Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-19T16:06:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Glauco de Gouvea Caldas.pdf: 241726 bytes, checksum: c9f8b5972467dca0524ee7896c95c546 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T16:06:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Glauco de Gouvea Caldas.pdf: 241726 bytes, checksum: c9f8b5972467dca0524ee7896c95c546 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The research aimed to evaluate the effect of phosphate fertilization on morphological components, chemical composition, and root system of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth on different seasons. The experiment was conducted at Itambé Experimental Station – IPA, with three P fertilization levels equivalent to: 0, 100, and 200 kg P2O5/ha on a randomized block design with six replicates in Block I and seven replicates on Block II. Morphological evaluations were conducted six times with 60 days intervals.Harvest of leaves and twigs up to 5 mm diameter were conducted in the months of September and November 2005 and February 2006 corresponding to the dry season and April, June and August 2005 referring to the rainy season. Soil samplings were collected before and after aerial part pruning. Phosphorus fertilization effect was observed only for branch length, with average of 189,9 cm. For the remaining variables, there was an effect of evaluation season, but no phosphorus effect, with average values of 195,3 cm; 24,6; 8,9 mm and 3,8 for height, number of sprout, branch thickness, and thorn number, respectively.There were no effects of the studied factors for graze able forage, with an average of 152 kg DM/ha/60 days. There was high variability between plant fractions, independent of theevaluation period, with better chemical composition of leaves and on the rainy season. There was no significant effect of phosphorus fertilization on root length and root mass, nodule dry mass, and litter mass before the pruning. Root length averages ranged from 431 to 655 cm before pruning and from 409 to 454 cm after pruning. Phosphorus fertilization did not affect most morphological and chemical characteristics of Sabiá plants. Aerial partpruning significantly affected nodule development. / A pesquisa visou avaliar o efeito da adubação fosfatada sobre componentes morfológicos, composição química e sistema radicular da Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth em diferentes estações do ano. O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Itambé-IPA sob fertilização fosfatada equivalente a 0, 100 e 200 kg P2O5/ha num delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições no bloco I e sete repetições no bloco II. As avaliações foram realizadas seis vezes, com intervalos de 60 dias, nos meses de julho, setembro e novembro de 2004 e janeiro, março e maio de 2005. As coletas de folhas e ramos com diâmetro de até 5 mm foram realizadas nos meses de setembro e novembro de 2005 e fevereiro de 2006, correspondendo à época seca, e abril, junho e agosto de 2005, referentes à época chuvosa. Amostragens de solo foram realizadas antes e após a poda da parte aérea. Observou-se efeito da adubação fosfatada apenas para comprimento dos ramos, com média de 189,8 cm. Para as demais variáveis houve efeito do período de avaliação e não foi encontrado efeito da adubação, tendo valores médios de 195,3 cm; 24,6; 8,9 mm e 3,8 para altura, número de brotações, espessura de ramos e número de acúleos,respectivamente. Para massa de forragem pastejável não foi observado efeito dos fatores estudados, com média de 152 kg de MS/ha/60dias. Houve grande variação entre as frações da planta independentemente do período de avaliação, com composição química mais adequada das folhas e no período chuvoso. Não houve efeito significativo da adubação fosfatada sobre o comprimento e massa seca de raiz, matéria seca de nódulos e massa de liteira antes da poda. O comprimento de raiz variou de 431 a 655 cm para o período que antecede a poda e 409 a 454 cm após a poda. A adubação fosfatada não influenciou a maioria das características morfológicas e químicas das plantas de Sabiá. A poda da parte aérea da planta influenciou significativamente o desenvolvimento dos nódulos.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-24T14:27:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Joelma de Lira Freire.pdf: 571347 bytes, checksum: d2c37ede4ff6420a7cab27e56ccc9240 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T14:27:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joelma de Lira Freire.pdf: 571347 bytes, checksum: d2c37ede4ff6420a7cab27e56ccc9240 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the deposition, chemical composition, and decomposition of litter in a sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth) canopy. