ABSTRACT Traditionally, voice, data, and graphics have to be transmitted via different media/channels, resulting in the separate developments of various industries such as telecommunication, cable TV, etc. in the past years. Nowadays, with the help from advance technology, the boundaries of those industries have gradually become vague which brings in the possible competition among those individual industries. In addition, the new developments also provide increasing chances for consolidation as well as a new trend for cross-boundary co-operations among those traditional industries. Since the pass of ¡§ Law of Cable TV ¡¨ in July 1993, five big conglomerates groups are gradually formed in Taiwan¡¦s Telecom Sector after a series of competition and integration. Started in 1997, The Ministry of Transportation and Communication completed the liberalization of Taiwan¡¦s telecommunication market after publishing the regulations governing the fixed-network communication business in 1999 and established the fundamental law regulation for cross-business between fixed network and telecommunication sectors. Despite regulations has provided the legitimate base for a new age for telecom industry, the most crucial and timely thing for the cable TV system operators is how to run the business in the new telecom industry in order to break-through the existing limitations for cable TV business which includes construction of infrastructure, money raising, human resources management, etc. Since the open up of Taiwan¡¦s fixed network market, ¡§Last-mile network construction¡¨ is a common issue faced by new fixed-line network providers when they compete with Chunghwa Telecom Co. Ltd for its fully integrated connection with end users. Nevertheless, ¡§The Last Mile¡¨ issue could be mitigated for cable TV system operators given that on 1) they are closer to users in regional operations; 2) they have partially completed a dual-direction cable service system; and 3) they have the right to construct drainage system for lay out cable line . With these three advantages, the local cable operators could form business alliance with new fixed-line network firms to provide solutions to ¡§the last mile¡¨ issue. In this thesis, the author We chooses the local cable operators in Kaoshiung City as examples and has interviewed four companies in order to have an understanding of their synergy and difficulties incountered by those cable operators when entering into the new telecom industry and forming business alliance with new fixed-line network firms. By the end, the author provides three suggestions including 1) to speed up their construction for dual-direction cable service system, 2) to consolidate ¡§ independent local cable systems¡¨, and 3) to form strategic alliances with fixed-line network firms. The alliance between cable operators and fixed-line network firms will not only motivate cable operators to build up dual-direction cable service system but also to enhance their experience and train talented staff in telecom sector through the help from fixed-line network firms. In addition, it will also provide an easy access for fund raising to support their business expansions. As a result, we expect a more and more thorough national network system to bring in good benefits to the whole country.

La minimisation des coûts et la maximisation de la satisfaction du client sont les facteurs majeurs dans le développement des activités d'une entreprise. Ceci pourrait être assuré par les bonnes pratiques de gestion et de prise de décision à travers un processus de planification hiérarchique bien déterminé: Stratégique, tactique et opérationnel. Dans la plupart des cas, les industries manufacturières ont tendance à planifier la production de façon à minimiser les coûts et remédier à la pénurie des produits. Ceci permet à l’entreprise d'avoir une vision stratégique permettant d'optimiser ses activités sur plusieurs plans (maintenance, approvisionnement, qualité...). Mais pour assurer une meilleure optimisation et assurer la continuité de l'entreprise, les managers doivent joindre la maintenance à la production et les considérer comme des systèmes interdépendants. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs travaux ont traité le cas de maintenance intégrée à la production et l'ont considéré comme outil d'optimisation afin de minimiser les coûts et assurer une certaine compétitivité. Des travaux ont aussi intégré la dégradation des machines pour planifier les actions de maintenance. Cependant, la production et la maintenance sont liées à diverses ressources physiques (ouvriers, machines etc..) que l'entreprise doit prendre en considération. Autrefois, les industries ont toujours tendance à se procurer toutes sortes de ressources physiques afin de satisfaire ses demandes. Ces ressources sont alors toujours disponibles, même si elles sont inutilisées pendant certaines périodes de production. Ayant conscience des pertes que peut causer ces ressources en cas de non utilisation, certaines entreprises choisissent de sous-traiter ou de louer quelques ressources pendant une période donné afin de satisfaire une demande