<p>Denna undersökning påvisar möjligheten att gradera verkan med stridsvagn 122 vid en insats i Sveriges insatsområde i Afghanistan. Hotbilden som råder gör att personalen måste ha ett gott skydd och möjlighet till verkan vilket stridsvagnen erbjuder. Tyngdpunkten i undersökningen ligger på modern 120 mm ammunition där Försvarsmaktens övningsammunition kan användas för att minska effekten i målet och på så sätt gradera verkan. På marknaden finns det ammunition som skulle komplettera redan befintlig ammunitionsportfölj framförallt på korta avstånd och då även med möjligheten att skjuta varningseld. Sekundärbeväpning (kulsprutor) på vagnen kan även den användas för att gradera verkan. Vidare finns det möjlighet att med rökkastarna verka med icke dödliga medel som tårgas och chockgranater då eskaleringen i en situation är låg. De olika vapensystem som undersökningen tar upp har värderats och placerats in i en eskaleringsmodell där lägsta nivån är att visa närvaro och högsta är verkanseld med flertalet vagnar.</p> / <p>The study indicates the possibility of obtaining scalable effects with Leopard 2A5 (S) in a mission in Sweden’s area of responsibility in Afghanistan. The threat that exists against the soldiers makes the ability to have good protection and possibility to obtain effect, which the Leopard 2A5 (S) offers, amust. The main part of the study stresses on modern 120 mm munitions in which the Swedish Armed Forces’ training munitions can be used to reduce the effect in a target and thus makes it a scalable effect. In the market there are munitions that would complement the existing portfolio of munitions, particularly at short distances, and with the ability to shoot warning shots. Secondary Armament (machine guns) on the tank can also be used to obtain a scalable effect. Furthermore, there is an opportunity to use the smoke launchers with non lethal means such as teargas and stun grenades when the level of escalation in a situation is low. The different weapon systems that is discussed in the study has been valued and placed into aescalation model where the lowest level is to show presence and the highest is fire for effect withmultiple tanks.</p>

Denna undersökning påvisar möjligheten att gradera verkan med stridsvagn 122 vid en insats i Sveriges insatsområde i Afghanistan. Hotbilden som råder gör att personalen måste ha ett gott skydd och möjlighet till verkan vilket stridsvagnen erbjuder. Tyngdpunkten i undersökningen ligger på modern 120 mm ammunition där Försvarsmaktens övningsammunition kan användas för att minska effekten i målet och på så sätt gradera verkan. På marknaden finns det ammunition som skulle komplettera redan befintlig ammunitionsportfölj framförallt på korta avstånd och då även med möjligheten att skjuta varningseld. Sekundärbeväpning (kulsprutor) på vagnen kan även den användas för att gradera verkan. Vidare finns det möjlighet att med rökkastarna verka med icke dödliga medel som tårgas och chockgranater då eskaleringen i en situation är låg. De olika vapensystem som undersökningen tar upp har värderats och placerats in i en eskaleringsmodell där lägsta nivån är att visa närvaro och högsta är verkanseld med flertalet vagnar. / The study indicates the possibility of obtaining scalable effects with Leopard 2A5 (S) in a mission in Sweden’s area of responsibility in Afghanistan. The threat that exists against the soldiers makes the ability to have good protection and possibility to obtain effect, which the Leopard 2A5 (S) offers, amust. The main part of the study stresses on modern 120 mm munitions in which the Swedish Armed Forces’ training munitions can be used to reduce the effect in a target and thus makes it a scalable effect. In the market there are munitions that would complement the existing portfolio of munitions, particularly at short distances, and with the ability to shoot warning shots. Secondary Armament (machine guns) on the tank can also be used to obtain a scalable effect. Furthermore, there is an opportunity to use the smoke launchers with non lethal means such as teargas and stun grenades when the level of escalation in a situation is low. The different weapon systems that is discussed in the study has been valued and placed into aescalation model where the lowest level is to show presence and the highest is fire for effect withmultiple tanks.