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of Itambé-IPA. The evaluation of existing and deposited litter was carried through the period of August of 2006 until July of 2007, every 28 days. Twenty squares with 1m² were used, in random points to each evaluation. The nylon bag technique was used for litter decomposition evaluation, incubating the following litter fractions: just-fallen leaves, “aging” leaves already deposited and in the beginning of the mineralization, and branches. The incubation periods were 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 100, and 256 days, being the same procedure carried through in 2006 and 2007. Treatments were distributed in randomized block design with five replications. Leaf deposition reached the value of 15,167 kg OM/ha, presenting greater deposition in the rainy period. Leaves represented the greater proportion of litter deposited, with average ratio of 87% of predominance in the majority of the evaluations. Branches and leaves presented average nitrogen concentration of 1.4% and 2. 7%, respectively, demonstrating that leaves were the maincontributors of nutrients via litter. The C/N ratio of leaves was below 30, branches presented C/N ratio between 30 and 40, likely favoring the nitrogen immobilization by ground microorganisms. The relationship between litter deposition and litter accumulation in the last month of evaluation was 0.30 indicating that it presented greater accumulation than deposition. In the decomposition assay, branches presented lesser mineralization than leaves both for total biomass and nitrogen, with leaf and branch decomposition varying with the incubation periods. The decomposition of substrata was influenced by the rainfall amount occurred in the evaluation period. In a general way, it was concluded that the litter component is essential in the process of nutrient recycling in a sabiá canopy, however, the mineralization occurs in relatively slow taxes, being this fact relevant in the reduction of nutrient losses by leaching, contributing for the maintenance of this ecosystem. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a deposição, composição química e decomposição de liteira em um bosque de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth). O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Itambé-IPA. A avaliação de liteira existente e depositada foi realizada no período de agosto de 2006 a julho de 2007 a cada 28 dias. Foram utilizados 20 quadrados com 1m2, em pontos aleatórios a cada avaliação. Para avaliação da decomposição de liteira, foram utilizadas bolsas de “nylon”, sendo incubadas as seguintes frações: folhas recém-caídas, folhas senescentes já depositadas e no início da mineralização e ramos. Os tempos de incubação foram 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 100 e 256 dias, sendo o mesmo procedimento realizado em 2006 e 2007. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 5 repetições. A deposição de folhas atingiu valor de 15.167 kg MO/ha, tendo maior deposição no período chuvoso. As folhas representaram a maior contribuição na deposição de liteira, com proporção média de 87% predominando na maioria das avaliações. Os ramos e folhas apresentaram teores médios de nitrogênio de 1,4% e 2,7% respectivamente, demonstrando assim que as folhas foram os principais contribuintes de nutrientes da liteira. A relação C/N de folhas ficou abaixo de 30; os ramos apresentaramrelação mais elevada entre 30 e 40, favorecendo assim a imobilização de nitrogênio pelos microorganismos do solo. A relação entre a deposição e o acúmulo de liteira no último mês de avaliação foi de 0,30 indicando assim que houve maior acúmulo do que deposição. No ensaio de decomposição, os ramos apresentaram taxa de mineralização menor que as folhas tanto para biomassa total como para nitrogênio, tendo as decomposições de folhas e ramos variando de acordo com os períodos de incubação. A decomposição dos substratos foi influenciada pela quantidade de chuvas ocorridas ao longo do período de avaliação. De maneira geral, conclui-se que o componente liteira é essencial no processo de reciclagem de nutrientes em um bosque de sabiá, todavia a mineralização ocorre a taxas relativamente lentas, sendo esse fato relevante na redução de perdas de nutrientes por lixiviação, contribuindo para a manutenção desse sistema

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-05-17T14:59:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Stevens Brandao de Miranda.pdf: 553197 bytes, checksum: bd5cdbbe7ee482b2fcc3c767d18c8883 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T14:59:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stevens Brandao de Miranda.pdf: 553197 bytes, checksum: bd5cdbbe7ee482b2fcc3c767d18c8883 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-02 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The potential use of native herbaceous legumes from the Northeast of Brazil as forage are large, among them the genus Stylosanthes spp. is highlighted for its adaptability to the semiarid conditions and for its high nutritive value. This research aimed to identify morphological differences among genotypes and to estimate genetic parameters, also identify characteristics correlated with high production of dry matter with the degree of reliability in the genotypic discrimination above 80% in plants of the Stylosanthes spp. genus. Two trials were made, the first one was developed in the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), in the experimental field from the Academic Unit of Serra Talhada (UAST). Were used morphological descriptors to help in the identification of the