This dissertation examines how ordinary people in England and Russia form their perceptions of legal institutions in their experiences with lower courts. This work is based on a qualitative study involving interviews and observations in county and magistrates' courts in England and courts of Justices of the Peace in Russia, a number of focus groups with the court users and the judges, as well as a variety of secondary sources. The goal of this study is to investigate the inner workings of the English and Russian legal cultures through the analysis of stable attitudes towards legal institutions and their interplay with the people's perceptions of their individual experiences. My examination of these complex sets of ideas and images includes the analysis of people's preconceptions about institutions of justice, people's perceptions of administrative and procedural models, their interaction with court administration and legal professionals, and evaluations of the final outcomes of their cases. I argue that perceptions of legal institutions even at the lowest level are linked to the traditional images of courts in the Russian and English societies. The perceived position of legal institutions within the framework of the state, i.e. the level of their independence and impartiality, is one of the leading factors that shape people's long-standing attitudes of trust in legal institutions. The availability of administrative and procedural mechanisms that create and reinforce perceptions of transparency, equality, and reliability of legal institutions in people's everyday experiences contributes to the creation of stable attitudes of institutional trust. People’s perceptions of the English and Russian lower courts reflect how ordinary citizens see the law and the institutions of justice in their countries, and how they perceive their own ability to obtain justice with the use of official legal mechanisms. These perceptions reveal the underlying relationships between people, law, and legal institutions in different societies and, therefore, contribute to our understanding of legal cultures.

The aim of this study is to explore the issues surrounding the implementation, monitoring and management of legal deposit in South Africa. Legal deposit is a statutory obligation which requires that a producer of any type of publication which is available to the public, be it a commercial, public or private organisation or an individual, deposit one or more copies of the publication with a recognised national institution. The Legal Deposit Act of 1997 governs the deposit of publications in South Africa. Section 8 of the Legal Deposit Act makes provision for the constitution of a Legal Deposit Committee to oversee the implementation of the Act. This Committee, which consists of a broad spectrum of role players, expressed a need for an investigation into the many issues and questions relating to the provision of publications subject to legal deposit as required by the Legal Deposit Act. Although the Legal Deposit Act, at the time of its promulgation in 1998, was one of the first in the world to make provision for the deposit of electronic publications, this study focuses mainly on the legal deposit of books as this was identified by the Committee as an area of immediate and critical concern. The study begins with a comprehensive literature study to obtain sufficient theoretical information on legal deposit and of the problems and issues surrounding the subject internationally and in South Africa. - An overview of elements and issues covered in legal deposit legislation provides the background against which the investigation into the state of legal deposit and its implementation is undertaken. With the aim of contextualising South African legislative issues, a comparative study of legislation in the United Kingdom, Australia, Malaysia and South Africa is also undertaken. -A discussion of the stages and activities involved in legal deposit, the need for monitoring and enforcement procedures and the external and internal factors that influence the way in which legal deposit is implemented in a country, provides an overall understanding of the legal deposit process -The implementation of legal deposit also depends on the committed participation of various role players. The individual roles and needs of these stakeholders in the legal deposit process are identified. The empirical investigation was conducted in two stages. The first phase of the study involved a survey to explore the attitudes, opinions and actions of publishers and legal deposit libraries, as the two main role players, to determine how these factors affect the successful implementation of legal deposit in South Africa. This forms the bulk of the study. The second phase of the study consisted of a feasibility study to determine the state of compliance with legal deposit in the country The outcomes of the empirical study were used to identify gaps and weaknesses in the current legal deposit system. This formed the basis to make recommendations for the improvement of procedures, methods and services. Areas critical to the successful implementation of a legal deposit system are highlighted. The study concludes with a view to the future. The importance of implementing a sustainable system of legal deposit on which the development of an effective system for the legal deposit of electronic publications can be built, is stressed. / Thesis (DPhil(Information Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Information Science / DPhil / unrestricted

How facticity influences normativity: conventions in law This thesis is about social practice and its influence on the legal system. We examine the basic philosophical approaches to law and use them to challenge the very existence of conventions in law. After we derive the basic notion of convention we develop the three-step test to guarantee that we are able to identify conventions within the legal system and distinguish them from other categories of legal notions. The three-step test presented in chapter two is slightly modifying Andrei Mamor's test. The first criterion of the test is the existence of certain social group that maintains in certain situation specific conventional rule. The second criterion is build around the idea that conventions exist when there are people who have certain reasons to comply with this rule. Final criterion represents the existence of an alternative rule that could be upheld by those people as well. Nevertheless, those people rather comply with the conventional rule. If those three criterions are met, it is probable that we are dealing with conventions. We conclude that the conventions are present within every system of social norms although its importance within various legal cultures and systems varies dramatically. The value of social practice for legal practice shall...

