Downsizing is one of the most common organisational reactions to organisational change. The effects of global competition, mergers, and the privatisation of public sector companies, among others, are forcing organisations in South Africa to resort to workforce reduction. The purpose of the present study was to address the lack of research on the impact of downsizing on survivors. Specifically, the study examined the interactive effects of job insecurity, locus of control and sense of coherence on the organisational commitment of survivors.

With the changes that have taken place in the world during the spring of 2020 in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic has affected and had consequences in the Swedish labour market. As a result, the global crisis has brought the needs of the layoff institution to the fore again. A workplace can due to for various reasons, experience a temporary decline in the need for labour. One way to address this has traditionally been resorting to layoffs. The term of layoff means that an employer has the opportunity to temporary layoff employees. The purpose of this study was to contribute with a deeper understanding of the regulation of layoff in Sweden and to achieve this a comparative study was made through Norway’s legal rules on layoff, in the hope of contributing new knowledge in the subject for Swedish regulation. The results of this study are that there are many similarities in the employment law regulations regarding layoff in Sweden and Norway, but also some differences such as the form of legal regulations, the importance of the layoff-institute, cost distribution, collective agreements and the role of the managerial prerogative. The Swedish legal system is more intrusive in managerial prerogative than the Norwegian layoff-institute can be stated to be. The Swedish regulation places higher demands on employers, in comparison with the Norwegian regulation which focuses more on employers' right to decide whether layoffs should take place.

Text in Afrikaans / Hoë werkloosheid het 'n permanente kenmerk van die moderne samelweing geword en daarom word daar huidiglik baie aandag geskenk aan die psigologiese impak van werkloosheid op die werklose persoon en sy gesin. Die teoretiese benadering van hierdie studie is dat werksverlies 'n stresvolle lewensgebeurtenis is waarvan die impak binne 'n sistemiese benadering bestudeer is. Die kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetode is gevolg. Die navorsingsresultate is verkry deur in-diepte onderhoude te voer met agt blanke getroude pare. Die resultate van die onderhoude is vergelyk met bestaande navorsing oor die impak van onwillekeurige werksverlies op die individu en sy gesin. Resultate dui daarop dat werksverlies 'n verpletterende ervaring is vir sommige pare terwyl dit in ander huwelikke lei tot groter intimiteit en persoonlike groei. Veranderlikes wat vir hierdie verskille verantwoordelik is, word geidentifiseer. Implikasies vir toekomstige navorsing word bespreek. / High unemployment has become a permanent feature of modern-day society. As a result there has been an increased interest in the psychological impact of involuntary job loss on the individual and his family. The theoretical appraoch of this study is that job loss is a stressful life event which is studies within the subsystem of the family. The research design is the qualitative method that was executed by conducting depth interviews with eight white couples. The results of the interviews were compared with those of previous research relating to the impact of involuntary job loss on the individual and his family. Results show that job loss is a devastating experience for some couples while other couples experience it as a opportunity for personal growth and increased intimacy in the relationship. Factors that account for these differences are identified. Implications for future research are discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Sielkundige Navorsing)

