Purpose. Despite work-related stress is one of the most studied topic in organizational psychology, many aspects as for example the use of different measures (e.g. subjective and objective, qualitative and quantitative) are still under debate. According to this, in order to enhance knowledge concerning which factors and processes contribute to create healthy workplaces, this thesis is composed by four different studies aiming to understand: a) the role of relevant antecedents (e.g. leadership, job demands, work-family conflict, social support etc.) and outcomes (e.g. workplace phobia, absenteeism etc.) of work-related stress; and b) how to manage psychosocial risk factors in the workplace. The studies. The first study focused on how disagreement between supervisors and their employees on leadership style (transformational and transactional) could affect workers well-being and work team variables. The second and third study used both subjective and objective data in order to increase the quality of the reliability of the results gained. Particularly, the second study focused on job demand and its relationship with objective sickness leave. Findings showed that despite there is no direct relationship between these two variables, job demand affects work-family conflict, which in turn affect exhaustion, which leads to absenteeism. The third study analysed the role of a new concept never studied before in organizational settings (workplace phobia), as a health outcome in the JD-R model, demonstrating also its relationship with absenteeism. The last study highlighted the added value of using the mixed methods research approach in order to detect and analyse context-specific job demands which could affects workers’ health. Conclusion. The findings of this thesis answered both to open questions in the scientific literature and to the social request of managing psychosocial risk factors in the workplace in order to enhance workers well-being.

In uno scenario caratterizzato da globalizzazione e forti scompensi nei sistemi dei mercato del lavoro, a svantaggio soprattutto dei giovani, la ricerca ha inteso approfondire il tema delle relazioni che intercorrono tra la condizione giovanile e le politiche del lavoro, tematizzando la questione dell’imprenditorialità giovanile. Questo fenomeno è stato osservato lungo alcuni vettori specifici relativi all’attitudine imprenditoriale, espressa in termini di opportunità percepite, capacità imprenditoriali, paura di fallire e intenzionalità a intraprendere, e della valenza dei legami sociali nelle dinamiche di avvio di lavoro autonomo. Al fine di sondare le opinioni di giovani imprenditori potenziali in merito al tema dell’imprenditorialità la survey è stata rivolta a un campione di giovani aspiranti imprenditori europei, coinvolti in percorsi di politica attiva del lavoro, ovvero iniziative educative, di orientamento e di sostegno all’imprenditorialità. Considerando le variabili del capitale umano, del capitale sociale e dello status famigliare e la loro influenza nei diversi percorsi di imprenditorialità giovanile, la ricerca ha voluto verificare alcuni possibili orientamenti sociali. La ricerca ha messo in evidenza che i giovani provenienti da contesti familiari con alti livelli di capitale umano e sociale tendono a esprimere un approccio imprenditoriale caratterizzato da fiducia in se stessi, apertura in termini di innovazione, utilizzando quindi il pieno potenziale dei legami deboli. Al contrario un basso status di famiglia appare come correlato ad una bassa autostima, mancanza di innovazione, limitate reti sociali, e meno prospettive in termini di successo imprenditoriale. / Strong inequalities in the labour market characterize the current European scenario. In particular, many scholars maintain that young people are the losers of the globalization process. In this context, the research aims at deepening the relationship between young people and labour market policies addressed to youth entrepreneurship. This phenomenon has been observed along some specific vectors related to the entrepreneurial attitude expressed in terms of perceived opportunities, business skills, fear of failure and intent to undertake, and the relevance of social ties in the dynamics of self-employment and business creation. In order to collect the relevant information the research has addressed a survey to a sample of young aspiring European entrepreneurs, involved in active labour policies, i.e. education and training courses, vocational guidance, coaching measures and services supporting entrepreneurship. Considering variables regarding human capital, social capital and family status, and their influence in the different entrepreneurial paths of youth entrepreneurship, the research tried to design some possible social trends. The research has highlighted that young people coming from family contexts with high levels of human and social capital, tend to express an entrepreneurial approach characterized by self-confidence, openness in terms of innovation, thus using the full potential of weak ties. By contrast a low family status appears as correlated to a low self-confidence, lack of innovation, limited social networks, and less prospects in terms of entrepreneurial success.