A evolução da consciência ambientalista, edificada sobre movimentos mundiais com repercussão no Brasil, conduziu à adoção de princípios e normas que deram origem ao direito ambiental, setor jurídico que disciplina as relações do ser humano com o meio ambiente, enfocando, dentre todos os seus aspectos, os recursos naturais e, dentre eles, de forma especial, as águas doces. Observado o sistema federativo brasileiro, a partilha constitucional de competências adotada pela Constituição Federal de 1988 e o domínio dos recursos hídricos, partilhado entre a União e os Estados, o presente trabalho objetiva verificar se o município, dotado de ampla autonomia, com órgãos governamentais próprios e posse exclusiva de competências, tem poderes para efetuar o planejamento, a gestão e a tutela das águas doces. Analisados os princípios ambientais, as fontes formais e o complexo de normas jurídicas que informam o direito ambiental, com ênfase para a legislação, a doutrina e a jurisprudência concernentes aos recursos hídricos, conclui-se que o município tem um importante papel a desempenhar na proteção das águas doces, estando apto a legislar, fiscalizar e adotar providências que se insiram no contexto de predominância do interesse local, respeitadas as competências constitucionais e legais dos demais entes da federação, com os quais deverá agir em regime de cooperação para que seja efetivamente concretizado o tão almejado conceito de sustentabilidade ambiental. / The evolution of environmental awareness built on world movements with reflexes in Brazil led to the adoption of principles and rules which originated environmental rights, a legal field which establishes the human relations with the environment, focusing, amongst all their aspects, on natural resources and, among them, in a special way, on freshwater. The present work intends to verify if township, gifted of wide autonomy, with its governmental structure and exclusive competences, has enough power to plan, manage and protect the freshwater, observed the Brazilian Federative System, the constitutional sharing of competences adopted by the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the control of water resources, shared between the Union and the States. Considering the environmental principles, the formal sources and the legal rules that support environmental rights, enphasizing legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence concerning water resources, it is conclusive in verifying that towns have an important role to play on the protection of fresh water, being able to legislate, guard and adopt measures qualified as of local interest, respecting the constitutional and legal competences of the other federation States and acting in cooperation to achieve environmental sustainability.

by Lee Mei-yee, May, Yeung Hung-yiu. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 240-247. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATION --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.viii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- LAWS ON PROMOTION --- p.4 / Hong Kong Laws --- p.4 / History of Rule 2 --- p.4 / Solicitors' Publicity Code --- p.8 / Practice of the Bar Association --- p.11 / International Laws --- p.13 / Media of Advertisement --- p.15 / Claims to Specialization --- p.17 / Claims to Expertise --- p.19 / Comparison with Other Firms --- p.19 / Names of Clients --- p.19 / Statistics --- p.20 / Fee Advertising --- p.20 / Sponsorship of Sporting or Cultural Events --- p.20 / Publication of Firm Name in Seminars --- p.21 / General --- p.21 / Chapter III. --- PROMOTIONAL ASPECTS --- p.23 / Experience in Hong Kong --- p.23 / Experience in United Kingdom --- p.24 / Experience in United States --- p.27 / Experience in Other Professions --- p.31 / Consumer Attitudes towards Lawyer Promotion --- p.34 / Chapter IV. --- MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES --- p.37 / Institutional Marketing --- p.37 / Individual Firm Marketing --- p.39 / Identification of Service Products --- p.40 / Relevant Forms of Promotion --- p.45 / Public Relations --- p.46 / Advertising --- p.47 / Pricing --- p.50 / "Market Definition, Segmentation and Strategies" --- p.50 / Chapter V. --- OPINION SURVEY OF SOLICITORS AND THE PUBLIC --- p.52 / Research Method - Survey of Solicitors --- p.53 / Questionnaire Survey --- p.56 / Discussion of Results --- p.58 / Research Method - Survey of a Segment of the Public --- p.74 / Questionnaire Survey --- p.75 / Discussion of Results --- p.75 / Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSION --- p.82 / APPENDICES / Chapter 1. --- Solicitors Publicity Code 1990 issued the Law Society of Hong Kong --- p.85 / Chapter 2. --- Questionnaire Survey of the Law Society of Hong Kong --- p.96 / Chapter 3. --- Ruling 3 of the Professional Conduct Handbook of the Law Society of Alberta --- p.109 / Chapter 4. --- Part C of the Professional Conduct Handbook of the Law Society of British Columbia --- p.115 / Chapter 5. --- Rule 12 of the Rules of Professional Conduct of the Law Society of Upper Canada --- p.123 / Chapter 6. --- Solicitors Practice Rules 1988 and Solicitors Publicity Code of the Law Society of England and Wales --- p.128 / Chapter 7. --- Chapter 4 of the Rules of Professional Conduct for Barristers & Solicitors of the New Zealand Law Society --- p.138 / Chapter 8. --- Solicitors (Scotland) (Advertising) Practice Rules 1987 --- p.142 / Chapter 9. --- Rule 7 of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct issued by the American Bar Association --- p.145 / Chapter 10. --- Solicitors' (Professional Conduct and Practice) Rules of the Law Institute of Victoria --- p.149 / Chapter 11. --- Draft Solicitors' Practice Rules and Draft Publicity Code 1990 of the Law Society of England and Wales --- p.151 / Chapter 12. --- Solicitors' (Scotland) Practice Rules 1985 --- p.162 / Chapter 13. --- "Brochure of Messrs. Johnson Stokes & Master, Solicitors" --- p.169 / Chapter 14. --- "Brochure of Messrs. Deacons, Solicitors" --- p.190 / Chapter 15. --- Information pamphlet regarding Institutional Advertising issued by the Law Society of New South Wales --- p.209 / Chapter 16. --- Samples of Law Advertising in England and United States --- p.217 / Chapter 17. --- Sample of Questionnaire Survey for Solicitors --- p.230 / Chapter 18. --- Sample of Questionnaire Survey of Public Opinions --- p.237 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.240

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:51:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 383074.pdf: 317111 bytes, checksum: 586824978be7b33eb0edbe3378f0449d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-12 / Introdu??o Devido a sua estrutura mineralizada e inerte, ao seu tamanho e a sua localiza??o, dentes molares e pr?-molares s?o considerados boas fontes para obten??o do DNA necess?rio para a identifica??o molecular de pessoas. V?rias metodologias t?m sido empregadas para obten??o de DNA a partir dos dentes, sendo que o uso do equipamento de pulveriza??o criog?nica Freezer mill ? para a pulveriza??o e da coluna concentradora MicroconTM-100 s?o procedimentos padr?o mais utilizados e difundidos. O uso conjunto dessas duas metodologias ?, por?m, demorado e de custo elevado. N?s desenvolvemos este trabalho com o objetivo de testar e padronizar um novo m?todo econ?mico e r?pido para a obten??o de DNA de dentes para estudos forenses. O resultado deste trabalho vem a atender aos interesses do Conv?nio de Coopera??o entre o Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Biologia Celular e Molecular da PUCRS (PPGBCM-PUCRS) e o Instituto-Geral de Per?cias (IGP-RS) da Secretaria da Justi?a e da Seguran?a P?blica do Rio Grande do Sul (SJS-RS), o qual visa desenvolver pesquisas que atendam ?s necessidades de avan?o na linha de investiga??o da Biologia Forense. Material Foram utilizados dentes molares ou pr?-molares provenientes de 26 cad?veres n?o identificados previamente, depositados no DML-RS. Para cada cad?ver avaliado foi registrado seu estado geral de apresenta??o, o tempo estimado de morte, a idade e o local onde o cad?ver foi encontrado. Os dentes foram retirados dos cad?veres, armazenados por no m?nimo 24 horas a 80?C e, posteriormente, utilizados nos testes. A escolha dos corpos foi aleat?ria, abrangendo v?rios est?gios de decomposi??o, tempo de morte e locais onde foram encontrados. Metodologia Material Foram utilizados dentes molares ou pr?