosonization of Particle-hole excitations in 2D Dirac fermions 7 1.3 Structure of the document 11 i. Quantum link models and fluctuating electric strings 2. A Brief Introduction to Lattice Gauge Theories 15 2.1 Continuous formulation of U(1) gauge theories 15 2.1.1 Gauge field equations 16 2.1.2 Gauss’ law as generator of the gauge transformations 18 2.2 U(1) gauge theories on a lattice 19 2.2.1 Gauge field Hamiltonian 20 2.2.2 Cylindrical algebra from LGT 20 2.2.3 Generator of gauge transformations 21 2.3 Abelian Quantum Link Model 22 2.3.1 Quantum Link Models (QLMs) with S = 1 / 2 23 2.3.2 ’t Hooft operators and winding number sectors 24 2.3.3 Construction of the QLM Hamiltonian 26 2.4 Conclusions 28 3. Electric string in Q6VM as a XXZ chain 29 3.1 Realization of the Q6VM in the S = 1 / 2 QLM 31 3.2 Mapping the electric string to the XXZ chain 32 3.3 Phases of the electric string from the XXZ chain 33 3.3.1 v > 1: FM insulator 34 3.3.2 v = 1: RK point 36 3.3.3 −1 < v < 1: Gapless phase 36 3.3.4 v ≤ −1: KT transition and AFM insulator 37 3.4 Numerical approach: Drude Weight and system size effects 38 3.5 Summary and Discussion 40 4. Electric line in the QDM as a hard-core boson two-leg ladder 41 4.1 Realization of the QDM in the S = 1/ 2 QLM 42 4.2 Construction of an electric string in the QDM 43 4.3 Mapping the electric string in QDM to a two-leg ladder 45 4.3.1 QLM in a triangular lattice 45 4.3.2 From the triangular lattice to the two-leg ladder 45 4.3.3 Construction of the 1D bosonic Hamiltonian 46 4.4 Phases of the electric string from the bosonic two-leg ladder 48 4.4.1 Left Hand Side (LHS) of the Rokhsar-Kivelson (RK) point: Charge Density Wave (CDW) states 48 4.4.2 Right Hand Side (RHS) of the RK point: phase-separated states 50 4.5 Numerical approach: Drude Weight and system size effects 51 4.6 Summary and Discussion 52 ii Bosonization of particle-hole excitations in 2D Dirac fermions 5 Graphene in a nutshell 57 5.1 Origin of the hexagonal structure 57 5.1.1 Hybrid orbitals in C 58 5.1.2 Honeycomb lattice 60 5.2 Tight-binding approach 61 5.2.1 Hopping and overlapping matrices in Nearest Neighbor (NN) approximation 62 5.2.2 Dispersion relation for π electrons 62 5.3 Effective 2D Dirac Fermion Hamiltonian 64 5.4 Electron-electron interactions 65 6 Bosonization of the Q = 0 continuum of Dirac Fermions 67 6.1 Effective Hamiltonian and Hilbert space 69 6.2 Effective Heisenberg Hamiltonian 70 6.3 Quadratic Bosonic Hamiltonian 71 6.4 Connection to diagramatic perturbation theory 73 6.5 Parametrization of the reciprocal space 74 6.5.1 Coordinate transformation 74 6.5.2 Polar parametrization 75 6.5.3 Angular momentum channels 75 6.6 Discussion and Summary 76 7 Non-perturbative corrections to the Optical Conductivity of 2D Dirac Fermions 77 7.1 Optical Conductivity 79 7.1.1 Bosonized current operator and susceptibility 79 7.1.2 Susceptibility in terms of the eigenstates 80 7.1.3 Regularization of the Lehman representation 81 7.2 Numerical approach: IR regularization and system size effects 82 7.2.1 Discretization size dependence 82 7.2.2 Dependence on the IR cutoff 83 7.2.3 Comparison of numerical results with corrections from first order perturbation theory 84 7.2.4 Optical conductivity for several coupling constants 85 7.3 Discussion and Summary 86 iii Weak coupling instability, New Perspectives & Conclusions 8 Weak coupling instability in bilayer graphene from a bosonization picture 91 8.1 Band structure of Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene 92 8.2 Generalization of the effective Hamiltonian of graphene 93 8.2.1 Density of states in monolayer and bilayer graphene 94 8.2.2 Projection onto Q = 0 sector and effective Heisenberg pseudospin Hamiltonian 95 8.2.3 Zeeman vortex coordinates and HCB operators 95 8.2.4 Bogoliubov-Valatin basis 97 8.3 Interaction potentials 97 8.4 BCS instability in pseudospin picture 99 8.5 Numerical procedure 101 8.5.1 Numerical BCS instability 101 8.5.2 Functional form of the instability 101 8.5.3 Comparison to the instability from BCS theory 105 8.6 Conclusions 105 9 Conclusions 107 iv Appendices A. Yang & Yang’s expressions of ground state energy of XXZ Chain using Bethe Ansatz 115 A.1 Bethe Ansatz 115 A.2 Explicit formulas for f ( ∆, 0 ) 116 B. Kadanoff-Baym (KB) self-consistent Hartree-Fock (SCHF) approximation 119 B.1 Details of connection to perturbation theory 119 B.1.1 Bare and dressed fermion propagators 119 B.1.2 Bethe-Salpeter ladder 120 B.1.3 Particle-hole propagator and comparison to HP boson propagator 121 C, Optical Conductivity from Pseudospin precession 123 C.1 Minimal coupling and band (electron-hole) basis 123 C.2 Equations of motion of charge and pseudospin densities 124 C.3 Optical Conductivity from Fermi-Dirac distributions at finite temperature 124 D. Momentum space reparametrization 127 D.1 General coordinate transformations on the continuum limit 127 D.2 Polar re-discretization 129 D.3 Angular momentum channels 130 D.4 Selection of the radial parametrization 130 Bibliography 133