bien déterminée. La particularité de notre travail consiste à trouver la quantité des ressources à louer afin de satisfaire la demande. En effet, en s'inspirant du modèle HMMS, qui étudie la planification de la production et des stocks en prenant en considération la variation de nombre de ressources humaines travaillant, on a eu l'idée de transformer le problème et de chercher alors le nombre optimal de machines à louer pendant chaque période. Ayant conscience aussi de l'importance de la planification de maintenance, celle-ci a été intégrée au plan de production afin de trouver la meilleure solution. Le nombre de machines à louer étant variable, on a considéré qu'il varie selon la demande des clients. Des stratégies de maintenance améliorées ainsi que de nouvelles contraintes ont été prises en considération lors la planification des plans de production et de maintenance du système étudié / Ameliorating the situation of an industry requires certainly reducing costs and maximizing the customer satisfaction. These two goals can't be achieved without a good management and a good knowledge of making decision tools. These decisions are generally associated, at least, with three levels of the hierarchical planning process: strategic, tactical and operational levels. Generally, manufacturing industries aims at determining the most adequate production planning which helps them to minimize costs and hedge against capacity shortages. Releasing such an efficient planning urges firms to have a global vision on their production process which may be looked upon as an inter-dependant set of sub systems performing various functions including ordering raw materials, assembling pieces, controlling quality, repairing machines, storage, etc. But, it is worth mentioning that to ensure the continuous productivity of a firm, managers have to focus especially on both production and maintenance sub-systems and consider them as strongly dependent systems. In this context, many researches were carried out in industrial field dealing with joint production and maintenance planning optimization as a solution to minimize costs and guard against important competitiveness. Such an optimization may be more efficient when considering the degradation of workstations over time while scheduling maintenance actions. Moreover, production and maintenance activities deal with diverse physical resources including mainly workforce and workstations. So, it is worth noting that, while making decisions and proposing planning, a special attention should be made on the manner of managing these resources which remain indispensable for the firm's sustainability. Previously, firms used to buy (and recruit) all physical resources required to fulfill orders. So, these resources are always available at the industry even if they are sometimes more and less needless and useless during some production periods. This may take place especially when the firm has to fulfill fluctuating demand causing consequently drastic costs. Aware about the superfluous costs of possessing, for a long period, resources which can be sometimes pointless, subcontracting and leasing have become very important for many manufacturing firms because of the advantage that these solutions can bring. So, nowadays, these industrial solutions are becoming more and more in vogue concerning mainly subcontracting workforce to perform some tasks (maintenance, supervision, audit,...) or leasing workstations in order to produce the required quantities. In the present work, we deal with a new concept, that no previous work has dealt with, consisting on leasing machines depending on the ordered quantities. In fact, inspired mainly from the HMMS model, carried out by a group of economists who studied the production, inventories and workforce planning considering variable number of human resources, we had the idea to transform the problem from a workforce planning problem to a workstations planning one. Also, aware about the drastic importance of managing the production and the maintenance planning simultaneously, we aim in the present work at suggesting a joint production and maintenance planning optimization under leasing constraint. Otherwise, in our work, dealing with many leased machines, we consider that the number of these used machines does not remain constant and may vary from a production period to another depending on a fluctuating demand over a finite time horizon. Moreover, in the present work we aim at performing a disturbance analysis and to study its contribution to the development of conjugated production and maintenance planning considering leasing constraint and taking into account used machines degradation. Improved maintenance strategy and related constraints are also studied in this work in order to obtain optimal production and maintenance schedules

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Johns Hopkins University, 1931. / Vita. Published also without thesis note. Bibliography: p. 235-242.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Johns Hopkins University, 1931. / Vita. Published also without thesis note. Bibliography: p. 235-242.

