Hockey is a popular sport, and at its highest levels, it is a complex contact game characterized by physical strength, speed, and skill. The interaction of these characteristics contributes to the inherent risk of injury athletes must face while playing. Among hockey injuries, concussions are one of the most commonly sustained by athletes across all levels of play and age groups. Significant public attention, combined with poorly understood long-term effects, indicates the importance of tangible preventive strategies. The main goal of this thesis was to understand, through video analysis, how playing characteristics and mechanism of injury contribute to concussions in the National Hockey League (NHL). In the first study, the development and validation of an observational recording tool used to code and analyze NHL concussions observed via video analysis was described. The second study attempted to synthesize the description of players’ characteristics, antecedent events, and contextual variables associated with events leading to concussion at the NHL level. Several specific risk factors for concussion in NHL players were identified, including position, body size, specific locations on the ice, and particular situations based on a player's position. The final study systematically analyzed how concussions occur to identify potential pattern(s) of concussions. A common specific injury mechanism characterized by player-to-player contact and resulting in contact to the head by the shoulder, elbow, or gloves, was also identified. When the principal mechanism was refined further, several important characteristics were discernable: (i) contact was often to the lateral aspect of the head; (ii) the player who suffered a concussion was often not in possession of the puck; and (iii) no penalty was called on the play. Collectively, these studies served to address gaps in the literature; the implications for informing prevention and management strategies are also discussed.

Abstract With regard to the Bayer transnational siting in Taichung during the 1990s, at least 20 theses and literatures are documented. However, due to the different research sects, ideologies, prejudices and/or lack of first hand information, these literatures are mostly with bias despite of the criticism or compliment to Bayer. In light of the biases, the writer as the person in charge of the project, would like to apply the ¡¨ learning history¡¨ case study by using the historical documents to review, explore and analyze the topics that impacted to the project, the analytical structure namely ¡§six structures¡¨- politics and lobbying, media ecology and communication, community ecology and communication, academic circle, decision making of MNC siting and crisis management. The purposes of this research are trying to provide a case study that may help Taiwan to shorten the learning curve under the globalization and the competition and corporation across the strait, at the same time to furnish MNC with an in depth siting project research to reduce the learning cost. Hoping that Taiwan could become the springboard for MNC to enter the biggest market in Asia- China. Conclusions: 1. The event started, dilated and ended because of misunderstanding. 2. Political dispute affected MNC siting project severely. 3. ¡§Anti-nuclear is to opposite autocracy¡¨- ¡§Anti-Bayer is to opposite government¡¨. 4. Bayer¡¦s final decision did not refer to the result of crisis management or local faction. 5. High flexibility of siting - MNCs¡¦ siting options are obviously higher then local enterprises. 6. It is not necessary a negative issue to Taiwan while Bayer abandoned its plan. The new ruling party has adjusted its policy to focus on economic issue is a positive impact. 7. The ¡§six structures¡¨ proved its value by helping researcher review; analyze the interactions among the six structures. 8. The project provides ways learning for both MNC and Taiwan.

Thesis (M.A.)--Bowling Green State University, 2009. / Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 102 p. Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose of the report was to make a situation analysis of environmental work among sports clubs and examine how to implement the ISO-standard and Miljömärkt Event at sports events. There was also a hypothesis that was tested which says that Sustainable Event (ISO20121) and Miljömärkt Event are more suitable for bigger sports events and not smaller but more frequent events. Interviews were made and a questionnaire survey was sent to the sports clubs in the Swedish men's basketball league combined with a case study of match events organized by Umeå BSKT. The questionnaire survey showed that there was environmental work among 64 % of the clubs but mainly in a low grade. Time was the primary reason why environmental work wasn’t prioritized among the clubs who lacked environmental work. The majority considered it important with environmental work within the club. The final conclusions were that it exist environmental work among the sports movement and that Miljömärkt Event and ISO 20121 can be implemented even during smaller and more frequent sports events, but the fact that sport clubs rarely own the facility for their events can be a problem if the owner doesn’t care about the environmental issue.