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit Quantenfeldtheorien auf nicht-kommutativen Räumen. Solche Modelle treten im Zusammenhang mit der Stringtheorie und mit der Quantengravitation auf. Ihre nicht-störungstheoretische Behandlung ist üblicherweise schwierig. Hier untersuchen wir jedoch drei nicht-kommutative Quantenfeldtheorien nicht-perturbativ, indem wir die Wirkungsfunktionale in eine äquivalente Matrixformulierung übersetzen. In der Matrixdarstellung kann die jeweilige Theorie dann numerisch behandelt werden. Als erstes betrachten wir ein regularisiertes skalares Modell auf der nicht-kommutativen Ebene und untersuchen den Kontinuumslimes bei festgehaltener Nicht-Kommutativität. Dies wird auch als Doppelskalierungslimes bezeichnet. Insbesondere untersuchen wir das Verhalten der gestreiften Phase. Wir finden keinerlei Hinweise auf die Existenz dieser Phase im Doppelskalierungslimes. Im Anschluss daran betrachten wir eine vier-dimensionale U(1) Eichtheorie. Hierbei sind zwei der räumlichen Richtungen nicht-kommutativ. Wir untersuchen sowohl die Phasenstruktur als auch den Doppelskalierungslimes. Es stellt sich heraus, dass neben den Phasen starker und schwacher Kopplung eine weitere Phase existiert, die gebrochene Phase. Dann bestätigen wir die Existenz eines endlichen Doppelskalierungslimes, und damit die Renormierbarkeit der Theorie. Weiterhin untersuchen wir die Dispersionsrelation des Photons. In der Phase mit schwacher Kopplung stimmen unsere Ergebnisse mit störungstheoretischen Berechnungen überein, die eine Infrarot-Instabilität vorhersagen. Andererseits finden wir in der gebrochenen Phase die Dispersionsrelation, die einem masselosen Teilchen entspricht. Als dritte Theorie betrachten wir ein einfaches, in seiner Kontinuumsform supersymmetrisches Modell, welches auf der "Fuzzy Sphere" formuliert wird. Hier wechselwirken neutrale skalare Bosonen mit Majorana-Fermionen. Wir untersuchen die Phasenstruktur dieses Modells, wobei wir drei unterschiedliche Phasen finden. / This work deals with three quantum field theories on spaces with noncommuting position operators. Noncommutative models occur in the study of string theories and quantum gravity. They usually elude treatment beyond the perturbative level. Due to the technique of dimensional reduction, however, we are able to investigate these theories nonperturbatively. This entails translating the action functionals into a matrix language, which is suitable for numerical simulations. First we explore a scalar model on a noncommutative plane. We investigate the continuum limit at fixed noncommutativity, which is known as the double scaling limit. Here we focus especially on the fate of the striped phase, a phase peculiar to the noncommutative version of the regularized scalar model. We find no evidence for its existence in the double scaling limit. Next we examine the U(1) gauge theory on a four-dimensional spacetime, where two spatial directions are noncommutative. We examine the phase structure and find a new phase with a spontaneously broken translation symmetry. In addition we demonstrate the existence of a finite double scaling limit which confirms the renormalizability of the theory. Furthermore we investigate the dispersion relation of the photon. In the weak coupling phase our results are consistent with an infrared instability predicted by perturbation theory. If the translational symmetry is broken, however, we find a dispersion relation corresponding to a massless particle. Finally, we investigate a supersymmetric theory on the fuzzy sphere, which features scalar neutral bosons and Majorana fermions. The supersymmetry is exact in the limit of infinitely large matrices. We investigate the phase structure of the model and find three distinct phases. Summarizing, we study noncommutative field theories beyond perturbation theory. Moreover, we simulate a supersymmetric theory on the fuzzy sphere, which might provide an alternative to attempted lattice formulations.