租地造林乃緣於日本領台期間林木過度採伐，台灣光復後政府財力及物力不足，林務管理欠周，林地遭濫墾、占用隨處可見，故期能透過引進民間人力、物力以及財力，加速完成造林工作。1990年代，政府為防止天然林的快速消逝對國土保育及環境造成負面影響，而全面禁止砍伐天然林，加上我國加入WTO後，開放進口大陸廉價木材，致國產木材逐漸失去競爭力，林農經營林業入不敷出，而拓展種植果樹之面積，改種高經濟價值作物，如茶葉、咖啡、葡萄、柳丁及檳榔等。然而，在林地上同時存有林業與農業使用，並不能直接類比為永續的「混農林業」經營模式，其特殊條件值得進一步探討。 起源自游耕活動的混農林業具有多功能性且符合土地倫理的概念，包括社會經濟上增加林農收入外，亦可分散經營風險，提升地方生活水準與競爭力，並可使當地文化習俗得以傳承；而在生態環境方面，樹木可供應作物生長所需氮素，增加養分獲取與留存，並可增加碳吸存力，以及維持生物多樣性等，因而在國際間頗受推崇，然在我國則面臨政策以及法規的考驗。 本研究修正Walck & Strong所提出的土地倫理分析架構為永續性混農林業影響模式，並以臺大實驗林契約林地為案例，透過文獻評析、參與觀察、問卷調查以及深度訪談，目的為探求國有放租林地發展混農林業之正當性，以及研擬混農林業之發展對策，獲得以下結論：1.過去混農林業政策多採有條件限制施作；2.林地管理政策與法規範難以戢止林農違規使用行為；3.放租林地改作永續混農林業具有正當性。而本研究之建議包括：1.調整政府租地造林管理制度；2.有條件允許混農林業；3.重視林農土地倫理價值觀；4.以永續農業維持林地健康。 / The government owned forest in Taiwan were overexploited during the Japanese Colonial Period and the poor forestry management after Second War World resulted in deforestation for illegal cultivation, occupying. In order to remedy the negative effects, government speeds up afforestation on national forestlands, and rent them to local tenant. Since 1990s, logging natural forest was prohibited and the cheap timber was imported from Mainland China after 2002 while Taiwan joined WTO, the forest tenants deforested part of the leased forestland and grew fruits, tea, coffee, etc., to fight against low price of forestry products to gain more income. However, growing crops on forestry land is no analogy to agroforestry, some specific conditions have to be investigated. Agroforestry is multifunctional and manipulated based on land ethics. On economic and social aspects, it is not only increase local tenants income, but also disperse the risks of operation, improve local living standard and forestry competitiveness and inherit local culture and customs to the next generation. On ecological aspect, trees provide nitrogen and nutrient, raise carbon sequestration, and sustain biological diversity. Hence, it is highly valued in other countries, but is taken as illegal activity in Taiwan. This study revises the framework of land ethics, power relationships and land use, land health raised by Walck & Strong for sustainable agroforestry analysis, and take the Experimental Forest of National Taiwan University as a case study. Through methods of literature review, participation observations, questionnaire survey, in-depth interviews, the research findings are as follows: 1) the cultivation of agroforestry was confined conditionally; 2) the current forestry policy and laws cannot prevent tenants from illegal land uses; 3) agroforestry in leased forestland is legitimate if it is operated sustainably. Hence, the policy implications are: 1) adjusting the management institution of leased forestland; 2) conditionally permitting agroforestry; 3) respecting tenants’ value of land ethics; 4) maintaining forestland health by sustainable agroforestry.

When a large number of base stations fail due to the breakdown of some transmission circuit in a mobile cellular network, base stations located in neighboring areas may take over those malfunctioned base stations and continue to provide the access service of mobile communications for users in surrounding areas, thereby reducing the area in which mobile communications are out of service. Therefore, if leased circuits in base stations could complete the route distribution configuration prior to the onset of malfunction, it could decrease the impact of circuit breakdown and traffic loss. Also, the efficiency would be improved if the circuit assignment personnel could complete the job when the leased lines are less, while avoiding reassignment in the future and enhancing the mobile communications operations. In this study, we use a graph structure to represent the present mobile cellular network and establish the route-selection strategies. We define the "Optimal Route Assignment" for a newly constructed base station, which refers to the route assignment that causes least impact on disconnection area when any circuit in the network is broken. We also propose to use A* algorithm for optimal route assignment. However, the computation for the optimal route is time consuming. Measures such as computation time and least hops are considered in designing other strategies for route assignment. These strategies are parametric and we carried out experiments by adjusting and controlling parameters using real routing data. The experimental results demonstrate that there is no single winner among the proposed strategies. We identify a number of best strategies for different operating regions.