Cette thèse porte sur l’exploration des facteurs d’influence et des déterminants qui peuvent décrire et expliquer le comportement d’une entreprise multinationale lors d’un licenciement collectif pour fermeture d’usine mesuré à l’aune de l’idée de responsabilité sociale. Nous prenons pour base les conséquences sociales et économiques néfastes des licenciements collectifs sur les employés et les communautés ainsi que la faiblesse à cet égard du droit du travail québécois. De plus, nous établissons le lien entre la nature de la responsabilité sociale d’un point de vue théorique et la perspective empirique dans le cadre d’un processus de licenciement collectif. Pour arriver à cette fin, au niveau théorique, c’est à travers les critères éthiques de Garrett et Klonoski (1986) soit la juste cause, la minimisation des effets dommageables et la justice procédurale, que notre recherche a démontré qu’il était possible de déterminer de la responsabilité sociale d’une entreprise d’un point de vue empirique dans un contexte de licenciement collectif. Nous avons aussi regardé de près les différentes théories de la responsabilité sociale de l’entreprise pour finalement retenir une théorie instrumentale des parties-prenantes. Au plan méthodologique, nous avons utilisé une étude de cas unique soit celle de la fermeture partielle de l’usine de Rio Tinto Alcan située à Beauharnois au Québec. De plus, il a été possible de catégoriser l’approche adoptée par cette entreprise sous une taxonomie théorique de la responsabilité sociale, c’est donc une approche intégrative à deux niveaux : local et corporatif qui ressort de notre analyse. Au niveau local, nous avons identifié une perspective éthique reliée aux valeurs personnelles des individus devant mettre en place les mécanismes. Au niveau corporatif, c’est davantage une perspective instrumentale qui ressort. En ce sens, la multinationale estime devoir rendre des comptes à la fois à ses actionnaires et aux financiers afin d’établir une légitimité nécessaire ainsi qu’au politique (entre autre municipal et provincial) afin d’avoir accès aux ressources convoitées et nécessaires à son exploitation, de là l’importance de son image corporative. Le type d’entreprise doit être pris en considération, dans le secteur des ressources naturelles, le rôle et l’implication du politique s’avère central car il permet un accès aux ressources, essentiels à la survie de l’entreprise. L’apport de cette recherche se retrouve principalement dans l’étude du concept de responsabilité sociale à travers un phénomène important pour les relations industrielles soit celui des licenciements collectifs. Elle élargie aussi le champ théorique habituelle des relations industrielles en prenant en compte un cadre de la responsabilité sociale qui permet d’étudier des phénomènes sous un nouvel angle qui tient compte des priorités actuelles des multinationales dans un contexte d’ouverture des marchés et de recherche de légitimité. / This thesis deals with the examination of the elements of influence and decision-making that can describe and explain the behaviour of a multinational firm, during a mass layoff brought about by a plant closure, as measured using the concept of social responsibility. We take as a starting point the nefarious social and economic consequences of mass layoffs on employees and communities as well as the shortcomings of Quebec labour legislation in this regard. Moreover, we establish the link between the nature of social responsibility from a theoretical point of view and the empirical perspective within the framework of a mass layoff process. To arrive at this conclusion, at a theoretical level, through the ethical criteria defined by Garrett and Klonoski (1986), that is, just cause, mitigation of damages and procedural justice, our research has demonstrated that it is possible to determine the social responsibility of a firm from an empirical point of view within the context of a mass layoff. We have also closely examined various theories describing a firm’s social responsibility before finally adopting an instrumental theory of stakeholders. At the methodological level, we relied upon a single case study, that of the partial closure of the Rio Tinto Alcan plant located in Beauharnois, Quebec. Moreover, it was possible to categorize the approach adopted by this firm under a theoretical taxonomy of social responsibility, thus producing an integrative approach on two levels, local and corporate, derived from our analysis. At the local level, we identified an ethical perspective related to the personal values of the individuals charged with implementing the necessary mechanisms. At the corporate level, an instrumentalist perspective takes precedence. In this sense, to establish the necessary legitimacy, the multinational firm considers itself accountable to both its shareholders and its financiers as well as to the political level (among them municipal and provincial) in order to have access to the resources it both desires and requires for its operations, from which flows the importance of its corporate image. In the natural resources sector, the type of firm must be taken into account, the role and involvement of the political level being of central importance, given that it allows access to the resources that are essential to the survival of the firm. The contribution of this research lies mainly in the study of the concept of social responsibility through a significant phenomenon in labour relations, that of mass layoffs. This study also expands the usual theoretical domain of labour relations by taking into account a social responsibility framework that allows for the examination of phenomena through a new angle that reflects the current priorities of multinationals within a context of market openness and the search for legitimacy.