At the time of writing, all three elements that are evoked in the title – emancipation and social inclusion of sexual minorities, labour and labour activism, and the idea and substance of “Europe” – are being invested by deep, long-term, and – to varied degrees – radical processes of social transformation. The meaning of words like “equality”, “rights”, “inclusion”, and even “democracy” is as precarious and uncertain as are the lives of those European citizens who are marginalised by intersecting conditions of gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and class – in a constellation of precarities that is both unifying and fragmented (fragmenting). Conflicts are played, in hidden or explicit ways, over material processes of redistribution as well as discursive practices that revolve around these words. Against this backdrop, and roughly ten years after the European Union provided an input for institutional commitment to the protection of LGBT* workers' rights with the Council Directive 2000/78/EC, the dissertation contrasts discourses on workplace equality for LGBT* persons produced by a plurality of actors, seeking to identify values, semantics, and agendas framing and informing organisations’ views and showing how each actor has incorporated LGBT* rights into its own discourse, each time in a way that is functional to the construction and/or confirmation of its organisational identity: transnational union networks, by presenting LGBT* rights as a natural, neutral commitment within the framework of universal human rights protection; left-wing organisations, by collocating activism for LGBT* rights within a wider project of social emancipation that is for all the marginalised, yet is not neutral, but attached to specific values and opposed to specific political adversaries (the right-wing, the nationalists); business networks, by acknowledging diversity as a path to better performance and profits, thus encouraging inclusion and non-discrimination of “deserving” LGBT* workers.

Il lavoro di tesi dottorale riguarda l’analisi dei rapporti che si sono venuti a instaurare tra vulnerabilità sociale legata all’emergere delle nuove povertà, lo sgretolamento del legame sociale, i processi di individualizzazione del rischio e il fenomeno del gioco d’azzardo “legale” in Italia, con particolare riferimento al contesto territoriale dell’Emilia-Romagna. Più in particolare, nella tesi si indaga la propensione, legata ad uno stato di vulnerabilità sociale dei soggetti con disagio socio-economico, alla frequentazione delle sale da gioco e alla spesa in gioco d’azzardo “legale” (escludendo tutto il campo del gioco d’azzardo clandestino e delle sub-culture criminali) nel contesto territoriale dell’Emilia Romagna.Esistono,infatti, fattori crescenti di “spinta” al gambling legati alle condizioni di disagio (economico e socio-relazionale) dei soggetti più esposti agli effetti della crisi economica. I presupposti di fatto da cui parte questa ricerca riguardano la constatazione di un’alta e crescente incidenza fra la popolazione italiana del gioco d’azzardo “legale” (alcuni osservatori hanno addirittura ipotizzato l’esistenza di una correlazione diretta fra contrazione dei redditi e dei consumi e la crescita esponenziale del gioco d’azzardo “legale” in Italia), nonostante e strettamente connessa ai processi di impoverimento sociale degli ultimi anni. Sul piano della ricerca i principali obiettivi del progetto sono i seguenti: - conoscenza della “definizione della situazione” dei soggetti rispetto alle proprie biografie, al proprio futuro ed al loro rapporto con il gioco d’azzardo legale; - conoscenza e comprensione dell’interdipendenza fra la cultura del “rischio”, la vulnerabilità sociale, l’indebitamento e il consumo di gioco d’azzardo legale; - spunti interpretativi che possano risultare utili ai policy makers e agli operatori del Welfare mix nelle azioni di prevenzione, assistenza ed aiuto ai giocatori d’azzardo patologici. / The doctoral thesis deals with the analysis of the reports that have come to be established between social vulnerability linked to the emergence of new forms of poverty, the disintegration of the social bond, the processes of risk individualization and the phenomenon of the game of "legal" gambling in Italy, with particular reference to the territorial context of Emilia-Romagna. More particularly the thesis investigates the propensity, linked to a state of social vulnerability of the subjects with socio-economic hardship, the attendance of the gambling halls and spending in the "legal gambling" (excluding the entire field of game of illegal gambling and the criminal sub-cultures) in the territorial context of Emilia Romagna. There are, in fact, increasing factors "pushed" to gambling related to conditions of discomfort (economic and socio-relational) of the most exposed to the effects of economic crisis. The conditions from which this research concerning the finding of a high and growing incidence among the Italian population of the "legal gambling" (some observers have even suggested the existence of a direct correlation between contraction in incomes and consumption and the exponential growth of the "legal gambling" in Italian), and although closely related to the social impoverishment processes of recent years.In terms of research the main objectives of the project are as follows: - Knowledge of the "definition of the situation" of the parties with respect to their biographies, their future and their relationship with the legal gambling; - Knowledge and understanding of the interdependence between the culture of "risk", social vulnerability, the debt and the legal gambling consumption; - Interpretative insights that could be useful to policy makers and practitioners Welfare mix in prevention, assistance and help to pathological gamblers.