Traditionally  Operational  Leases  have  been  exempted  from  being  recognized  on  the  balance  sheet  of  the  financial  statements.  With  the  new  leasing  regulation  presented  by  the  International  Accounting  Standards Board  (IASB);  International  Financial  Reporting  Standards  16  (IFRS  16),  with  effective  date  of  2019‐01‐01  operational leases are to be accounted for as finance leases, being capitalized into the balance sheet as a right of use asset and lease liabilities. This will affect the financial statement considerably for some heavy users of operational  leases,  such  as  retailers,  whereas  another  factor  that  also  have  an  impact  is  balance  sheet  composition  before  implementation.  Many  key  ratios  will  also  be  affected  and  it  is  expected  that  for  some long‐term companies, such as production companies, will take the lease or buy decision up for more serious discussion. This is because operational leasing no longer can be used to balance financing and debt as it has been used in the past. The implementation of the standard will be considerably heavier administration‐wise for companies with no previous  financing  leases  since  they  do  not  currently  have  system  support  for  lease  valuations  or  advanced  administration processes surrounding operational leases. This is common for firms with leased space as a big part of their operations, such as retailers. Implementation will be a big project for many enterprises and the effect on the balance sheet may be finished very close to effective date, resulting in that some shortcuts may be  taken.  This  could  result  in  a  higher  lease  debt  than  necessary  as  there  are  many  assumptions  and  interpretations  to  be  made  during  the  implementation  process.  These  assumptions  and  adjustments  are expected to be continuously worked on by companies to reevaluate and decrease lease debt, where incentives to do so exist.  A qualitative interactive inductive approach, using semi‐structured interviews is used in this study to explore and  dig  deeper  into  possible  strategic  redesigns  of  contractual  clauses  to  decrease  the  effect  this  standard  would  have  on  financial  statements.  The  possible  strategies  described  are  to  be  viewed  as  possible  changes that would reduce the effect on the balance sheet where a company has incentives to do so. There also seem to be changes within the retail market that could change contract structure in the future, independently of IFRS 16. However, these changes could in turn be used to argue for assessments regarding lease terms that would decrease the effect on a company’s balance sheet in accordance with IFRS 16. / Historiskt  sätt  så  har  operationella  leasingavtal  varit  undantagna  från  att  tas  upp  i  balansräkningen  i  de  finansiella  rapporterna.  Med  anledningen  av  nya  redovisningsrekommendationer  av  IASB;  IFRS  16  –  Leasing, med start 2019‐01‐01, kommer operationella leasingavtal inte längre att särskiljas från finansiella leasingavtal, utan  också  kapitaliseras  in  i  balansräkningen  som  en  nyttjanderättstillgång  och  en  leasingskuld.  Det  här  kommer  att  påverka  balansräkningens  komposition,  i  vissa  fall  väldigt  mycket,  i  synnerhet  för  frekventa användare  av  operationella  leasingavtal  såsom  detaljhandelsbolag  och  produktionsbolag,  och  som  dessutom  har en svagare skuldsida på balansräkningen. Långsiktiga produktions‐ och industriföretag förväntas omvärdera beslut gällande leasa versus köpa då de inte kommer kunna balansera skuldbalansen genom att använda sig av operationella leasingavtal längre.  Implementeringen av IFRS 16 kommer att bli svårare på ett administrativt splan för lokalhyresgäster i de fall de inte har system för att hantera finansiella leasar på plats. De tenderar även att ha mindre effektiva system för att  samla  och  hantera  sina  operationella  leasar  innan  implementering.  Detta  tenderar  att  vara  vanligare  för  företag där att hyra lokaler representerar en stor del av företagets operationella strategi, såsom i detaljhandeln som ett exempel. Implementeringen kan vara ett stort projekt för många företag och effekten bli tydlig först närmare  implementeringsdatum.  Detta  kan  resultera  i  att  genvägar  kommer  att  tas  och  i  vissa  fall  kommer  resultera  i  exempelvis  större  leasingskuld  än  nödvändigt.  De  antaganden  och  justeringar  som  är  möjliga kommer mer sannolikt att tas efter implementering, då incitament även tros bli större att ta till dessa möjliga strategier.  En  kvalitativ  interaktiv  och  induktiv  inriktning  med  framförallt  semi‐strukturerade  intervjuer  har  använts  i  denna  studie  för  att  utforska  och  möjliggöra  att  gräva  djupare  efter  möjliga  strategiska  förändringar  som kontraktsmässigt skulle kunna minska effekten på balansräkningen i de fall det finns incitament att göra det. Det  finns  tendenser  som  visar  på  att  förändringar  är  på  gång  inom  detaljhandeln,  oberoende  av  redovisningsförändringarna som i sin tur kan göra att det möjligen kommer bli enklare att argumentera för att ta  upp  en  mindre  leasingskuld  i  balansräkningen  enligt  IFRS  16,  såsom  förkortade  lokalhyresavtal  och  mer  serviceavtal snarare än hyresavtal.