In dieser Dissertation untersuchen und entwickeln wir neue Methoden, die dabei helfen sollen eine effektive semiklassische Beschreibung der kanonischen Loop-Quantengravitation und der Spinfoam-Gravitation zu bestimmen. Einer kurzen Einführung in die Loop-Quantengravitation folgen drei Forschungsartikel, die die Resultate der Doktorarbeit präsentieren. Im ersten Artikel behandeln wir das Problem der Zeit und einen neuen Vorschlag zur Implementierung von Eigenzeit durch Randbedingungen an Pfadintegrale: wir untersuchen eine konkrete Realisierung dieses Formalismus für die freie Skalarfeldtheorie. Im zweiten Artikel übersetzen wir semiklassische Zustände der linearisierten Gravitation in Zustände der Loop-Quantengravitation. Deren Eigenschaften deuten an, wie sich Semiklassizität im Loop-Formalismus manifestiert, and wie man dies benützen könnte, um semiklassische Entwicklungen herzuleiten. Im dritten Teil schlagen wir eine neue Formulierung von Spinfoam-Modellen vor, die vollständig Triangulierungs- und Hintergrund-unabhängig ist: mit Hilfe einer Symmetrie-Bedingung identifizieren wir Spinfoam-Modelle, deren Triangulierungs-Abhängigkeit auf natürliche Weise entfernt werden kann. / In this Ph.D. thesis, we explore and develop new methods that should help in determining an effective semiclassical description of canonical loop quantum gravity and spin foam gravity. A brief introduction to loop quantum gravity is followed by three research papers that present the results of the Ph.D. project. In the first article, we deal with the problem of time and a new proposal for implementing proper time as boundary conditions in a sum over histories: we investigate a concrete realization of this formalism for free scalar field theory. In the second article, we translate semiclassical states of linearized gravity into states of loop quantum gravity. The properties of the latter indicate how semiclassicality manifests itself in the loop framework, and how this may be exploited for doing semiclassical expansions. In the third part, we propose a new formulation of spin foam models that is fully triangulation- and background-independent: by means of a symmetry condition, we identify spin foam models whose triangulation-dependence can be naturally removed.

Das Potential zwischen einem statischen Quark und Antiquark in der reinen SU(3) Yang-Mills Theorie wird auf dem Gitter in der Region von kurzen bis mittleren Abstaenden (0.05 fm < r < 0.8fm) nichtperturbativ ausgewertet. Renormalisierte dimensionslose Observablen werden zum Kontinuumslimes extrapoliert und bestaetigen damit die theoretische Erwartung, dass die fuehrenden Gitterartifakte quadratisch im Gitterabstand sind. Bei hohen Energien werden die Resultate mit der parameterfreien Vorhersage der Stoerungtheorie verglichen; diese wird erreicht, indem man die Renormierungsgruppengleichung in zwei- und drei-Loop-Ordnung loest. Die Wahl des Renormierungschemas fuer die Definition der laufenden Kopplung ist wichtig fuer die Genauigkeit der perturbativen Vorhersage. Wenn man die laufende Kopplung durch die Kraft definiert, ist Stoerungstheorie bis zu alpha ~ 0.3 anwendbar, waehrend mit dem statischen Potential nur bis zu alpha ~ 0.15. In der Region, in der Stoerungstheorie zuverlaessig sein sollte, wird kein grosser unerwarteter nichtperturbativer Term beobachtet: im Gegenteil, man findet eine gute uebereinstimmung zwischen Stoerungtheorie und unseren nicht-perturbativen Daten. Fuer grosse Quark-Antiquark Abstaende werden unsere Ergebnisse mit den Vorhersagen einer effektiven bosonischen Stringtheorie verglichen, und man findet bereits eine ueberraschend gute Uebereinstimmung fuer Abstaende > 0.5 fm. