本文主旨在探討春秋公羊傳精神立論的正統論是如何產生？何演變？主要內容為何？以及有何特點？盼能描繪出正統論的本質及其發展脈絡。全文共分五章，分別略述如下：第一章導論。陳述研究的動機、範圍、目的及方法。第二章正統思想的淵源、突破與演變。概略介紹正統的原始意義、早期發展、與自歐陽修起的創新突破及往後的發展。第三章歷代代表性的正統論分析。分析歷代十九世代表性正統論者的正統論。第四章正統思想輻議。分就正統思想與大一統意識、正統思想與史學、正統思想與政治現實、正統思想與道德理想、正統的銓釋與演變等五方面對正統論作進一步分析。第五章結論。提出對正統論研究的總結。

This paper gives an overview of Pierre Bayle’s theory of toleration and derives a normative principle of toleration from it that is meant to compete with other normative principles of toleration such as the Harm principle.

Abstract The aim of the thesis is to examine equality ,efficiency and legitimacy of public housing policy in Singapore from 1960 to now. The major point of the research is to analyse equality of public housing policy in Singapore. A ruling party at every country operates policys to gain the advantageous position.Therefore, there is a normal condition in politics that a ruling party often fulfills some policy to ingratiate people. Althoug the PAP government obtain people¡¦s surport and enhance its legitimacy by the means of the Upgrading Programe ,the promise of public housing policy and other issues as the elections , it still takes equality and efficiency of public housing policy into consideration. There are five chapters in this thesis. Chapter one is introduction and it illustrated the study motivation ,the study background ,the study goal ,document reversal and research methods. Chapter two is the public polciy theory adopted in this thesis. Chapter three is the backgroud of public housing policy in Singapore. Chapter four is the building of the laws and systems of public housing policy ing Singapore. Chapter five is the operation of public housing policy in Singapore. Chapter six evaluates public housing policy in Singapore. Chapter seven is the concluion.

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With the rise of Internet and a changing social environment corporations legitimacy has been questioned (see Palazzo and Scherer, 2006). Frauds and scandals, both financial and environmental has put pressure on corporations to communicate their business operations and increase transperancy. Food retail inSweden have had several crises, the most recent the so called horesemeat scandal. This study starts in a literature review and describes some theories in CSR and legitimacy. The aim of the study is to investigate how consistent corporate communication is in regard to legitimacy. A framework adapted from Castello and Lozano(2011) was used to perform a content analysis. CEO statements and sustainability policies has been studied from three Swedish food retailers, Axfood, Coop and ICA. The study argues that there is a high degree of inconsistency in corporate communication when these two documents are analysed. This might indicate that sustainable development has not entered the board rooms in effect. It also indicates that while CEO’s are communicating pragmatic and institutional legitiamacy, the sustainability policies are moving into moral legitimacy.

Tokiuose katalikiškuose kraštuose kaip Lietuva, eutanazijos problema ypatingai opi. Liberaliajame pasaulyje dažnai ginčijamasi dėl įvairių mirties formų: abortų, mirties bausmės, eutanazijos. Be abejo, juk tai – ne finansai ar politika, tai – žmogaus gyvybė. Bet jeigu žmogaus gyvybė nuvysta ir lieka tik silpnai funkcionuojanti širdis, smegenys? Todėl svarbu išsiaiškinti ne tik visuomenės požiūrį, argumentus, bet ir eutanazijos legitimumą – ar teisė ir visuomenė galėtų pripažinti eutanaziją. Čia ir kyla temos problematiškumas. Darbo objektas – eutanazijos legitimumo problema. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti visuomenės nuomonę apie eutanaziją ir nustatyti pagrindines eutanazijos legitimumo problemas. Uždaviniai: 1. Apžvelgti ir įvertinti Lietuvos ir kitų pasaulio šalių visuomenės požiūrį į eutanaziją, gyvybę, teisinį reglamentavimą; 2. Išanalizuoti skirtingų visuomenės grupių požiūrį, argumentus eutanazijos legitimumo aspektu; 3. Apibrėžti eutanazijos legitimumo problemas. Pasaulyje ne tik krikščioniškoji kultūra, bet ir kitos kultūros pripažįsta žmogaus gyvybės išskirtinę vertę. Atsižvelgiant į tai žmogaus gyvybė tarptautiniuose dokumentuose, Europos Sąjungos teisiniuose dokumentuose ir Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijoje laikoma svarbiausiu teisiniu gėriu. Nežiūrint į žmogaus gyvybės pripažinimo išskirtiniu teisiniu gėriu, eutanazijos legitimumo klausimu bent jau Europoje vieningos nuomonės nėra. Tai susiję su tuo, kad kiekvienas žmogus laikomas privačiu asmeniu su savo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Therefore, in such catholic countries as Lithuania, the euthanasia problem is rather relevant. The liberal world often argues about different forms of death: abortion, capital punishment and euthanasia. Definitely, that’s not just finance or policy; it’s a human’s life. However the case when the human’s life collapses and just the heart and brain are functioning is possible. It is very important to find out both what the society’s approach and arguments towards euthanasia are and euthanasia legitimacy. Therefore, it is the key issue of this paper. The object of this paper is the euthanasia legitimacy problem. The aims are evaluation of society’s approach towards euthanasia and identification of the key euthanasia legitimacy problems. The goals are following: 1. to review and evaluate Lithuanian and global approach towards euthanasia and life, legal regulation; 2. to analyze approaches of different society groups, arguments for and against euthanasia legitimacy; 3. to identify euthanasia legitimacy problems. The Christian culture as well as other cultures acknowledges the exclusive right to the human life. Considering that, the human life is the main value in the international documents, legal European Union documents as well as in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. In addition to that fact, there is no united opinion about euthanasia legitimacy question in the whole Europe. Facts relative to idea that each human is private person with own moral and religious... [to full text]