The purpose of the thesis is to explore the role of BMP signaling in developing vertebrate midbrain. BMP signaling plays important roles in various tissues and stages of neural development to regulate cell fate, proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis and more. We observed that several major BMPs are expressed not only at the roof plate but also the floor plate of the midbrain. This has led us to ask the role of BMP signaling in dorsal and ventral midbrain patterning. Despite ventral experiments, we found that BMP signaling does not regulate ventral cell fate specification in the midbrain. Instead BMPs profoundly influence the shape and early morphogenesis of the midbrain neural plate as it closes into a neural tube. During neural tube closure, one of the early events occurring at the ventral midline is median hinge point (MHP) formation. Failure to form MHP leads to neural tube closure defects, the 2nd most common birth defects in humans. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying MHP formation are not well known. We found that the lowest BMP signaling occurs at the MHP during early neurulation and BMP blockade is necessary and sufficient for MHP formation. Interestingly, we also demonstrated that BMP blockade directs MHP formation by regulating the apicobasal polarity pathway and this regulation may be mediated by biochemical interactions between pSMAD5 and the apical protein, PAR3. Additionally, our time-lapse data suggest that BMP blockade slows cell cycle progression by increasing duration of G1 to S transition and S phase which leads cell nuclei stay at the basal location longer. This mimics basal nuclear migration seen at the MHP where low BMP signaling occurs. Thus, we conclude that BMP signaling regulates neural tube closure via the apicobasal polarity pathway and in a cell cycle dependent manner at the ventral midline. We observed that BMP signaling is necessary and sufficient for the dorsal cell fate specification in a context-dependent manner and ventral BMP signaling affects dorsal cell fates. Taken together, we propose the idea that BMP signaling has distinct roles in different contexts. BMPs regulate tissue morphogenesis in the ventral midbrain and dorsally cell fate specification. / text

Les toxines de l’anthrax font partie de la famille des toxines A-B dans laquelle la moitié B se fixe à la membrane de la cellule permettant par la suite la translocation de la moitié A. Dans le cas de l’anthrax, la moitié B est représentée par le Protective Antigen (PA) et la moitié A par les deux protéines Edema Factor (EF) et Lethal Factor (LF). Après le recrutement par les récepteurs cellulaires (CMG2 et TEM8), PA s’organise en heptamère. Il peut fixer jusqu'à 3 ligands (EF et LF) avant d'être endocyté. Les modèles actuels de PA suggèrent que la baisse de pH à l’intérieur des endosomes permet un changement de conformation de la forme pré-pore vers la forme pore et que les ligands EF et LF passeraient au travers le pore pour entrer dans le cytoplasme. Cependant, le diamètre du pore est environ dix fois inférieur à celui des ligands (10 Å contre 100 Å). Un processus de folding/unfolding a été proposé mais demeure controversé. Afin d'identifier le processus de passage des facteurs EF et LF dans le cytoplasme, nous avons déterminé par cryo-microscopie électronique combinée avec l’analyse d’image les structures tridimensionnelles des complexes formés par PA et LF aux étapes prépore et pore. Par la suite, une étude complémentaire par dynamique moléculaire nous a permis de modéliser à haute résolution les différentes interactions qui ont lieu au sein du complexe. La structure 3D du complexe prépore combiné à 3 LF a été déterminée à une résolution de 14 Å. Nous avons aussi calculé une structure préliminaire du complexe pore également combiné à 3 LF Celles-ci n’ont jamais été résolues auparavant et leur connaissance permet d’envisager l’étude en profondeur du mécanisme infectieux de l’Anthrax in vivo. / The anthrax toxins are part of the A-B toxin family in which the B moiety binds to the cell membrane allowing subsequent translocation of the A moiety. In the case of anthrax, the B moiety consists of the Protective Antigen (PA), and the A moiety is composed of the two proteins Edema Factor (EF) and the Lethal Factor (LF). After being recruited by the cell receptors (CGM2 or TEM8), PA organizes itself into a heptamer. It can bind up to three ligands (either EF or LF) before being endocytosed. Current models suggest that the decrease of pH inside the endosomes allows a conformational change of PA from a prepore form to a pore form that allows the EF and LF ligands to pass through the pore and enter the cytoplasm. However, the pore diameter is about ten times smaller than the diameter of the ligands (10Å versus 100Å). A process of ligand folding / unfolding has been proposed, but remains controversial. To identify the mechanism by which EF and LF enter the cytoplasm, we have used cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image analysis to determine the 3D structure of the PA-LF complexes in the pre-pore and pore conformations. Then, we used molecular dynamics to modelise at high resolution the different interactions that occur within the complex. The 3D structure of the pre-pore complex bound with three LF ligands has been determined at 14Å resolution. We also calculated a preliminary structure of the LF-bound pore complex. These structures have never been reported before. They provide the necessary information to study in depth the mechanism of anthrax infection in vivo.

