Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico Veterinario / El presente estudio evaluó el efecto de la incorporación de una enzima fitasa y de un complejo multi enzimático compuesto por α-amilasas, proteasas y xilanasas, adicionadas en dietas de gallinas ponedoras comerciales sobre algunos parámetros productivos, indicadores de la calidad interna y externa del huevo y digestibilidad ileal aparente de proteína y energía. Ciento cuarenta y cuatro gallinas Leghorn Hy-line W-36 fueron agrupadas en la unidad experimental de postura, constituyendo cuatro tratamientos con 36 gallinas cada uno, con tres repeticiones de 12 ponedoras por tratamiento. Se utilizó un diseño factorial de tratamientos de 2 x 2, en el cual las variables evaluadas fueron la incorporación o no de la enzima fitasa (60 gr. /ton.) y la inclusión o no del complejo multi enzimático (375 gr. /ton.) en dietas basadas en maíz, soya y afrechillo de trigo desde las 18 a las 52 semanas de edad. Al final del período experimental, se realizó un ensayo de digestibilidad ileal aparente de proteína y energía, utilizando el método del marcador (Celite®). Los parámetros registrados fueron el porcentaje de postura, peso de huevo, porcentaje de huevos sin cáscara, trizados y quebrados, gravedad específica, grosor de cáscara, deformación y resistencia de la cáscara previa a la fractura, unidades Haugh, color de yema, peso y volumen de yema y albúmina y razones yema/albúmina expresadas como volumen y peso. Ni la adición de fitasa ni la del complejo afectaron significativamente (p>0,05) el porcentaje de huevos sin cáscara, huevos trizados, deformación de la cáscara y unidades Haugh. Se registró una interacción entre la incorporación de ambas enzimas para el peso de huevo, el porcentaje de huevos sin cáscara y huevos quebrados. La incorporación de la fitasa significativamente (p<0,05) aumentó el porcentaje de postura y disminuyó el peso de huevo, grosor de cáscara y resistencia a la fractura. La adición del complejo disminuyó significativamente (p<0,05) el porcentaje de postura, porcentaje de huevos quebrados y las unidades Haugh, pero aumentó el peso de huevo, color de la yema, peso y volumen de yema y las razones yema/albúmina expresadas como peso y volumen significativamente (p<0,05). Además, la incorporación del complejo multi enzimático aumentó la digestibilidad ileal aparente de energía y proteína significativamente (p<0,05)

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第20025号 / 情博第620号 / 新制||情||108(附属図書館) / 33121 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 守屋 和幸, 教授 松田 哲也, 教授 廣岡 博之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DGAM

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In layer hen commercial production systems, chicks are not raised by hens and do therefore not receive any maternal care. In the wild, after hatching, chicks undergo filial imprinting where they create a social bond with a stimulus in their surrounding environment, usually the mother hen. Filial imprinting behaviors remain in chicks until adulthood. This bond and maternal care influence the emotional development of chicks. Here, I aimed to investigate short- and long-term effects of filial imprinting on a model hen, on the emotional state of White Leghorn chicks, hatched at Linköping University. To measure optimism, pessimism, and fear, a judgment bias test (JBT), an open field test (OFT), and a novel object test (NOT), was performed and replicated. Before the tests, half of the chicks were imprinted on a model hen, while the other half was not given such a model to imprint on. All chicks were weighed during the entire project. The hypotheses were that the imprinted chicks would be more optimistic in the JBT, show less fearful behavior in the OFT and NOT, and weigh more compared to the non-imprinted chicks. If these results would be found, imprinting could potentially be used to reduce stress in commercially hatched chicks, and thus improve their welfare. The results were inconsistent with all three hypotheses. This indicates that imprinting on a model hen, did not have a positive impact on the chicks’ emotional state. Further studies need to be performed to find methods to improve commercially hatched chicks’ emotional welfare.

The effects of domestication on animals’ behaviors and morphology are well known and documented. Changes due to domestication include higher sociability, decreased fearfulness, and increased boldness. These changes have been documented in the chicken breed known as White Leghorn (Gallus gallus domesticus), which is a domesticated relative to the Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus). Though domestication have altered the chicken’s behavior, its effect on the cognitive learning capabilities of the chicken is still unclear, which is the focus of the study. Two tests were conducted in this study: associative learning and spatial learning. The fowls natural desire to remain close to other fowl was used as the main motivation for completing the tests. The associative learning test was performed by testing the two breeds of associating an item with finding their way to their flock. The spatial learning test was performed by measuring the time needed for an individual to return to their flock from behind an obstacle. For the associative learning test, a significant difference between the cognitive learning capability of the two breeds could be found for part 2 (tests 11-20), as well between part 1 and part 2 within the breed White Leghorn. Between the sexes no significant difference could be seen, but within the females, a significant difference was detected between part 1 and part 2. For the spatial learning test, no significant difference could be found between the two breeds nor the sexes. No correlation could be found between associative- and spatial learning test on an individual level. Due to few significant results, further studies should be conducted to confirm the effects of domestication on learning.