With regard to making war, the European Union (EU) is either characterized as being “from Venus” or as having made the transition from “garrison state” to “civilian state.” Drawing on the work from Charles Tilly, this thesis will show that neither characterization provides an accurate depiction of European behavior where the use of coercive force is concerned. To best understand the behavior of the EU it is necessary to conceive of it as a certain kind of state, and to highlight the ways in which peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions serve the same purposes as classical war-making. This thesis will use the examples of interventions in the former Yugoslavia and Iraq as case studies.

Are Aboriginal rights defensible within the framework of liberalism? Liberalism's commitment to individual equality seems to preclude Aboriginal rights insofar as these rights are exercisable by only a sub-set of the Canadian population and not by all Canadians equally. Instead of asking how Aboriginal rights can be justified within the liberal state, we need to question the legitimacy of the state's assertion of sovereignty over Aboriginal peoples and territories. Of the four potentially applicable modes of acquiring sovereignty - discovery, conquest, cession and prescription - only treaties have the potential to provide a liberally-compelling basis for the legitimacy of Crown sovereignty. But historical treaties did not purport to transfer sovereignty. As such, Canadian sovereignty suffers from a normative lacuna. Aboriginal rights, as set out in mutually consensual treaties addressing the sharing of sovereignty, have the potential to fill this lacuna and thereby to ground the legitimacy of Crown sovereignty.

Family is an integral part of the fabric of society with diverse configurations of people living together, related through blood or kinship. Changes to the Canadian political and legal structures granting access to marriage have affirmed the rights of gays and lesbians, yet many remain positioned on the margins of society. This grounded theory study illuminates the experiences of women with children who meet and fall in love with another woman. An intricate series of events is set in motion towards development, and ultimately, affirmation of a new lesbian headed stepfamily that addresses the central problem of family legitimacy. The theory of authenticating family demonstrates how women and their children incorporate another woman into their lives, maintaining and protecting the legitimacy of the new family structure. Transitions from being a heterosexual and/or single parented family to a lesbian headed stepfamily create multiple opportunities for challenges to their sense of legitimacy. The new stepfamily faces marginalization, stigmatization and heteronormative assumptions that contest the sense of legitimacy for all family members. Lesbian headed stepfamilies have few role models to provide guidance for behavioural expectations. These families learn from multiple interactions among themselves and with outsiders about how to negotiate a new understanding of family. They develop the ability to demonstrate pride to a society that has marginalized in the past, even as society is evolving in acceptance of multiple and diverse family configurations. There are three stages in authenticating family: (a) accepting the challenge, a process of realizing an intimate attraction to another woman, coming to terms with the significance of pursuing a relationship, and finding balance between many potential obstacles; (b) building the bonds, takes families through the process of getting to know each other, creating relationships, and understanding how dynamics among the family have shifted. While the process of authenticating family remains primarily within the confines of the family home, members begin to look beyond their family in anticipating interactions with outsiders; and (c) thriving, the final process includes solidifying and reclaiming legitimacy while juggling relationships within the home and countering the impact of continuous interactions with society at large.