differences among thirteen accessions of Stylosanthes spp. from the germplasm bank from UAST, these were collected in different areas from the semiarid. In the analyses of main components, was verified that plant size (PS), width of the central petiole (WCP), length of spitule attached to the petiole (LEAP), petiole length (PL) were the descriptors that showed more importance in the eigenvectors. The second trial was developed in a greenhouse in the central campus of UFRPE, were used eight accessions of Stylosanthes scabra Vog. collected in the city of Bom Jardim-PE, also was used morphological descriptors, the data were submitted to the analyses of variance, genetics parameters, Pearson’s correlation and repeatability coefficient. Were observed significant difference (P< 0.05) among the accessions for all characters evaluated, except for the plant height (PH). The characteristics showed values for heritability from 62.78 to 97.70, and for repeatability 0.19 to 0.57. The descriptors: growth habit (GH), flowering (FLO), length of spitule attached to the petiole, branching (BCH), stem diameter (SD), number of leaves (NL), demonstrated positive correlation with dry matter production. Were observed genetic differences among the accessions of the Stylosanthes spp. when in field conditions, expressing the existence of the variability among them. To identify the accessions with better dry matter production at greenhouse conditions, the descriptors: growth habit, length of spitule attached to the petiole, stem diameter, number of leaves, length of central petiole, length of lateral foliole (LLF), hairiness of leaf (HL) and petiole length, were effective, requiring no more than five evaluations to predict its real value (R²=0.80). / O potencial forrageiro das leguminosas herbáceas nativas do Nordeste do Brasil é elevado, entre elas destaca-se o gênero Stylosanthes, por sua adaptabilidade às condições semiáridas e por seu elevado valor nutritivo. Este trabalho objetivou identificar divergências morfológicas entre genótipos de Stylosanthes e estimar parâmetros genéticos, bem como identificar caracteres correlacionados com maior produção de matéria seca, com grau de confiabilidade na discriminação genotípica acima de 80%, em plantas do gênero Stylosanthes. Foram realizados dois experimentos. O primeiro foi conduzido na Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), na área experimental da Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada (UAST). Foram utilizados descritores morfológicos para auxiliar na identificação da divergência morfológica entre 13 acessos de Stylosanthes spp. do banco de germoplasma da UAST, oriundos de coletas realizadas em diferentes municípios do semiárido. Na análise de componentes principais, verificou-se que, das variáveis avaliadas, o porte da planta (PT), largura do folíolo central (CFL), comprimento da estípula soldada ao pecíolo (CESP) e o comprimento do pecíolo (CP), foram os descritores que apresentaram maior peso nos autovetores. No segundo experimento, realizado em casa de vegetação na (UFRPE), foram utilizados oito acessos de Stylosanthes scabra Vog. coletados no município de Bom Jardim – PE, também foram utilizados descritores morfológicos, os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, parâmetros genéticos, correlação de Pearson e coeficiente de repetibilidade. Observou-se que, com exceção do descritor altura (ALT), houve diferença significativa (P< 0,05) entre os acessos, para todos os caracteres estudados. Os caracteres apresentaram herdabilidade entre 0,62 e 0,97 e repetibilidade 0,19 a 0,57. Os descritores hábito de crescimento (HB), florescimento (FLOR), comprimento da estípula na parte soldada ao pecíolo (CESP), ramificações (RM), diâmetro do caule (DC) e número de folhas (NF), apresentaram correlação positiva significativa com a produção de matéria seca. Observou-se divergência genética entre os acessos de Stylosanthes spp em condições de campo, o que mostra a existência de variabilidade entre os acessos. Para identificar os acessos com maior produção de matéria seca, dentre os acessos avaliados em casa de vegetação, os descritores hábito de crescimento (HB), comprimento da estípula na parte soldada ao pecíolo (CESP), diâmetro do caule (DC), número de folhas (NF), comprimento do folíolo central (CFC), comprimento do folíolo lateral (CFL), pilosidade da folha (PLF) e comprimento do pecíolo (CP), foram eficazes, necessitando de, no máximo, cinco avaliações para predizer seu valor real (R²=0,80).