Cette thèse porte sur l’exploration des facteurs d’influence et des déterminants qui peuvent décrire et expliquer le comportement d’une entreprise multinationale lors d’un licenciement collectif pour fermeture d’usine mesuré à l’aune de l’idée de responsabilité sociale. Nous prenons pour base les conséquences sociales et économiques néfastes des licenciements collectifs sur les employés et les communautés ainsi que la faiblesse à cet égard du droit du travail québécois. De plus, nous établissons le lien entre la nature de la responsabilité sociale d’un point de vue théorique et la perspective empirique dans le cadre d’un processus de licenciement collectif. Pour arriver à cette fin, au niveau théorique, c’est à travers les critères éthiques de Garrett et Klonoski (1986) soit la juste cause, la minimisation des effets dommageables et la justice procédurale, que notre recherche a démontré qu’il était possible de déterminer de la responsabilité sociale d’une entreprise d’un point de vue empirique dans un contexte de licenciement collectif. Nous avons aussi regardé de près les différentes théories de la responsabilité sociale de l’entreprise pour finalement retenir une théorie instrumentale des parties-prenantes. Au plan méthodologique, nous avons utilisé une étude de cas unique soit celle de la fermeture partielle de l’usine de Rio Tinto Alcan située à Beauharnois au Québec. De plus, il a été possible de catégoriser l’approche adoptée par cette entreprise sous une taxonomie théorique de la responsabilité sociale, c’est donc une approche intégrative à deux niveaux : local et corporatif qui ressort de notre analyse. Au niveau local, nous avons identifié une perspective éthique reliée aux valeurs personnelles des individus devant mettre en place les mécanismes. Au niveau corporatif, c’est davantage une perspective instrumentale qui ressort. En ce sens, la multinationale estime devoir rendre des comptes à la fois à ses actionnaires et aux financiers afin d’établir une légitimité nécessaire ainsi qu’au politique (entre autre municipal et provincial) afin d’avoir accès aux ressources convoitées et nécessaires à son exploitation, de là l’importance de son image corporative. Le type d’entreprise doit être pris en considération, dans le secteur des ressources naturelles, le rôle et l’implication du politique s’avère central car il permet un accès aux ressources, essentiels à la survie de l’entreprise. L’apport de cette recherche se retrouve principalement dans l’étude du concept de responsabilité sociale à travers un phénomène important pour les relations industrielles soit celui des licenciements collectifs. Elle élargie aussi le champ théorique habituelle des relations industrielles en prenant en compte un cadre de la responsabilité sociale qui permet d’étudier des phénomènes sous un nouvel angle qui tient compte des priorités actuelles des multinationales dans un contexte d’ouverture des marchés et de recherche de légitimité. / This thesis deals with the examination of the elements of influence and decision-making that can describe and explain the behaviour of a multinational firm, during a mass layoff brought about by a plant closure, as measured using the concept of social responsibility. We take as a starting point the nefarious social and economic consequences of mass layoffs on employees and communities as well as the shortcomings of Quebec labour legislation in this regard. Moreover, we establish the link between the nature of social responsibility from a theoretical point of view and the empirical perspective within the framework of a mass layoff process. To arrive at this conclusion, at a theoretical level, through the ethical criteria defined by Garrett and Klonoski (1986), that is, just cause, mitigation of damages and procedural justice, our research has demonstrated that it is possible to determine the social responsibility of a firm from an empirical point of view within the context of a mass layoff. We have also closely examined various theories describing a firm’s social responsibility before finally adopting an instrumental theory of stakeholders. At the methodological level, we relied upon a single case study, that of the partial closure of the Rio Tinto Alcan plant located in Beauharnois, Quebec. Moreover, it was possible to categorize the approach adopted by this firm under a theoretical taxonomy of social responsibility, thus producing an integrative approach on two levels, local and corporate, derived from our analysis. At the local level, we identified an ethical perspective related to the personal values of the individuals charged with implementing the necessary mechanisms. At the corporate level, an instrumentalist perspective takes precedence. In this sense, to establish the necessary legitimacy, the multinational firm considers itself accountable to both its shareholders and its financiers as well as to the political level (among them municipal and provincial) in order to have access to the resources it both desires and requires for its operations, from which flows the importance of its corporate image. In the natural resources sector, the type of firm must be taken into account, the role and involvement of the political level being of central importance, given that it allows access to the resources that are essential to the survival of the firm. The contribution of this research lies mainly in the study of the concept of social responsibility through a significant phenomenon in labour relations, that of mass layoffs. This study also expands the usual theoretical domain of labour relations by taking into account a social responsibility framework that allows for the examination of phenomena through a new angle that reflects the current priorities of multinationals within a context of market openness and the search for legitimacy.

The focus of this study was to investigate the employment difficulties faced by individuals who had been retrenched from the insurance industry during the years 2000 to 2013 in order to develop an understanding of the continuity in the specialist type of work after their retrenchment. The study also aimed to investigate the actual and perceived barriers that need to be addressed in the South African small business environment and the specific soft skills and business skills of small business owners and non-small business owners. The research design of this exploratory study entailed a positivist research philosophy using a deductive research approach. This quantitative research was conducted by means of a survey questionnaire. A questionnaire was designed and used to determine the level of importance and the level of own skills for small business owners and non-small business owners respectively in terms of predetermined soft and business management skills. The answers provided on these questions were then analysed to determine whether there was a gap between the level of importance assigned to these skills and their own skill ratings. This research determined the barriers faced by small businesses in South Africa as well as the level of agreement regarding the predetermined actual and perceived barriers pertaining to the small business environment. Notable findings of this study include that there was a distinct lack of continuity in the specialist type of work by the small business owner respondents in the insurance industry. There was a marked difference between the level of portance and own skill ratings assigned to the predetermined soft skills and business management skills with non-small business owner respondents mostly rating themselves as better skilled than small business owners did. However, the fact that these non-small business owner respondents did not start their own small businesses points towards higher risk aversion. This study also found that small businesses in South Africa are facing pronounced barriers within the small business environment. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Text in Afrikaans / Hoë werkloosheid het 'n permanente kenmerk van die moderne samelweing geword en daarom word daar huidiglik baie aandag geskenk aan die psigologiese impak van werkloosheid op die werklose persoon en sy gesin. Die teoretiese benadering van hierdie studie is dat werksverlies 'n stresvolle lewensgebeurtenis is waarvan die impak binne 'n sistemiese benadering bestudeer is. Die kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetode is gevolg. Die navorsingsresultate is verkry deur in-diepte onderhoude te voer met agt blanke getroude pare. Die resultate van die onderhoude is vergelyk met bestaande navorsing oor die impak van onwillekeurige werksverlies op die individu en sy gesin. Resultate dui daarop dat werksverlies 'n verpletterende ervaring is vir sommige pare terwyl dit in ander huwelikke lei tot groter intimiteit en persoonlike groei. Veranderlikes wat vir hierdie verskille verantwoordelik is, word geidentifiseer. Implikasies vir toekomstige navorsing word bespreek. / High unemployment has become a permanent feature of modern-day society. As a result there has been an increased interest in the psychological impact of involuntary job loss on the individual and his family. The theoretical appraoch of this study is that job loss is a stressful life event which is studies within the subsystem of the family. The research design is the qualitative method that was executed by conducting depth interviews with eight white couples. The results of the interviews were compared with those of previous research relating to the impact of involuntary job loss on the individual and his family. Results show that job loss is a devastating experience for some couples while other couples experience it as a opportunity for personal growth and increased intimacy in the relationship. Factors that account for these differences are identified. Implications for future research are discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Sielkundige Navorsing)