New Zealand provides an excellent example of the effect of exotic predators on native reptile populations. Prior to human arrival, reptiles evolved in the absence of mammalian predators but are now sympatric with 11 introduced mammalian predators. New Zealand’s reptile populations have declined over the past millennium because they have few defensive behaviours against this new predator guild. However, relatively few studies have investigated the effects of introduced mammalian predators on skinks. In this thesis, I studied the life history of several skink species and the long-term demographic changes in these species to evaluate population trends. I evaluated the effectiveness of mammalian predator control in the Rotoiti Nature Recovery Project (RNRP) for restoring skink populations and I investigated the potential sub-lethal effects of mammalian predators on skinks. Finally, I tested whether two skink species had developed behaviours to avoid the scent of introduced rats or hedgehogs. I estimated size at sexual maturity, birthing season and habitat preferences for speckled skinks (Oligosoma infrapunctatum) in the Nelson Lakes area. My research shows that skink populations are declining both inside and outside of the RNRP. The largest declines are seen in the rarer species and even within the predator-controlled area of the RNRP the speckled skink is nearing extirpation. In addition, the proportion of female northern grass skinks (O. polychroma) and larger individuals of both sexes has decreased since 1970; suggesting females and larger individuals are more vulnerable to predation. An investigation of three fitness surrogates (body condition, parasite load and prevalence of caudal autotomy) showed that for both northern grass and glossy brown skinks (O. zelandicum), body condition was significantly lower in populations with mammalian predators than without. This has serious conservation implications because it shows that lizard populations may not only be in decline from direct predation, but also additional stresses associated with predation that may lead to reduced reproductive output. Neither parasite load, nor the prevalence of caudal autotomy, appears to be good indicators of fitness for northern grass or glossy brown skinks. I found no evidence of substantial avoidance behaviours in glossy brown and northern grass skinks to either rat or hedgehog odour. Two hypotheses are suggested to explain this. Firstly, there may not have been enough time for these species to evolve avoidance behaviours, and secondly, there may be insufficient selection pressure due to the high efficiency of the alien predators, or because rats and hedgehogs are active foragers and thus scent gives the prey limited information on immediate predation pressure. This lack of evidence for the evolution of antipredator behaviour, in addition to reduced body condition and population decline in areas with mammalian predators present, highlights the importance of intensive mammalian predator control for the continued survival of skink species on mainland New Zealand.