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In this study the guidelines of the League of Nations, UNESCO and the Council of Europe are investigated in relation to Swedish national curricula, teachers’ perceptions of and students’ work in history, from 1927 to 2002. Inspired by John I Goodlad’s notions of curricula and implementation, the formulation of history is studied. The ideological curricula are analyzed via the international guidelines directed to Swedish history teaching. The formal curricula are examined in national guidelines and also how history is formulated in final examinations and inspectors’ reports. The perceived curricula are studied in teachers’ debates and interviews with experienced teachers. The experiential curricula are examined through looking at students’ choices of topics in final exams, 1,680 titles of students’ individual projects in history and an in-depth analysis of 145 individual projects written between 1969 and 2002. The study shows that the means and goals of history education have been formulated in both different and similar ways within and between curricular levels.  On all the curricular levels studied the history subject has become more internationally oriented. After World War II national history landed in the background and the world history, favored by UNESCO, became dominant in Sweden from the 1950s onwards. Despite the fact that the Council of Europe’s Euro-centrism became more prominent in the 1994 syllabus in history, students still preferred world history over European history. International and national guidelines also stressed the value of paying heed to marginalized groups, local cultural heritage and contemporary history.  These orientations were also represented in the teachers’ views of history teaching and in the students’ work in history. The results of the study suggest that the implementation of the international guidelines were more than a top-down process. During the entire period studied, guidelines have been formulated and transacted, but also reinterpreted and in some cases, ignored. Teachers and students seem to have been co-creators in the transformation of history education. History as a subject, according to the study, encompassed an ever expanding geographical area and more and more perspectives. Not least on the student level, the subject was formulated and dealt with in manifold ways, often oriented towards contemporary world history. Students’ history had great similarities with the international notion of history education in the service of mankind. Students expressed a rejection of war, an understanding of minorities and a wish to safeguard the local cultural heritage. Even if there were exceptions, students’ history appears to have been influenced by international understanding during a century filled with conflicts. / History Beyond Borders: The International History Textbook Revision, 1919–2009

Att i förväg försöka förutsäga vilket lag som kommer vinna i en fotbollsmatch har nog de flesta försökt sig på någon gång. Att gissa och att faktiskt försöka att analysera båda lagens förutsättningar är två väldigt olika metoder att komma fram till sitt resultat. I och med att datorkraften de senaste åren kraftigt förbättrats har det också kommit fler och framför allt tyngre matematiska modeller för att skatta utfallet av matcher. I detta examensarbete används Pi-ratingsystemet som går ut på att varje lag får en rating för hur bra man är på hemma- respektive bortaplan. Som en utveckling av den ursprungliga Pi-rating modellen används det i detta arbete tre olika modeller för att prediktera lagens framtida rating. Modellerna som används är enkelt glidande medelvärde, enkel exponentiell utjämning och en ARIMA-modell. En lösning på hur nya lag som inte spelade i ligan föregående år ska behandlas föreslås också. Avslutningsvis diskuteras olika investeringsmetoder som kan användas för att använda resultat från modellerna på marknaden för vadslagning. Resultatet visar att en spelstrategi som utnyttjat Kellys formel ger störst avkastning för kalibreringsdatat. När denna strategi används på matcher utanför kalibreringsåren visar resultatet på en mycket låg vinst och framför allt att vinsten under lång tid är negativ, vilket från en investeringssyn inte är något man önskar. Sammanfattningsvis är denna metod inte i sig själv tillräckligt bra för att ge en säker avkastning men är en bra grund som kan byggas ut för att ta hänsyn till fler faktorer och då ge möjlighet till stabilare och mer långsiktiga vinster. / To predict a soccer game in advance is something that has been done by most people. If the prediction is the result of an advanced mathematical formula or just ha pure guess done on your favorite team is very different. Since the computer power in recent years has greatly improved the number of mathematical approaches has increased and it is especially the computational heavy models that have increased in number. In this thesis the Pi-rating system is used it gives each team a home and away rating that describe how good/bad they are compared to the average competing team. As an extension of the original Pi-rating model, in this thesis time series analysis is used to predict future values of the teams rating, three different methods are tested and they are simple moving average, simple exponential smoothing and an ARIMA-model. A solution to how new teams that did not play in the league last year should be handled is also suggested. Finally a breath discussion and test of different investment methods that can be applied on the final model to be used on the sport betting market. The results show that the greatest returns on the calibration data is achieved when Kelly’s formula is used as an investment method on an ARIMA(0,1,1)-model, but when this strategy is used outside calibration data, the result shows a very low profit and the method  fails to give a stable long term return, which from an investment point of view is not desirable. The conclusion is that this method is not in itself good enough to provide a safe return but is a good foundation that can be expanded to take more factors into account, and then hopefully give bigger and more stable winnings.

Science studies contends that scientific knowledge is produced through social and geographical processes. This dissertation applies this insight to the production of economic knowledge, specifically addressing how the Anti-Corn Law League, an organization that campaigned against the protectionist Corn Laws in Britain in the 1830s and 40s, made economic truth. The argument is organized in five chapters. The Introduction discusses the key theoretical ideas from science studies – controversy, consensus, and credibility – that later chapters use in interpreting the Anti-Corn Law campaign. Chapter II supplies the social and intellectual context of the Anti-Corn Law movement, showing how its origins in Manchester shaped its meaning, and how uncertainty about the benefits of free trade compelled Leaguers to present a persuasive case for it. Chapter III explores how the League’s public meetings were conducted, arguing that economic knowledge was produced through the processes of presenting and authenticating testimony, in which mass assent, expressed through various imaginaries of the nation, functioned as a rhetorical voucher of truth. Chapter IV examines a case in which assent was not attained, and the means through which the League sought to maintain credibility. It is argued that the League depicted itself as trustworthy according to assumptions society shared about what counted as knowledge and honesty, assumptions that constituted what can be called a cultural map of credibility. The Conclusion summarizes the main arguments of the thesis. It explicitly relates the study to the literature on the geographies of science, and elaborates on how geographical imaginations are inscribed in the process of knowledge production.