L’analisi proposta insiste sulle dinamiche di soggettivazione e impoverimento del lavoro a partire dalla torsione reticolare del capitalismo e dei suoi principi organizzativi. In mancanza di una consolidata tradizione analitica specifica sul lavoro gratuito, il ragionamento muove dalla relazione tra l’economia formale e informale. Tale prospettiva di analisi permette di individuare nell’estensione del terreno di cattura del capitalismo l’elemento chiave della svalutazione del lavoro e del suo mancato riconoscimento. Con il passaggio al nuovo paradigma del capitalismo, infatti, il processo di accumulazione del capitale si estende ad ambiti diversi da quelli tradizionalmente produttivi, sfumando i confini tra interesse e disinteresse, produttivo e improduttivo, ampliando le aree di compenetrazione tra economia formale e informale ed estendendo la produzione di valore anche oltre i confini del riconoscimento economico. Traducendo nel desiderio di realizzazione del sé del soggetto quello di riproduzione del capitale, infatti, il dispositivo soggettivante permette di enfatizzare gli aspetti passionali della produzione di valore. Alla maggiore opportunità di realizzazione del sé attraverso il lavoro, però, corrisponde anche una forte individualizzazione dei rischi. Mentre, quindi, da un lato il capitale accresce le proprie capacità di accumulazione penetrando sempre più nella soggettività, dall’altro aumentano, per quanti coinvolti, i rischi di impoverimento e di isolamento. Per indagare la relazione tra lavoro gratuito e remunerato, i regimi di giustificazione che la qualificano e i rischi individuali e organizzativi che ne derivano, sono stati sviluppati tre studi di caso: il primo in un laboratorio di ricerca pubblico, il secondo in una cooperativa sociale e il terzo sui volontari per Expo 2015. In questa prospettiva, il lavoro gratuito, economicamente non riconosciuto, diventa una condizione condivisa, giustificabile soggettivamente, ricorrendo alle grammatiche dell’autoterapia e della passione, quando il lavoratore guarda al presente, e della promessa e della scommessa, quando è rivolto al futuro. / This work aims to analyse subjectivation processes and impoverishment of work starting from understanding the reticular torsion of capitalism and its organizational principles. Scholars have traditionally not given enough attention to unpaid work, thus my considerations move from formal and informal dinamics of economy. This is because from this point of view, we can see why the expansion of fields of capitalist capture constitute one of the key factors at the origin of work devalutation and its lack of monetary recognition. The accumulation process, in the new capitalist paradigm, seems to concerns with new lands, different from the traditional ones of production. Borders between interest and disinterest, productive and unproductive get blurred, expanding areas of interpenetration between formal and informal economy and the production of value outside of the monetary recognition. In this way, the desire of capital reproduction is translated in the individual desire of self-realization. Effectively, the subjectyfing dispositive emphasizes passional aspects of value production, while growing the indvidualization of risks. Thus, on one hand the capital increase its own accumulation opportunities, through colonizing individual subjectivity, on the other hand, the same process increase impoverishment and isolation risks for those who are involved. In order to investigate the relation between paid and unpaid work with the giustificational regimes that qualify this relation and individual and organizational risks, I have used three case studies: the first one in a research laboratory managed by a governmental organization, the second in a social cooperative and the third on volunteer workers for the Universal Exposition 2015, Milan Expo. From these case studies emerges that unpaid work is a shared condition, but justified only at individual