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit sind Universalitaet und Skalierungsverhalten von unterschiedlichen Formulierungen der Yang-Mills Theorie auf dem Gitter diskutiert. Insbesondere werden Iwasaki- und DBW2- Wirkungen untersucht, die durch Renormierungsgruppe (RG) Argumente formuliert wurden. Die Laengenskala r_0 ~ 0.5 fm wird bei einigen Gitterabstaenden ausgewertet und die Skalierung der kritischen Deconfinement Temperatur T_c * r_0 wird mit den Resultaten analysiert und konfrontiert, die mit der ueblichen Wilson Plaquette Wirkung erreicht werden. Da sie im Kontinuumslimes uebereinstimmen, wird die Universalitaet bestaetigt. Die Groesse die man benutzt, um die Skala einzustellen, muss mit Vorsicht gewaehlt werden, um grosse systematische Ungenauigkeiten zu vermeiden. Fuer diesen Zweck zeigt sich r_0 als angebracht. Fuer die kritische Temperatur zeigen die Daten, die mit RG Wirkungen erhalten werden, verringerte Gitterartifakte, vor allem mit der Iwasaki Wirkung. Schliesslich wird die Masse der 0^{++}- und 2^{++}-Glueballs ausgewertet, indem man die Observablen m_0^{++} *r_0 und m_2^{++}*r_0 betrachtet. Jedoch kann keine genaue Schlussfolgerung ueber das Scalingverhalten fuer diese Observablen gezogen werden. Eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit ist der Verletzung der physikalischen Positivitaet, die in diesen Wirkungen auftritt und den Konsequenzen in der Extraktion der physikalischen Groessen aus euklidischen Korrelationsfunktionen gewidmet. / The potential between a static quark and antiquark in pure SU(3) Yang-Mills theory is evaluated non-perturbatively through computations on the lattice in the region from short to intermediate distances (0.05 fm < r 0.5 fm. In the second part of this work, universality and scaling behavior of different formulations of Yang-Mills theory on the lattice are discussed. In particular, the Iwasaki and DBW2 action are investigated, which were obtained by following renormalization group (RG) arguments. The length scale r_0 ~ 0.5 fm is evaluated at several lattice spacings and the scaling of the critical deconfinement temperature T_c*r_0 is analyzed and confronted with the results obtained with the usual Wilson plaquette action. Since they agree in the continuum limit, the universality is confirmed. We remark that the quantity to use to set the scale has to be chosen with care in order to avoid large systematic uncertainties and $\rnod$ turns out to be appropriate. For the critical temperature the data obtained with RG actions show reduced lattice artifacts, above all with the Iwasaki action. Finally the mass of the glueballs 0^{++} and 2^{++} is evaluated by considering the quantities m_0^{++}*r_0 and m_2^{++}*r_0; however for those observables no clear conclusion about the scaling behavior can be drawn. Particular attention is dedicated to the violation of physical positivity which occur in these actions and the consequences in the extraction of physical quantities from Euclidean correlation functions.