Darbo objektas: Paramos auditas. Darbo tikslas: Įvertinti paramos auditą Nacionalinėje krepšinio lygoje, rengiant paramos pasiūlymą. Darbo uždaviniai : 1. Atskleisti paramos audito teorinę sampratą, ryšium su paramos paskirtimi ir rėmėjų tikslais; 2. Nustatyti veiklas sporto organizacijoje, įtakojančio paramos audito naudas; 3. Atlikti NKL paramos auditą ir išskirti naudas paramos pasiūlymo rengimui; 4. Ištirti NKL paramos audito sudedamąsias dalis: dalyvius-žaidėjus/žiūrovus bei rėmėjus, kad atrasti naudas paramos pasiūlymui rengti. Sėkminga paramos veikla yra susijusi su rėmėjo tikslų įgyvendinimu, kurių pagrindiniai yra: įvaizdžio keitimas/stiprinimas, žinomumo didinimas. Nuosekli literatūros analizė parodė, kad to galima pasiekti, kuriant paramos pasiūlymus. Pradėti reikia nuo paramos audito, t.y. nuoseklių, loginių tyrimų ir analizės, kurie atliekami sporto organizacijoje ir potencialiam ar esamam rėmėjui, kad atrasti naudas ir sąsajas, kurios galėtų būti panaudotos rengiant paramos pasiūlymą ir atitiktų paramos paskirtį ir rėmėjo tikslus, t.y. vystyti savo prekinį ženklą srityje, kuri siejasi su norimais pasiekti vartotojais pagal jų gyvenimo būdą, su jais bendrauti, kurti asociacijas ir įvaizdį, taip pat naudoti paramą išskirtinumo panaudojimo tikslams. Paramos auditui daro įtakos ir kitos veiklos sporto organizacijoje, kurios įvardinamos kaip: ryšiai su visuomene, formuojantys galimas įvaizdžio transformacijas ir vertybių sinergijos efektą, interneto svetainės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Title of theses: Evaluation of Sponsorship Audit in National Basketball League (NBL) Object of theses: Audit of sponsorship. Goal of theses: To Evaluate Sponsorship‘ Audit in National Basketball League, while Preparing Sponsorship Package. Objectives of the theses : 1. To reveal theoretical conception of sponsorship audit in relation with sponsorship purpose and sponsors‘ objectives; 2. To identify actitivities of sport organization, influencing benefits of sponsorship audit; 3. To conduct sponsorship audit of the NBL and detect benefits for preparation of sponsorship package; 4. To research components of NBL sponsorship audit: participants-players/spectators and sponsors, to find benefits for sponsorship package preparation. Successful sponsorship’ activity is related with accomplishment of objectives of the sponsor, which main are: image change/consolidation, increase of awareness. Consistent analyses of literature indicated, that this can be achieved, creating sponsorship packages. The start must be from sponsorship audit, that is consistent, logic researches and analyses process in sport and present or potential sponsor’ organization, to find benefits and relations, which can be used in sponsorship package preparation and coincide sponsorship purposes, sponsors’ objectives, which may be development of brand in the environment related with the desirable consumers of the same way of life, to communicate with them, create associations and image and use sponsorship for... [to full text]

This thesis is an examination of the African National Congress Women's League publication Voice of Women, from 1976-1989. The Voice of Women was the only regular publication produced in affiliation with the ANC that was directly targeted at -- and primarily produced by -- women. Through an examination of the articles and images within this publication, supplemented with meeting minutes, published interviews, ANC press statements and newspaper articles, this work attempts to understand the relationship between the ANC Women's League as an auxiliary body dedicated to the overall aims of the parent body of the ANC and the Women's League as an organisation capable of forwarding women's rights while putting women's concerns at the forefront of the political landscape. The history of the publication's inception, funding, audience and editorial concerns during the 1971-1979 period are covered in Chapter One of this dissertation, as the language of the publication was honed and refined to a militant pitch. Images of women as mothers and militant fighters are explored in depth in Chapters Two and Four, particularly the use of the term "mother of the nation" as an image promulgated by the ANC as the ideal type of "woman" involved in the liberation movement. Chapter Three covers the negotiation between the ANC Women's Secretariat's desire to launch a campaign against Oepo Provera while simultaneously forwarding the aims of the ANC by altering the scope of the campaign to encompass the National Party's family planning programme. Finally, the epilogue of this dissertation briefly addresses the subsequent failure of the Women's League to enact effective women's campaigns inside the country after the unbanning of the ANC in 1990. The political turmoil that the ANCWL experienced under the leadership of Winnie Madikizela-Mandela can be examined as a dissolution of the carefully negotiated landscape the ANCWL tread with the ANC throughout its period in exile as portrayed in the pages of VOW. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.