-molares provenientes de 26 cad?veres n?o identificados previamente, depositados no DML-RS. Para cada cad?ver avaliado foi registrado seu estado geral de apresenta??o, o tempo estimado de morte, a idade e o local onde o cad?ver foi encontrado. Os dentes foram retirados dos cad?veres, armazenados por no m?nimo 24 horas a 80?C e, posteriormente, utilizados nos testes. A escolha dos corpos foi aleat?ria, abrangendo v?rios est?gios de decomposi??o, tempo de morte e locais onde foram encontrados. Metodologia Para a economia: (I) foi usado o moinho mineral?gico IKA (Ika do Brasil RJ- Brasil), de baixo custo em compara??o ao uso do Freezer mill?; (II) foi usado precipita??o do DNA com o uso de isopropanol, de baixo custo em compara??o ao uso do MicroconTM-100. Para a rapidez: foi testado o tempo de duas horas para a incuba??o do tecido no tamp?o de lise celular em compara??o ao tempo padronizado de 12 horas. Procedimentos: N?s usamos o moinho mineral?gico IKA para obten??o de tecido pulverizado dos dentes a fim de extrair DNA na quantidade e qualidade necess?rias para a obten??o de perfil gen?tico. Cada amostra foi mo?da e separada em quatro subamostras, nas quais foi avaliado o tempo de incuba??o (2 ou 12 horas de incuba??o) e o m?todo de precipita??o final do DNA (MicroconTM 100 ou isopropanol). A quantidade e a qualidade do DNA obtido foram testadas. A viabilidade de uso do DNA nuclear e do DNA mitocondrial obtido foi verificada pela capacidade de amplifica??o por t?cnica de Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) das amostras atrav?s do uso dos kits apropriados. Resultados e Discuss?o: A utiliza??o do moinho mineral?gico IKA para pulveriza??o de tecido foi eficaz em todas as amostras testadas. As amostras processadas com MicroconTM-100 n?o apresentaram diferen?as significativas na quantidade de DNA obtido quando incubadas por 2 ou 12 horas, o que permite aceitar que uma incuba??o de duas horas ? suficiente para o procedimento padr?o. O mesmo foi verificado nos subgrupos, nos quais, a precipita??o foi realizada com isopropanol. Com o uso do MicroconTM-100 obteve-se uma concentra??o superior de DNA quando comparado ao uso do isopropanol (p<0,001). No entanto, a precipita??o por isopropanol obteve um DNA de pureza superior ao do DNA processado com MicroconTM-100 (p<0,001). Dos 26 casos avaliados, dentes de 20 corpos tiveram seu DNA nuclear autoss?mico identificado com sucesso e, em dois dos 20 casos, foi tamb?m utilizada com sucesso a an?lise do cromossomo Y, n?o excluindo v?nculo patril?neo. Os seis demais casos apenas foram identificados pela an?lise do DNA mitocondrial, n?o excluindo o v?nculo matril?neo. A menor concentra??o de DNA derivada da precipita??o realizada com isopropanol parece ter sido compensada pela maior pureza do material uma vez que houve similaridade do n?meros de loci analisados com sucesso quando se comparam MicroconTM-100 e isopropanol. O estado geral do cad?ver, o tempo estimado de morte, a idade e o local onde o cad?ver foi encontrado n?o foram significativamente associados com a quantidade ou a qualidade do DNA obtido, bem como com o n?mero de loci analisados com sucesso. Conclus?o: A utiliza??o do moinho mineral?gico IKA para pulveriza??o de tecido foi eficaz e pode substituir o uso do Freezer mill? reduzindo o custo dos procedimentos. A precipita??o com isopropanol foi eficaz e pode substituir o uso do MicroconTM-100 reduzindo ainda mais o custo dos procedimentos. Um tempo de duas horas para a incuba??o do tecido no tamp?o de lise celular foi eficaz para reduzir o tempo dos procedimentos. Os experimentos desenvolvidos neste trabalho testaram e padronizaram um novo m?todo r?pido e econ?mico para a obten??o de DNA de dentes para estudos forenses, que pode ser empregado em outros caso de identifica??o de cad?veres humanos. O resultado deste trabalho poder? atender aos interesses do Conv?nio de Coopera??o entre o PPGBCM-PUCRS e o IGP-RS no desenvolvimento e no avan?o na linha de investiga??o da Biologia Forense.