Cette thèse présente une étude détaillée de la structure de théories appelées GFT ("Group Field Theory" en anglais),à travers le prisme de la renormalisation. Ce sont des théories des champs issues de divers travaux en gravité quantique, parmi lesquels la gravité quantique à boucles et les modèles de matrices ou de tenseurs. Elles sont interprétées comme desmodèles d'espaces-temps quantiques, dans le sens où elles génèrent des amplitudes de Feynman indexées par des triangulations,qui interpolent les états spatiaux de la gravité quantique à boucles. Afin d'établir ces modèles comme des théories deschamps rigoureusement définies, puis de comprendre leurs conséquences dans l'infrarouge, il est primordial de comprendre leur renormalisation. C'est à cette tâche que cette thèse s'attèle, grâce à des méthodes tensorielles développées récemment,et dans deux directions complémentaires. Premièrement, de nouveaux résultats sur l'expansion asymptotique (en le cut-off) des modèles colorés de Boulatov-Ooguri sont démontrés, donnant accès à un régime non-perturbatif dans lequel une infinité de degrés de liberté contribue. Secondement, un formalisme général pour la renormalisation des GFTs dites tensorielles (TGFTs) et avec invariance de jauge est mis au point. Parmi ces théories, une TGFT en trois dimensions et basée sur le groupe de jauge SU(2) se révèle être juste renormalisable, ce qui ouvre la voie à l'application de ce formalisme à la gravité quantique. / In this thesis, we study the structure of Group Field Theories (GFTs) from the point of view of renormalization theory.Such quantum field theories are found in approaches to quantum gravity related to Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) on the one hand,and to matrix models and tensor models on the other hand. They model quantum space-time, in the sense that their Feynman amplitudes label triangulations, which can be understood as transition amplitudes between LQG spin network states. The question of renormalizability is crucial if one wants to establish interesting GFTs as well-defined (perturbative) quantum field theories, and in a second step connect them to known infrared gravitational physics. Relying on recently developed tensorial tools, this thesis explores the GFT formalism in two complementary directions. First, new results on the large cut-off expansion of the colored Boulatov-Ooguri models allow to explore further a non-perturbative regime in which infinitely many degrees of freedom contribute. The second set of results provide a new rigorous framework for the renormalization of so-called Tensorial GFTs (TGFTs) with gauge invariance condition. In particular, a non-trivial 3d TGFT with gauge group SU(2) is proven just-renormalizable at the perturbative level, hence opening the way to applications of the formalism to (3d Euclidean) quantum gravity.

Usando uma transformação de dualidade generalizada, considerações de simetria e supondo que as superfície críticas sejam contínuas, obtivemos o dia grama de fase para sistemas de spins Z (N) bidimensionais e sistemas com invariança de calibre Z (N) a quatro dimensões. Caracterizamos as diversas fases dos sistemas de spins pelo valor esperado das potências dos operadores de ordem e desordem. No sistema com invariança de calibre, por outro lado, estas fases caracterizadas pelo comportamento do valor esperado das potências das alças de Wilson e de \'t Hooft. Obtivemos para ambos os sistemas fases moles em que no caso de spins 2D (calibre 4D) todas as potências dos parâmetros de ordem e desordem ( todas as potências das alças de Wilson e \'t Hooft) são nulas (exibem decaimento com o perímetro da alça). Enquanto no sistema com invariança de calibre todas as combinações de decaimento (área ou perímetro) das alças de Wilson e \'t Hooft são permitidas, as relações de comutação no sistema de spins proíbe a existência de fases em que tanto o parâmetro de ordem como o de desordem são não nulos (exceto quando estes operadores comutam). Apresentamos por completeza as relações de dualidade para sistemas de calibre Z (N) com campos de Higgs a três dimensões. / Using a generalized duality transformation, symetry considerations and assuming that criticality is continuous in the system?s parameters, we obtain the phase diagram for two-dimensional Z (N) spins system?s and four-dimensional gauge Z (N) system\'s. For spins system we characterize the various phases by the expectation value of powers of the order and disorder operators. For gauge systems, on the other hand, the characterization is via decay law of powers of Wilson and \'t Hooft loops. We obtain soft phases for both systems, with the folowing, behaviour: for spins system all powers of order and disorder parameters vanish, whereas for gauge systems all powers of Wilson and \'t Hooft loops decay like the perimeter. Whereas all combinations of area and perimeter decay are allowed for Wilson\'s and \'t Hooft\'s loops, the Z (N) commutation relations for spin systems forbid the simultaneous non-vanishing of order and disorder parameters (except when these operators commute). For completeness we include the duality relations for three-dimensional gauge plus Higgs Z(N) systems.