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 00 capa_pretext_Introd_Revis_Lit.pdf: 224049 bytes, checksum: d16afda68bc6d981e16c4356b70c2cef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-31 / The attributes of a substratum composed by tailings from mining of bauxite, cultivated with Pueraria (Pueraria phaseoloides)and brachiaria were studied for the flora recomposition in Barro Alto, Goiás. In order to reach that aim, the phytotechnical performance was assessed through the stalk height and diameter for legume and height and number of basal tillers for grass, besides green and dry phytomass for both species. The chemical attributes were also evaluated, through chemical analyses of the substratum at the beginning and at the end of the experiment as well as the physical and microbiological attributes. The experiments were conducted in vases in the city of Barro Alto, GO, from dezember 2008 to june 2009. The delimitation used were random blocks, with four repetitions and composed by 17 treatments with diferent compositions of cattle manure (0% to 20,5%), sugar cane bagasse (0% to 40%) and clayey tailings (45% to 90%), and different doses of phosphorus for three living roofs (B. decumbens, P. phaseloides e B. decumbens + P. phaseoloides). The treatment, which the grass and legume had a better phytotechnical performance are those that present manure concentratios above 10%. Concerning the chemical attributes, initially the treatment with at least 3,5% of manure, and 8,5% of bagasse with no phosphorous (T5), showed chemical properties suitable for plant growth, although there was a low content for organic matter. The substratum that had better physical characteristics, were those with at least 17,5% of sugar cane bagasse, besides that, the simultaneously addition of bovine manure and sugar cane bagasse allowed better values regarding soil microbes. / Foram estudados os atributos de substratos com rejeito de lavra de bauxita cultivados com Pueraria (Pueraria phaseoloides) e Braquiaria (Brachiaria decumbens) em Barro Alto, Goiás para a recomposição florística. Para alcançar tal objetivo avaliaram-se o desempenho fitotécnico através da altura e diâmetro de caule para leguminosa e da altura e número de perfilhos basais para gramínea, além de fitomassa verde e seca para ambas as espécies. Também foram avaliados os atributos químicos dos substratos através de análises químicas dos substratos no início e término do experimento e dos atributos físicos e microbiológicos. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos no município de Barro Alto, GO, de dezembro de 2008 a junho de 2009. O delineamento utilizado foi blocos completos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e composto por 17 tratamentos com diferentes composições de esterco bovino (0% a 20,5%), bagaço de cana de açúcar (0% a 40%) e rejeito argiloso (45% a 90%) e doses distintas de fósforo para as coberturas vivas (B. decumbens, P. phaseoloides e B. decumbens + P. phaseoloides). Os tratamentos sobre os quais as gramíneas e leguminosas apresentam maior desempenho fitotécnico são todos aqueles que apresentam concentração de esterco acima de 10%. Para os atributos químicos, o tratamento com pelo menos 3,5% de esterco bovino e 8,5% de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e sem adubação fosfatada (T5) já apresenta, inicialmente, características químicas adequadas para o crescimento das plantas em estudo, porém apresenta baixo teor de matéria orgânica. Os substratos que apresentam melhores características físicas foram aqueles sob os tratamentos com pelo menos 17,5% de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, além disso, a adição simultaneamente de esterco bovino e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar permite os melhores valores quanto a microbiota do solo.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / This study had as its objective to study the effect of water depths and phosphorus levels and their interaction on productivity and economic components of the production cunhà (Clitoria ternatea L.). The experiment was conducted at the Curu Valley Experimental Farm in Pentecoste - Cearà in the period of september 2007 to March 2008. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with split plots, composed of four primary treatments in the plots, four secondary treatments in subplots and four blocks. The treatments is the combination of four irrigation depths (W1 = 615.2 mm; W2 = 605.1 mm; W3 = 540.6 mm; W4 = 365.6 mm) with four levels of phosphate fertilizer (P0 = 0; P1 = 150; P2 = 300; P3 = 450 kg ha-1de P2O5). The crop was established in the field in the spacing of 0.40 m x 0.40 m, being irrigated by a conventional spraying system (Line Source Sprinkler System), with frequency of five days. As results, the factor of production water influenced to a significance level of 1.3% the forage green mass, however, the factor of production phosphorus and the interaction between the two factors showed no significant difference between treatments at 5% level of probability. The maximum yield was estimated 73726.7 kg ha-1mm-1, obtained with the application of 700.4 mm of water and 86.74 kg ha-1 phosphorus. The factor of production water had been limiting the efficiency of cunha, that is not happening with the factor of production phosphorus. The average productivity of water presented no change to the levels of phosphorus, the same occurred with the water depths exceeding 540 mm. / O estudo teve como objetivo estudar o efeito das lÃminas de Ãgua e dos nÃveis de fÃsforo e sua interaÃÃo sobre a produtividade econÃmica e componentes de produÃÃo da cunhà (Clitoria ternatea L.). O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu, Pentecoste, CearÃ, no perÃodo de setembro de 2007 a marÃo de 2008. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, composto de quatro tratamentos primÃrios nas parcelas, quatro tratamentos secundÃrios nas subparcelas e quatro blocos. Os tratamentos constituÃram-se da combinaÃÃo de quatro lÃminas de Ãgua (W1=615,2 mm; W2=605,1 mm; W3=540,6 mm e W4=365,6 mm) e quatro nÃveis de adubaÃÃo fosfatada (P0=0; P1=150; P2=300; P3=450 kg.ha-1 de P2O5). A cultura foi estabelecida no campo com espaÃamento de 0,40 m x 0,40 m, irrigada por um sistema de aspersÃo convencional âLine Source Sprinkler Systemâ, com freqÃÃncia de cinco dias. Conforme resultados obtidos, o fator de produÃÃo Ãgua influenciou em nÃvel de significÃncia de 1,3% a massa verde de forragem, no entanto, o fator de produÃÃo fÃsforo e a interaÃÃo entre os dois fatores nÃo apresentaram diferenÃas significativas entre os tratamentos em nÃvel de 5% de probabilidade. A produtividade mÃxima estimada foi de 73726,7 kg.ha-1mm-1, obtido com a aplicaÃÃo de 700,4 mm de Ãgua e 86,74 kg.ha-1 de fÃsforo. O fator de produÃÃo Ãgua se apresentou limitante ao rendimento da cunhÃ, o mesmo nÃo ocorrendo com o fator de produÃÃo fÃsforo. A produtividade mÃdia da Ãgua nÃo apresentou alteraÃÃo com os nÃveis de fÃsforo, o mesmo ocorrendo com os nÃveis de Ãgua superiores a 540 mm.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-06-06T11:50:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Roberli Ribeiro Guimarães - 2017.pdf: 1834134 bytes, checksum: 2aa25c764dc4e908738a3414005c128d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-06-06T11:50:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Roberli Ribeiro Guimarães - 2017.pdf: 1834134 bytes, checksum: 2aa25c764dc4e908738a3414005c128d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T11:50:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Roberli Ribeiro Guimarães - 2017.pdf: 1834134 bytes, checksum: 2aa25c764dc4e908738a3414005c128d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-12 / The Dipteryx alata Vogel and the Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Rich. are plants from the Brazilian Cerrado that have great acceptance of their fruits by the population and the wild fauna. The objective of this work was to verify the initial development of those plants integrated with others used as green manure (Mucuna aterrima, Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, and weeds that were mainly Brachiaria sp.). Was used the totally randomized design with subdivided plots, in each of the four plots there were the four green manure (Mucuna aterrima, Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis) and the weeds, and the subplots were the nine times of measuring the plants, in every 60 days, for 18 months. Were evaluated the increases in plant high, stem diameter at 5 cm above the soil and canopy diameter, during the 18 months. There were significant interaction between the green manures and the time of evaluation for the different evaluated variables, for both species. The plant height and the canopy diameter of D. alata and B. crassifolia are favored by the integration with C. juncea. The D. alata develops less when integrated with M. aterrima, if compared to the other legumes and the weeds. The growth of the stem diameter of B. crassifolia is favored by the integration with the weeds. The C. cajan and the M. aterrima had intermediate development for the B. crassifolia. So it is possible to conclude that the installation of the D. alata under integration system with green manure in the southeast of Goiás is viable. The integration allows the introduction of B. crassifolia to cultivation, being an option for maintenance of the orchard during the first years. / O barueiro (Dipteryx alata Vogel) e muricizeiro (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Rich.) são plantas nativas do Cerrado brasileiro com grande aceitação de seus frutos pela população e pela fauna silvestre. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho verificar o desenvolvimento inicial de plantas dessas espécies em consórcio com plantas utilizadas como adubos verdes (mucuna preta, feijão guandu, feijão de porco, crotalária e vegetação espontânea constituída, principalmente, por braquiária). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas os quatro adubos verdes (crotalária, mucuna, feijão de porco e feijão guandu) e a vegetação espontânea, e nas subparcelas as nove épocas de medição das plantas, a cada 60 dias, durante 18 meses. Foram avaliados os incrementos em altura da planta, diâmetro de caule à 5 cm do nível do solo e diâmetro de copa, durante 18 meses. Houve efeito significativo na interação entre os adubos verdes e o tempo de avaliação para as variáveis analisadas, em ambas as espécies. A altura das plantas e o diâmetro da copa de plantas de barueiro e murici são favorecidos pelo consórcio com Crotalaria juncea. O barueiro se desenvolve menos quando em consórcio com Mucuna aterrima, comparativamente às outras leguminosas e à vegetação espontânea. O crescimento do diâmetro do caule de plantas de murici é favorecido pelo consórcio com vegetação espontânea. O feijão guandu e a mucuna tiveram desempenho intermediário no desenvolvimento do murici. Conclui-se que a instalação do barueiro em sistemas de consórcio com adubos verdes no sudeste de Goiás apresenta viabilidade. Os consórcios permitem a introdução do murici ao cultivo, sendo opção para a manutenção do pomar nos dois primeiros anos.