A língua humana foi primeiramente descrita por Andreas Vesalius, o &ldquo;Pai da Anatomia Moderna&rdquo;, no livro De humani corporis Fabrica em 1543. Contudo, as papilas do dorso da língua eram desconhecidas até então. Estas foram descritas e classificadas nos seus três tipos básicos de acordo com o tamanho em papilas de 1&ordf;, 2&ordf; e 3&ordf; ordens somente após o advento do microscópio, por Marcello Malpighi em 1665. A partir daí, os padrões morfológicos das papilas variaram de acordo com a descrição de diferentes autores até alcançar os quatro tipos conhecidos até os dias de hoje, sendo elas: fungiformes, filiformes, folhadas e circunvaladas, sendo estas últimas o objeto de estudo do presente trabalho. Sugeridas primeiramente como tema de investigação para Alfonso Bovero (1871- 1937) fundador da Escola Anatômica de São Paulo pelo seu mentor Carlo Giacomini (1840-1898), Bovero criou um acervo na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FM-USP) com mais de 800 línguas humanas obtidas de indivíduos masculinos e femininos, de diferentes idades e etnias. Em seu trabalho preliminar sobre o tema, publicado em 1936, ele descreveu o elevado grau de polimorfismo das papilas, agrupando-as a outros &ldquo;instrumentos de função&rdquo; como o encéfalo e as mãos humanas que, como órgãos da vida de relação, se caracterizam pela extrema complexidade morfológica. Com a sua morte em 1937, a pesquisa foi interrompida e do acervo inicial restaram 327 espécimes. O presente trabalho resgatou esse material a fim de avaliar com metodologias atuais a morfologia das papilas, levando em consideração a hipótese de individualidade lingual postulada inicialmente por Bovero, de que não existem duas línguas idênticas, nem mesmo nos antímeros de uma mesma língua. Para identificar os padrões estruturais e de possível singularidade das papilas disposição, número, área papilar, presença ou ausência de orla e formas tanto da própria papila quanto da sua orla foram utilizadas as técnicas de Morfometria, Mesoscopia, e Microscopias de Luz e Eletrônica de Varredura. Os resultados demonstram que no geral as línguas estão sobre 4 formas (circuliformes, trianguliformes, fusiformes e retanguliformes), as PCVs estão dispostas principalmente em forma de &rdquo;V&rdquo; e &ldquo;Y&rdquo; linguais; elas podem ser verdadeiras ou falsas; algumas papilas apresentaram a mesma área, porém com morfologia diferente. Além disso, houve variação na textura dos componentes das PCVs. A combinação das variáveis estudadas (papilas, orlas, valo, poros gustatórios e histologia) confirmam a hipótese de unicidade glótica. Dessa forma, os remanescentes do acervo com um século de existência foram aproveitados, demonstrando viabilidade para o estudo anatômico e valorizando os experimentos iniciais do fundador da Escola Boveriana de Anatomia / The human tongue was first described by Andreas Vesalius, known as &ldquo;the father of modern anatomy&rdquo;, in the book De humani corporis Fabrica, published in 1543. However, at that time, the dorsal lingual papillae were still unknown. They were described and classified according to size in three basic types: 1st, 2nd and 3rd order papillae, only after the advent of the microscope, by Marcello Malpighi in 1665. Thereafter, the morphological patterns of papillae varied according to different authors&#39; descriptions until reaching the four currently known types: fungiform, filiform, foliate and circunvallate. The later is the aim of this work. Influenced by his mentor, Carlo Giacomini (1840-1898), Alfonso Bovero (1871- 1937) founder of the School of Anatomy of São Paulo created an archive of over 800 human tongues, from male and female individuals, at different ages and different ethnicities at the School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo. In his early work on this subject, published in 1936, he described the high degree of polymorphism found among the papillae, classifying them as other &quot;function instruments&quot;, such as the encephalon and the human hands, which, as organs of relation, are characterized by their high morphological complexity. With his death in 1937, this study was interrupted and currently only 327 specimens are left from the original archive. This work analyzed this material regarding papillae morphology with currently available technologies, considering the lingual individuality hypothesis initially proposed by Bovero, which states that there are no two identical tongues or antimers on a given tongue. To identify the papillae&#39;s structural and possible singularity patterns distribution, number, papillary area, presence or absence of rims, and shape of both the papillae and their rims we used morphometry, mesoscopy, and light and scanning electronic microscopy. Results show that, in general, tongues are presented in one of four shapes (circle, triangle, rectangles, and fusiforms); vallate papillae (PCVs) are distributed on the tongue mainly as V- or Y-shaped regions; they can be true or false; some papillae have the same area, but different morphologies. In addition to that, we found variation on the texture of PCVs components. In combination, the studied variables (papillae, rims, pits, taste pores, and hystology) corroborate the hypothesis of uniqueness of the tongue. Thus, the remaining of this one-century-old archive were used, viability for the anatomical study was showed, and the initial experiments of the Boverian School of Anatomy founder were praised