Syftet med studien är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning kvarvarandes upplevelser överensstämmer med Layoff survivor sickness (LSS) samt att få insikt i hur de kvarvarande upplever sin arbetssituation när kollegor blivit permitterade. Undersökningen är en kvalitativ studie med induktiv ansats. Datainsamlingen baseras på intervjuer som i respekt av social distansering på grund av Covid-19 skett digitalt. Resultatet visar att respondenterna uttrycker få negativa känslor kring upplevelsen, trots mycket bekymrande omständigheter. De uppger att deras psykiska hälsa är oförändrad eller har förbättrats samt att de trivs i hur deras arbete förändrats till följd av de åtgärder som tagits på grund av Covid-19. Anledningen till respondenternas till synes positiva upplevelse av permitteringar går med säkerhet inte att bestämma. Studien presenterar två potentiella förklaringar: (1) LSS är applicerbart och respondenternas arbetsgivare har agerat helt i enlighet med vad tidigare forskning anser vara korrekt för att minska obehag hos anställda. (2) LSS är inte applicerbart på situationen. Eftersom det under studiens genomförande är osäkert vilket stadie pandemin befinner sig i bör resultatet ses som en effekt av en relativt kortsiktig permittering då permitteringen endast pågått under ett fåtal veckor.

This diploma thesis discusses the process of employee termination in corporate organizations, with special focus on the socio-psychological aspects of such actions from the point of view of all relevant parties (stakeholders). Firstly, it highlights the positive role of work in the life of a human being, and how its absence negatively demonstrates itself after the loss of employment. Secondly, the thesis evaluates specific methods of employee termination, their implementation, and identifies the role of HR specialists during the termination process with special attention to the ethical aspects. Thirdly, the consequences of layoffs are analyzed on several levels: with regard to the individuals affected by termination process, organizations that are laying off and the government. Subsequently, to identify recommendations, which would mitigate the negative consequences of such actions, the thesis explores potential solutions in the government employment policies and outplacement programs within the corporations. As part of corporate social responsibility it links the problem of termination with the reputation of the organization as a valuable and attractive employer on the market. Lastly, in two case studies, attention is also brought to the perception of the layoff process by concrete laid off...

本研究以2005年勞退新制為例，探討資遣費對資遣率之影響。在勞退新制實施之後，資遣費的給付額度不僅大幅減少，還多了上限，因此，基於資遣費往往被視為雇主所直接面對的資遣成本，資遣率是否會受到勞退新制中資遣費改變的影響，為本研究欲探討分析的議題。本研究資料來源為人力運用擬-追蹤調查資料庫，研究方法使用差異中之差異法(difference in differences)，並依據員工是否適用於勞基法，將樣本劃分為實驗組與對照組進行分析。實證結果顯示，資遣費對於資遣率並無顯著的影響力，因此政府若希望資遣費制度能有預防雇主任意資遣員工的效果，則現行的資遣費制度可能無法達到此目標，而未來是否需要針對資遣費進行修法仍有討論空間。 / This study uses the 2005 Labor Pension Act (LPA) in Taiwan as the quasi-experiment to analyze the impact of severance pay on the layoff rate. After implementation of LPA, severance pay is reduced significantly and constrained by an upper boundary. Since severance pay is often considered as the firing cost, whether the layoff rate is affected by the largely reduced severance pay is what this study expects to analyze. Data used in this study are drawn from the Manpower Utility Quasi – Longitudinal Survey (MUQLS). In order to apply the difference in differences method, the observations are divided into the treatment group and the reference group according to the coverage of the Labor Standards Act (LSA). The empirical results suggest that severance pay has no significant impact on the layoff rate. Therefore, if severance pay is expected to prevent the arbitrary layoff, the current severance pay system might not achieve this goal and some modifications of this system might be necessary.