La luzerne est une légumineuse fourragère pérenne qui présente de nombreux avantages agronomiques et environnementaux. La performance des associations luzerne - graminées est conditionnée par la production de biomasse et la teneur en protéines de chaque espèce et sa survie. L’effet de la variabilité génétique de la luzerne sur les composantes du rendement dans les associations est mal connu. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a deux objectifs : i) caractériser la diversité génétique pour les caractères liés à la production et à la qualité de la luzerne dans l’association ii) analyser le contrôle génétique de ces caractères. Deux dispositifs comprenant trois traitements (mélange luzerne-fétuque, monoculture et isolé) ont été mis en place. Le premier comprenant 46 génotypes contrastés de luzerne a été phénotypé sur deux ans pour l’architecture, la biomasse et la concentration en protéines. Le deuxième composé d’une population F1 de 198 individus, a été phénotypé sur une année. Cette population F1 a été génotypée avec des marqueurs SSR et DArT pour établir une carte génétique. Une large variation génétique entre les génotypes de luzerne a été montrée. Cette variation affecte la hauteur et la teneur en protéines de la fétuque associée. On a observé que les caractères mesurés en isolé ou en monoculture sont relativement prédictifs des mêmes caractères en mélange, mais une évaluation des génotypes en mélange reste indispensable. La détection de QTL montre que certains QTL sont communs aux différents traitements. Chaque QTL explique de 6 à 23% de la variation observée pour la hauteur et la biomasse. Des pistes méthodologiques pour la sélection sont envisagées. / Alfalfa is a perennial forage legume that has many agronomic and environmental benefits. The performance of alfalfa - grass mixtures depends on biomass production and protein content of each species and its survival. The effect of genetic variation on alfalfa yield components in mixtures is little described. In this context, this thesis has two objectives: i) to characterize the genetic diversity for traits related to alfalfa production and quality in mixture ii) to analyze the genetic control of these traits. Two designs that included three treatments (alfalfa - fescue mixture, monoculture and spaced plants) were established. The first design comprised 46 contrasting alfalfa genotypes which were phenotyped over two years for architecture, biomass and protein concentration. The second design comprised an F1 population of 198 individuals being phenotyped over one year. The F1 population was genotyped with SSR and DArT markers to construct a genetic map. A wide genetic variation among alfalfa genotypes was shown. This variation affected the height and protein content of associated fescue. It was observed that the measured traits of spaced plants or in monoculture are relatively predictive of the same traits in the mixture, but genotype evaluation in mixture is required. QTL detection shows that some QTL were common to different treatments. Each QTL explained 6-23 % of the variation for height and biomass. Some methodologies for selection are proposed.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Pigeonpea (cajanus cajan [L] Millsp.) is a legume crop which is grown mainly in the Semi-Arid Tropical (SAT) regions and it is mostly cultivated for its edible seeds. It has been identified as a possible substitute crop which can be bought by all people and it can also provide an acceptable amount of nutrition and protein in particular as it is not an expensive source of protein when compared to animal protein. Its ability to tolerate drought and fix atmospheric nitrogen makes it suitable for marginal areas with low rainfall and poor fertility. However, it remains one of the underutilized crops due to limited research on the crop’s diversification and adaptation. Smallholder farmers in the Limpopo Province cultivate landraces pigeonpea varieties that are characterized by late maturity, low grain yield and are sensitive to photoperiod and this makes it difficult for the cultivars to flower early and produce reasonable yield. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the nitrogen fixation, yield and yield components of exotic elite pigeonpea genotypes. The experiment was conducted at the University of Limpopo Experimental farm (Syferkuil) in Mankweng during the 2017/18 growing seasons. The trial was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) consisting of three replications. A total of 18 elite pigeonpea breeding lines obtained from ICRISAT in Kenya were planted at an inter-row and intra-row spacing of 1m and 0.5m respectively, in a row of 5m length with an alley way of 2m between the blocks. The standard management practices for pigeonpea were used for weed and insect control. The agronomic data collected included the number of days to first and 50% flowering, the number of days to 90% maturity, canopy width (m), plant height (m), peduncle length (m), number of primary branches, number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), hundred seed weight (g), calcium content, sodium content, magnesium content, phosphorus content, potassium content, iron content, zinc content, proportion of legume N derived from the fixation of atmospheric N2 (%Ndfa), amount of nitrogen fixed and the grain yield (kg.ha-1 ). The generated data was subjected to an analysis of variance using the Statistix 