Legal draftsmen achieve the dual characteristics of thel egislative genre, viz. precision and all-inclusiveness, by the use of various linguistic devices, among which are (i) common words with uncommon meanings; (ii) binomial and multinominal expressions; (iii) nominalization; and (iv) qualifications. Whilst these four devices are very effective for their intended purpose, they often cause lexical, semantic or syntactic problem in the comprehension and translation of texts. This thesis explores, by analysis of the corpus, the different nature and extent of such problems caused by the above four devices in the translation of legislative texts from English to Chinese. Analyses in the thesis reveal that translation problems caused by the first two of the four devices mentioned above are mainly lexical in nature, though binomials contained in qualifications may sometimes also lead to semantic ambiguity. Translation problems arising from the use of nominalization or the use of qualifications are primarily semantic in nature, and are basically a problem of handling the various semantic units in the clauses. They can occur in both the comprehension stage and the actual rendering stage of the translation process. In the former, the problem lies in the difficulty in unpacking the various semantic units in the clauses, especially in the syntactically interrupted clauses where syntactic discontinuities are caused by the use of qualifications. in the latter, the difficulty lies in the syntactic re-arrangement of those units in the target language text in a manner syntactically acceptable to the target language while strictly in accordance with each semantic relationship intended by the source language text. Both the use of nominalization and the use of qualifications also give rise to some lexical problems. The analyses in the thesis also highlights some of the linguistic and extra-linguistic pre-requisites for a translator of legislative texts, for whom a good common sense and sufficient basic legal knowledge are as important as an extremely high level of proficiency in both the source language and the target language. / Master of Arts (Translation and Linguistics)

In this thesis, I argue that clinical law teaching requires a theoretical analysis and pedagogical framework to address law students encounters with social suffering in clinical law contexts. A critical pedagogy of suffering, I argue, would take at its starting point an acknowledgement of the importance of the law student-client encounter as a deeply important pedagogical site - a place where certain views about lawyering, law, and justice are played out, and therefore a place that ought to be the subject of close attention by clinical law scholars and teachers. I argue that a critical pedagogy of suffering would focus specifically on the presence of human suffering in many of these encounters. Such a pedagogy would seek to distill the ways in which larger social and systemic forces produce and distribute social suffering, and how the dominant legal gaze and dominant legal practice are too often incapable of assessing or responding to these forces. It would also work to challenge notions that emotions and suffering are apolitical and unrelated to progressive legal practice, and to build a conception that engaged, critical witnessing of social suffering by lawyers and law students might lead to passionate and thoughtful lawyering for social justice in clinical law settings.

In this thesis, I argue that clinical law teaching requires a theoretical analysis and pedagogical framework to address law students encounters with social suffering in clinical law contexts. A critical pedagogy of suffering, I argue, would take at its starting point an acknowledgement of the importance of the law student-client encounter as a deeply important pedagogical site - a place where certain views about lawyering, law, and justice are played out, and therefore a place that ought to be the subject of close attention by clinical law scholars and teachers. I argue that a critical pedagogy of suffering would focus specifically on the presence of human suffering in many of these encounters. Such a pedagogy would seek to distill the ways in which larger social and systemic forces produce and distribute social suffering, and how the dominant legal gaze and dominant legal practice are too often incapable of assessing or responding to these forces. It would also work to challenge notions that emotions and suffering are apolitical and unrelated to progressive legal practice, and to build a conception that engaged, critical witnessing of social suffering by lawyers and law students might lead to passionate and thoughtful lawyering for social justice in clinical law settings.