摘 要 臺大實驗林因其特殊歷史背景，與契約林農訂立之三種契約，歷經社會與經濟變遷後，漸生契約林農基於經濟因素而違規利用契約林地、林管處無法具體落實造林管理政策、契約林地利用契約規範與實際利用現況不甚相符等諸多問題。按非都市土地使用管制規則予以檢視，臺大實驗林契約林地係編定為林業用地，惟依臺大實驗林「被墾地合作造林辦法」、合作造林契約書規定，造林地可於單筆總面積的三成內從事森林特產物或果樹之種植，此與上開規則規定林業用地容許使用項目不得作農業使用之規範有所牴觸，除人為的利用，以保存自然資源?還是兼顧人們需要和環境保育，得積極介入以亟待研析解決辦法。 從自然資源利用的歷史角度以觀，除天然災害影響之外，人為干擾似乎是造成土地健康受損的根源。然而，究竟要完全排負責保育自然資源?凡此引發激烈的辯論。若從林地利用究屬保存與保育觀點檢視，林管處秉持林地林用的概念，是希望避免林地農用與干擾，以達成完全造林的目標，近乎保存的概念；而林農希望契約林地做混農利用，並希望透過在地知識以人為方式主動管理，且在不破壞林地健康的前提下，以提升經濟收入與環境健康，似屬保育的概念。然為落實維護林地資源，採取何種觀念為宜？ 本研究從臺大實驗林契約林地土地使用管制機制，藉由混農林業理論、保存與保育理論、土地使用管制等文獻評析，並透過深度訪談，分析臺大實驗林契約林地土地利用相關問題，最後得到以下結論：(1)臺大實驗林契約林地租地造林契約應予修正；（2）修正非都市土地使用管制規則之林業用地容許使用項目；（3）臺大實驗林繼續辦理國土復育計畫及獎勵造林計畫。本研究對於臺大實驗林契約林地土地利用，提出以下之建議:(1)修正臺大實驗林契約林地三種租地造林契約內容不適宜之規範，以符合現今法令規範；(2)重新查定臺大實驗林契約林地可利用限度並編定合適用地類別，以符土地使用管制規範；(3)修正非都市土地使用管制規則之林業用地容許使用項目，以利林地保育並導正使用；(4)臺大實驗林繼續辦理國土復育計畫及持續宣導獎勵造林計畫，以維護國土保育安全。最後，從導正土地使用管制機制，以利有效管理臺大實驗林契約林地，最終達成森林資源永續發展的目標。 關鍵詞：臺大實驗林契約林地、土地使用管制、保育與保存、混農林業、林業用地、違規使用 / Abstract Due to the unique historical background of the experimental forest of National Taiwan University (NTU), three types of contracts were signed with users of leased forest land. Many issues have now arisen after several social and economic changes. Such issues include the illegal use of the forest land, failure of the Forest District Offices to fully implement the relevant forestation management policies, and the inconsistency between the provisions of forest land use contracts and the conditions of actual use. According to the Regulations on Non-Urban Land Use Control, the NTU experimental forest is defined as forest land. On the other hand, however, according to the “Cooperation Guideline for Reclaimed Land Forestation” and the “Forestation Contract,” 30% of the total area of a parcel of forestation land may be used for the plantation of special forest products or fruit trees, which is inconsistent with the rule under the Regulations on Non-Urban Land Use Control prohibiting any agricultural use of forest land. As a result, a solution was to be analyzed and discussed to see whether the natural resources shall be preserved either without human use or with active intervention to balance human needs with environmental conservation. From the historical perspectives on natural resource use, human interference seems to be the main cause of damage to land. Heated discussions have been had regarding how to conserve natural resources. This issue might be viewed from the two points of view, i.e. preservation and conservation. The Forest District Office holds the view that forest land shall be used for the purpose of forestry to avoid agricultural use or interference and to achieve the goal of complete forestation. This is more of a concept of preservation. On the other hand, users of forest land would prefer agroforestry use of forest land and manage the land through local knowledge to improve economic returns and environmental health without destroying the forest land. This is more of a concept of conservation. Which concept is more ideal in terms of protection of forest land? In this study, we referred to publications in connection with agroforestry, preservation and conservation, and use control of land, along with in-depth interviews conducted to analyze the relevant issues regarding the use of the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest and concluded that: (1) the forestation contracts regarding the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest shall be amended; (2) the allowed use of forest land under the non-urban land use control regulations shall be revised; and (3) NTU experimental forest shall continue to participate in the national land recovery plan and encouraging plan for forestation. The possible measures for the use of leased forest land at NTU experimental forest as suggested by this study include: (1) amending the three types of forestation contracts regarding the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest for the purpose of legal compliance; (2) reinvestigating the scope of use of the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest and stipulating appropriate use types to be in conformance to the land use control regulations; (3) revising the allowed use of forest land under the non-urban land use control regulations for the purposes of forest land conservation and corrective use; and (4) the continuous participation of NTU experimental forest in the national land recovery plan and encouraging plan for forestation to maintain national land conservation. Finally, by correcting the mechanism of land use control, the leased forest land at NTU experimental forest will be effectively managed and the goal of perpetual development of forest resources achieved. Key words：Experimental forest leased forest land of National Taiwan University, Land use control, Conservation and preservation, Agroforestry, Forest land, Illegal use