Usando uma transformação de dualidade generalizada, considerações de simetria e supondo que as superfície críticas sejam contínuas, obtivemos o dia grama de fase para sistemas de spins Z (N) bidimensionais e sistemas com invariança de calibre Z (N) a quatro dimensões. Caracterizamos as diversas fases dos sistemas de spins pelo valor esperado das potências dos operadores de ordem e desordem. No sistema com invariança de calibre, por outro lado, estas fases caracterizadas pelo comportamento do valor esperado das potências das alças de Wilson e de \'t Hooft. Obtivemos para ambos os sistemas fases moles em que no caso de spins 2D (calibre 4D) todas as potências dos parâmetros de ordem e desordem ( todas as potências das alças de Wilson e \'t Hooft) são nulas (exibem decaimento com o perímetro da alça). Enquanto no sistema com invariança de calibre todas as combinações de decaimento (área ou perímetro) das alças de Wilson e \'t Hooft são permitidas, as relações de comutação no sistema de spins proíbe a existência de fases em que tanto o parâmetro de ordem como o de desordem são não nulos (exceto quando estes operadores comutam). Apresentamos por completeza as relações de dualidade para sistemas de calibre Z (N) com campos de Higgs a três dimensões. / Using a generalized duality transformation, symetry considerations and assuming that criticality is continuous in the system?s parameters, we obtain the phase diagram for two-dimensional Z (N) spins system?s and four-dimensional gauge Z (N) system\'s. For spins system we characterize the various phases by the expectation value of powers of the order and disorder operators. For gauge systems, on the other hand, the characterization is via decay law of powers of Wilson and \'t Hooft loops. We obtain soft phases for both systems, with the folowing, behaviour: for spins system all powers of order and disorder parameters vanish, whereas for gauge systems all powers of Wilson and \'t Hooft loops decay like the perimeter. Whereas all combinations of area and perimeter decay are allowed for Wilson\'s and \'t Hooft\'s loops, the Z (N) commutation relations for spin systems forbid the simultaneous non-vanishing of order and disorder parameters (except when these operators commute). For completeness we include the duality relations for three-dimensional gauge plus Higgs Z(N) systems.

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Konstruktion verbesserter interpolierender Mesonenfelder in der Gitter-QCD. Sie hat das primäre Ziel, Korrelationsfunktionen mit einem deutlich reduzierten Beitrag des ersten angeregten Mesonenzustandes zu erhalten, um eine sicherere Bestimmung von Massen und Zerfallskonstanten der Mesonen zu ermöglichen. Eine Basis solcher interpolierender Mesonen-Randfelder wird im Schrödinger Funktional in der gequenchten Approximation benutzt. Verbesserte interpolierende Felder zur Bestimmung spektraler Eigenschaften leichter pseudoskalarer Mesonen sowie des B--Mesonensystems (letzteres wird in führender Ordnung der HQET behandelt) werden auf mehreren Wegen gewonnen. Ein Hilfsmittel, verbesserte Felder zu konstruieren, ist das Variationsprinzip. Es wird auf Matrizen von Rand-Rand-Korrelationsfunktionen angewandt. Darüber hinaus werden alternative Analysemethoden vorgestellt. Sie erlauben sowohl die Abschätzung der Grundzustandsenergie als auch der Energielücke zum ersten radial angeregten Zustand. Die Untersuchung des B-Mesonensystems ist in vielfacher Hinsicht interessant. Zum einen werden sie in sogenannten B-Fabriken, wie z. B. im BaBar- und Belle-Experiment, in grosser Zahl erzeugt, um ihre charakteristischen Eigenschaften (Masse, Zerfallsbreiten, CP-Symmetrie verletzende Zerfälle usw.) genau zu messen. Zum anderen müssen die von der Theorie vorhergesagten auftretenden Phänomene, wie z. B. die CP-Verletzung, auch verstanden werden. Die Methoden der Gittereichtheorie können unter anderem dabei helfen, bestehende Unsicherheiten in CKM-Matrixelementen durch nicht-perturbative Bestimmungen hadronischer Massen, Zerfallskonstanten usw. zu reduzieren. / The general aim of this thesis is to probe several methods to extract low-energy quantities (masses, decay constants, ...) more reliably in lattice gauge theory. We will investigate how to suppress contributions to correlation functions from the first excited meson state. We will show how to construct so-called improved meson interpolating fields, as they have only small contributions from the first excited meson state, from a basis of interpolating fields at the Schrödinger functional boundaries. The variational principle is applied to correlation matrices that are built up from boundary-to-boundary correlation functions. It will deliver information about the lowest-lying meson states in the considered channel. We also investigate the possibility to cancel the first excited state contribution by means of an alternative method. Moreover, an alternative way to extract the mass gap between the ground and the first excited state will be presented. Monte-Carlo simulations at several lattice spacings are performed in the ''quenched approximation''. Spectral properties of light-light and static-light pseudoscalar mesons are investigated. The first type is realised by two mass-degenerate quarks at about the strange quark mass, the second type by a light quark with the mass of the strange quark and an infinitely heavy b-quark. The light-light channel describes unphysically heavy pions and the static-light one is an approximation for the Bs-meson. The investigation of the latter case is particularly interesting since so-called B--factories, such as BaBar and Belle, are gathering physical information about masses, decay modes and CP--violating effects in the B--meson system.