La ville portuaire se réinvente dans un processus associant urbanisme, connaissance, communication, tourisme, événements, légitimation, expérimentation, afin de trouver une meilleure articulation entre la présence du port et l’aménagement urbain, leur développement à la fois spatial et économique. Tout en essayant d’éviter toute forme de consommation culturelle et d’uniformisation, ce processus met en exergue le rôle des opérations de connaissance comme étant un levier durable de développement des territoires. Partant de l’hypothèse que le dynamisme culturel, basé sur la connaissance d’un territoire, participe de son dynamisme général et de l’implication de sa population, cette thèse vise à étudier la conception et la réalisation d’un outil innovant de connaissance, le Port Center, dans le cas particulier de la ville de Livourne (Italie), ainsi que sa position stratégique dans la Vieille Forteresse, monument-phare de la ville. L’urbanisme de la connaissance offre ainsi une perspective innovante : combiner en un seul outil le fait de faciliter la légitimation de l’existence du port, tout en participant à la relance touristique de la ville. / Port-city reinvents itself in a process that merges urbanism, knowledge, communication, tourism, events, legitimization, experimentation, to find a better connection between the presence of the port and urban planning, their at the same time spatial and economic development. While trying to avoid any form of cultural consumption and standardization, this process highlights the role of the operations of knowledge as being a sustainable lever of the development of the territory. Assuming that the cultural dynamism, based on the knowledge of a territory, contributes to its general dynamism and to the implication of its population, this thesis aims at studying the design and the realization of an innovative knowledge tool, the Port Center, in the particular case of the city of Livorno (Italy), as well as its strategic position in the Old Fortress, the monument-lighthouse of the city. Knowledge urbanism thus offers an innovative perspective : to combine in a single tool the fact of facilitating the legitimization of port’s existence, while participating in the tourist re-launching of the city.

The weight´s effect on egg´s quality, performance characteristics and incubation of chicks were observed in two experiments. Three treatments were used, defined by the weight of the eggs, breeding Leghorn 38 weeks old: small (S) 53 to 57g, medium (M) 58 to 62g and large (L) 63 to 67g. We have evaluated: a) the eggs - strength and shell thickness, Haugh units (HU), albumen height and percentage of egg compounds b) in incubation - eggs weight loss , hatching and embryo diagnosis, c) in one day old chicks in the yolk sac: weight and length of the chick, absolute and relative weight of the yolk sac, d) dry material (DM), crude protein (CP) albumen´s energy , and the yolk sac. Eggs range of different weights produced by Leghorn breeders of the same age (38 weeks) did not show differences among them for shelll strength, relative weight of albumen and yolk, albumen and yolk in DM and gross energy in the yolk. There are differences in the shell thickness, UH, albumen height, absolute weight of egg components, the relative weight of shell, the yolk and albumen protein and gross energy albumen. In the incubation, the weight loss of eggs and the hatch decreases with increasing egg weight range. Unhatched eggs increase with the increase of initial mortality and pecked alive and dead. The chick weight, absolute and relative weight of the yolk sac are directly proportional to the weight of the egg. The proportion of protein in the yolk sac decreases with increasing egg weight and gross energy content is higher in the yolk sac of chicks hatched from medium eggs. / Os efeitos do peso do ovo sobre a qualidade dos ovos, rendimento de incubação e características dos pintos foram avaliados, em dois experimentos. Foram utilizados três tratamentos definidos pela faixa de peso dos ovos de reprodutoras Leghorn, da linhagem Dekalb White, com 38 semanas de idade: pequeno (P) de 53 a 57g, médio (M) de 58 a 62g e grande (G) 63 a 67g. Avaliou-se: a) nos ovos: resistência e espessura da casca, unidades Haugh (UH), altura de albúmen e porcentagem dos seus componentes; b) na incubação: perda de peso dos ovos, eclosão e embriodiagnóstico; c) nos pintos de um dia e no saco vitelino: peso e comprimento do pinto, peso absoluto e relativo do saco vitelino; d) matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e energia bruta do albúmen, gema e saco vitelino. Ovos de faixa de pesos diferentes produzidos por reprodutoras Leghorn de mesma idade (38 semanas) não demonstram diferenças entre si para resistência da casca, peso relativo do albúmen e da gema, MS no albúmen e gema e energia bruta na gema. As diferenças residem na espessura da casca, UH, altura do albúmen, peso absoluto dos componentes dos ovos, peso relativo da casca, na PB da gema e albúmen e na energia bruta do albúmen. Na incubação, a perda de peso dos ovos e a eclosão diminuem com o aumento da faixa de peso dos ovos. Ovos não eclodidos aumentam em função do aumento da mortalidade inicial e bicados vivos e mortos. O peso do pinto, peso relativo e absoluto do saco vitelino são diretamente proporcionais ao peso do ovo. A percentagem de PB no saco vitelino diminui com o aumento do peso dos ovos e o teor de energia bruta é maior no saco vitelino de pintos nascidos de ovos médios. / Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias

Egg-laying hens coming from commercial hatchery go through hatchery procedures considered as stressful and engaging prolonged stress response in adult chickens. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of commercial hatching procedure on the affective state of chicks, on their short- and long-term memory and on their need for social reinstatement. To assess the affective state of the chicks we used a cognitive bias protocol integrating the ecological response of a chick to the picture of another chick, to an owl and to an ambiguous cue mixing features of both the chickand the owl pictures. Short-term memory was evaluated by using a delayed matching-to-sample experiment (with 10, 30,60 and 120 s delays), with conspecifics as sample stimuli. We assessed long-term memory with an arena containing multiple doors leading to conspecifics, in which a chick had to remember which door was open after a delay of one hour or three hours. Finally, we observed the need for social reinstatement through a sociality test arena allowing a chick to be more or less close to conspecifics. We found that chicks coming from commercial hatchery were in a depressive affective state compare to control group. Those chicks also showed higher need for social reinstatement and loss weight. No differences were found regarding short- and long-time working memory between the two groups, but the methods used during these experiments will be discussed. Studying how commercial procedures impact the cognition and more specifically the emotions and state of mind of chickens, is a necessary step forward into the understanding of farm animals’ welfare.

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