10.0 software. The Least Significance Difference (LSD) was used to separate the means that showed significant differences at an alpha level of 0.05. The results revealed significant differences in nearly all the pigeonpea variables (pod length, number of seed per pod, nutrient elements and the number of primary branches). Across genotypes, the number of days to 50% flowering ranged from 95 to 130 days, while the number of days to 90% maturity ranged from 172 to 220 days, with variety ICEAP 01154-2 being the earliest to flower and mature. Tall plants were observed by variety ICEAP 01541 (2.01m) followed by ICEAP 00902 (1.99m) and ICEAP 00850 (1.90m). Breeding line ICEAP 00673-1 recorded long peduncles with a mean of 0.94m. The number of pods per plant had a range between 56 and 482, while the pod length varied from 2.03 to 8.82cm. Variety ICEAP 00673-1 exhibited the highest number of pods per plant and with longest pods. The 100 seed weight varied from 9.43 to 16.97g among the genotypes. The higher calcium amount was observed in verities ICEAP 00979-1 with an average of 556 mg/L and the highest iron content was observed in ICEAP 01172-2 (14 mg/L). The potassium content ranged between 24 mg/L to 110 mg/L, with the variety ICEAP 00540 having the highest and the variety ICEAP 00850 having the lowest content. The sodium content ranged from 15 to 85.1 mg/L, with the variety ICEAP 01154-2 being the highest and the variety ICEAP 01147-1 having the lowest sodium content. The highest magnesium content was observed in ICEAP 00673-1 (141 mg/L). The phosphorus content ranged from 24.5 to 3.77 mg/L and the highest zinc content was observed in ICEAP 01541 and in ICEAP 00979-1 that had an average of 2.36 and 2.26 mg/L, respectively. The amount of nitrogen fixed from all the varieties ranged from 73.547 to 154.254 kg.ha-1 . The grain yield among the genotypes ranged from 89.24 to 785.29 kg.ha-1 . The top yielding varieties were ICEAP 01159 and ICEAP 00557 with grain yields of 785.29 and 661.51 kg.ha-1 . ICEAP 01159 and ICEAP 00557 are the varieties that produced the highest grain yields and they are recommended for cultivation and breeding purposes. / NRF (National Research Foundation)

Les plantes de la famille des légumineuses ont acquis la capacité d’accueillir au sein d’organes symbiotiques, les nodosités, des bactéries fixatrices d’azote appelées bactéroïdes. Cette symbiose permet aux plantes hôtes de satisfaire leurs besoins en azote. Certaines légumineuses produisent au sein des nodosités une grande famille de peptides antimicrobiens particuliers, les NCR (Nodule-specific Cysteine-Rich). Ils permettent à l’hôte de contrôler la population bactérienne intracellulaire via leurs activités antimicrobiennes, mais aussi d’imposer aux rhizobia une différenciation terminale des bactéroïdes. Durant ma thèse, j’ai participé à l’identification et à la caractérisation de la protéine bactérienne BclA. Ce transporteur ABC est nécessaire pour la formation de bactéroïdes différenciés lors de la symbiose Aeschynomene-Bradyrhizobium. Pour mieux comprendre sa fonction symbiotique, j’ai étudié la relation entre BclA et une enzyme de modification du peptidoglycane, la DD-carboxypeptidase 1. J’ai pu montrer que ces deux facteurs agissent de manière indépendante dans la mise en place de bactéroïdes différenciés. Une analyse fonctionnelle de BclA et une expérience d’évolution expérimentale avec le mutant bacA de Sinorhizobium, un orthologue de bclA, apportent une meilleure compréhension du rôle de ces transporteurs in vivo. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus pendant ma thèse suggère que BclA et BacA assurent la résistance bactérienne face aux NCR in planta, comme un prérequis pour la suite du processus, mais ne sont pas nécessaires à la différenciation per se. De plus, leurs activités d’import des NCR ne semblent pas être le mécanisme sous-jacent du processus de résistance. / Plants of the legume family have acquired the ability to host in specific symbiotic organs, the roots nodules, nitrogen fixing bacteria, called bacteroids. This symbiosis allows plants to fulfill all their nitrogen requirements. Some legume plants produce in their nodules a large family of antimicrobials peptides called the NCRs (Nodule-specific Cysteine-Rich). Their antimicrobial activities allow the host plant to control the intracellular bacterial population. NCRs peptides also govern terminal differentiation of the bacteroids. During my PhD work, I participated in the identification and characterization of BclA. This bacterial ABC transporter is involved in bacteroid differentiation during the Aeschynomene- Bradyrhizobium symbiosis. In order to better understand its symbiotic function, I studied the link between BclA and a peptidoglycan-modifying enzyme, the DD-carboxypeptidase 1. I was able to show that these two factors act in an independent manner in the establishment of bacteroid differentiation. A functional analysis of BclA and an experimental evolution on Sinorhizobium bacA mutant, an orthologue of bclA, conferred a better understanding of the in vivo role of these transporters. The results obtained during my thesis suggest that the BclA and BacA function is to ensure bacterial resistance to NCRs, as a prerequisite for the bacterial differentiation process, but is not needed for differentiation per se. Furthermore, their NCR uptake activities do not seem to be the mechanism underlying the resistance.