level, borrowing the grammar from self-therapy and affection, when the worker looks towards the present, while promise and bet grammars when the worker looks towards the future. / Ce travail présente les dynamiques de subjectivation et de gratuitisation du travail à partir de la torsion réticulaire du capitalisme et de ses principes organisationnels. Les raisonnements présentés sont puisés de l’évolution de la relation entre les dimensions formelle et informelle de l’économie. Cette perspective d’analyse permet de déterminer dans l’extension progressive du capitalisme un des éléments de la dévaluation du travail. Le processus d’accumulation du capital progresse et se développe sur des territoires différents des milieux traditionnels de production. Dans ce mouvement, les zones de compénétration entre l’économie formelle et informelle grandissent et on assiste à une production de la valeur qui se répand sans reconnaissance économique. Par la traduction du désir de reproduction du capital dans le désir de l’autoréalisation des sujets, le dispositif subjectivant permet d’emphatiser les aspects passionnels de la production. Il s’avère qu’à côté de l’opportunité de réalisation de soi par le travail, il y a surtout une grave individualisation des risques. En effet, pendant que le capital agrandit les opportunités d’accumulation en pénétrant dans la subjectivité, les risques de l’appauvrissement et d’isolation grandissent. Pour étudier la relation entre travail gratuit et rémunéré, les régimes de justification qui la qualifient et les risques individuels et organisationnels qui en dérivent, trois études de cas ont été réalisées : la première dans un laboratoire public de recherche, la deuxième dans une coopérative sociale et la troisième avec les bénévoles de l’Exposition Universelle 2015. Cette thèse montre que le travail gratuit est une condition de classe qu’on justifie subjectivement. Lorsque le regard du travailleur est tourné sur le présent, il fait recours aux grammatiques de l’auto-thérapie et de la passion. A l’inverse, lorsque le regard est tourné vers le futur, ce sont les rhétoriques de la promesse et du pari qui sont mises en avant.

Con il presente lavoro si cerca di ricostruire il percorso storico del diritto del lavoro, dalle sue origini sino ai nostri giorni, prendendo come punto di riferimento il ruolo svolto dall'autonomia privata individuale. si potrà osservare come la volontà delle parti contrattuali incide profondamente sulla nascita, creazione e sviluppo del diritto del lavoro. Il diritto del lavoro postindustriale nasce come conseguenza delle rivoluzioni borghese ed industriale, periodo governato dalla volontà individuale plasmata attraverso il contratto. successivamente, l'autonomia individuale perderà la iniziale supremazia come fonte e sarà relegata all'ultimo gradino delle fonti del diritto del lavoro, dopo la legge e l'autonomia collettiva. Infine, nell'epoca attuale, si assiste ad una sempre più marcata ripresa dell'autonomia individuale che si presenta come uno degli elementi qualificanti delle attuali trasformazioni del diritto del lavoro. / This paper tries to describe the historical path of the labour law, starting from its origin to present days, taking the role played by the private individual autonomy as a point of reference. It will be possible to acknowledge that contractors will deeply affect the origin, creation and development of the labour law. The post industrial labour law is the result of the bourgeois and industrial revolutions, when the individual will was shaped through the contract. Afterwards, the individual autonomy ceases to have its supremacy as source and is put amongst the less important level of the sources of labour law, after acts and collective autonomy. Then, a present, individual autonomy is increasingly affecting the recent transformation of labour law and represent one of the most important elements qualifying the process of change.

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