Bradyrhizobium japonicum ist ein Bodenbakterium, welches in der Lage ist mit der bedeutenden Agrarpflanze Sojabohne zu interagieren und deren Wachstum zu fördern. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Genistein-Stimulon und verschiedenen Stressantworten von B. japonicum mittels Mikroarrayanalyse bestimmt. 101 Gene werden nach Genisteinzugabe induziert. NodW ist der Hauptaktivator der Genistein-induzierbaren Gene, welche zum Großteil kein nod-Box-Motiv in der Promotorregion aufweisen. Einzig acht Gene, wovon sieben für Transportersysteme kodieren, zeigen in der NodW-Mutante 613 nach Genisteinzugabe weiterhin ein erhöhtes Expressionsniveau. In weiterführenden Arbeiten konnte für zumindest ein Transportersystem (Bll4319/Bll4320/Bll4321) neben der Genistein-Abhängigkeit auch eine Regulation durch den Genistein-abhängigen TetR-Regulator FrrA nachgewiesen werden [Günther 2007; Bhandari 2008]. Dies zeigt, dass NodW in weiterführende Regulationskaskaden eingebunden sein muss, wobei diese in der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht näher charakterisiert wurden. Die Mikroarraydaten geben lediglich Hinweise auf mögliche Regulationskaskaden. Anhand der Mikroarraydaten liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass die Transkriptionsaktivierung des lateralen Flagellenclusters ebenfalls einer indirekten NodW-abhängigen Regulation unterliegt. Durch Pflanzentests war bekannt, dass es B. japonicum 901 möglich ist, den NodW-Defekt bei der Nodulation der Wirtspflanzen zu überwinden [Grob et al. 1993]. Dies beruht auf die Überexpression des 2-Komponentenregulators NwsB. So können Symbiose-relevante Gene wie die nod-Box-assoziierten Gene ähnlich dem Wildtyp nach Genistein-Zugabe induziert werden. NwsB ist aber nicht in der Lage, das Flagellarcluster der lateralen Flagellen (bis auf blr6846) nach Genistein-Zugabe zu induzieren. Dies bedeutet, dass trotz der hohen Ähnlichkeit zwischen den 2-Komponentenregulatoren NodW und NwsB, die Bindestellen in der Promotorregion der Genistein-induzierbaren Genen nicht identisch sind. Die NodD1-Mutante 1267 ist in der Lage, weiterhin Knöllchen mit allen Wirtspflanzen von B. japonicum zu bilden [Göttfert et al. 1992], was wahrscheinlich auf ein funktionelles NodW als Hauptaktivator der nodYABC-Operons zurückzuführen ist. Anhand der Mikroarraydaten ist festzustellen, dass kein weiteres nod-Box-assoziiertes Operon in der NodD1-Mutante 1267 verstärkt exprimiert vorliegt. Dies könnte bedeuten, dass NodW die Transkription von nodD1 und des nodYABC-Operons startet und später durch NodD1 in der Aktivierung der nod-Box-assoziierten Gene unterstützt wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die transkriptionelle Stressantwort von B. japonicum hinsichtlich pH 4, pH 8, 80 mM NaCl, Hitzeschock und Temperaturstress analysiert. Dabei konnten sowohl Aussagen über Gene, welche in die allgemeine als auch in die spezifische Stressantwort eingebunden sind, getroffen werden. Die transkriptionelle Antwort auf pH 8 war mit 1636 differenziell exprimierten Genen die umfangreichste Stressantwort der vorliegenden Arbeit. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass B. japonicum bei pH-Stress besonders Gene der pHi-Homöostase aktiviert. Dies umfasst sowohl Transportergene als auch enzymatische Gene. Interessant waren die differenziell exprimierten Gene, welche bei pH 8 verstärkt und bei pH 4 verringert exprimiert vorlagen. Diese Gene besitzen im Promotorbereich eine RegR-Box und sind in der transkriptionellen Aktivierung von RegR abhängig [Lindemann et al. 2007]. Aufgrund der Homologie des RegSR-Systems von B. japonicum mit dem pH-abhängigen ActSR-System von S. meliloti besteht die Möglichkeit, dass RegSR ebenfalls in die pH-abhängige Regulation dieser Gene eingebunden ist. Neben solch spezifischen Stressantworten konnte auch eine allgemeine Stressantwort ermittelt werden. So weisen fünf Gene ein gleiches Expressionsmuster in den untersuchten Stressanalysen dieser Arbeit auf. blr5264 kodiert hierbei für einen 2-Komponenten-Hybridsensor und -Regulator und könnte als Regulator in die allgemeine Stressantwort von B. japonicum eingebunden sein. Aus diesem Grund wurde Blr5264 in GscR (general stress control regulator) umbenannt. Mittels Mutagenese von gscR wurde B. japonicum D826 erzeugt, dessen Transkriptom bezüglich Salzstress und Hitzeschock verifiziert wurde. Es wurden 87 Gene identifiziert, welche bei Stresseinfluss von GscR abhängig sind. Hierunter sind sieben verringert exprimierte Gene, welche bei Stress im Wildtyp verstärkt exprimiert vorliegen. Diese scheinen demzufolge bei Stress durch GscR transkriptionell aktiviert zu werden. Das interessanteste Gen war hierbei blr7881, welches für einen ArsR-Typ-Regulator kodiert und einen weiteren Schritt in der allgemeinen Stressantwort von B. japonicum sein könnte.