Bacillus anthracis, agent de la maladie du charbon, est aussi un agent majeur de la menace biologique. Sa virulence est liée à deux principaux facteurs : une capsule et deux toxines, la toxine oedémateuse (ET = EF + PA) et la toxine létale (LT = LF + PA). EF est une adénylate cyclase, calcium et calmoduline dépendante, produisant une élévation de la concentration en AMPc intracellulaire tandis que LF est une métalloprotéase à zinc clivant la majorité des Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinases. Les toxines jouent un rôle central dans la pathogénie de la maladie du charbon et dans la dérégulation des fonctions des cellules du système immunitaire. Le cytosquelette d'actine participe activement aux fonctions de phagocytose et de migration des macrophages et des cellules dendritiques.Cependant, peu d'études analysent l'implication du cytosquelette d'actine des cellules immunitaires dans la physiopathologie des toxines. ET induit une rétraction temps-dépendant des cellules dendritiques et des macrophages normalisés sur des micropatterns de fibronectine, s'accompagnant d'une dépolymérisation de l'actine et d'une perte des points d'ancrage des cellules dendritiques. Précocement, ET active la cofiline par l'activation de la voie de signalisation AMPc – PKA – Protéines phosphatases. Malgré ces altérations du cytosquelette d'actine, ET n'induit pas de modification des capacités phagocytaires des cellules dendritiques, à l'exception d'une dérégulation de la maturation des phagosomes. ET conduit également à une augmentation de la migration des cellules dendritiques in vitro par activation et expression de CCR7 et CXCR4 à la surface des cellules dendritiques.A l'inverse, LT conduit à un étalement temps-dépendant des cellules dendritiques normalisées, accompagné d'une dérégulation de la dynamique de l'actine provoquant des regroupements anormaux d'actine filament. LT active les myosines phosphatases via la voie RhoA-ROCK pour déphosphoryler les myosines II. A la différence de ET, LT inhibe les capacités phagocytaires des cellules dendritiques mais ne conduit pas à une modification de la migration des cellules dendritiques in vitro. / Bacillus anthracis, the agent of anthrax, is also a major agent of biological warfare threat. Its virulence is caused by two main factors : the capsule and two toxins, edema toxin (ET = PA + EF) and lethal toxin (LT = LF + PA). EF is a calcium and calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase, producing a rise in intracellular cAMP concentration, while LF is a zinc metalloprotease cleaving the majority of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinases. The toxins play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease and the deregulation of the functions of immune cells. The actin cytoskeleton is actively participating in the phagocytosis and the migration of macrophages and dendritic cells.However, few studies analyze the involvement of the actin cytoskeleton of immune cells in the pathogenesis of toxins. ET induces a time-dependent retraction of dendritic cells and macrophages on fibronectin micropatterns, accompanied by actin depolymerization and a loss of the anchor points of dendritic cells. ET early activates cofilin by activating the cAMP - PKA - Protein phosphatases signaling pathway. Despite these alterations of the actin cytoskeleton, ET does not induce any change in the phagocytic capacity of dendritic cells, except for a deregulation of the phagosomes maturation. ET also leads to an increase in the migration of dendritic cells in vitro by activation and expression of CCR7 and CXCR4 on the surface of dendritic cells.In contrast, LT results in a time-dependent spreading of micropatterned dendritic cells, accompanied by a dysregulation of actin dynamics causing abnormal combinations of actin filament. LT activates myosin phosphatase via the RhoA-ROCK pathway to dephosphorylate myosin II. Unlike ET, LT inhibits the dendritic cells phagocytosis but does not lead to a change in dendritic cells migration in vitro.

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-08T21:28:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EdigleyceLC_DISSERT.pdf: 1495589 bytes, checksum: 331e814fbf35fd0903ce95ef191653df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-17T22:39:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EdigleyceLC_DISSERT.pdf: 1495589 bytes, checksum: 331e814fbf35fd0903ce95ef191653df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-17T22:41:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EdigleyceLC_DISSERT.pdf: 1495589 bytes, checksum: 331e814fbf35fd0903ce95ef191653df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T22:41:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdigleyceLC_DISSERT.pdf: 1495589 bytes, checksum: 331e814fbf35fd0903ce95ef191653df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart species. it is used in feed for farm ani-mals. However, there are few studies on the toxicity of this plant. This study aimed to iden-tify the existence of toxic effect, cytotoxic and mutagenic leaves of A. pyrifolium the test system Allium cepa and mice. It was made growth analysis of roots, inhibition relative and mitotic index with the Allium cepa test. For the LD50 they were used of groups mice were observed for 14 days to determine the number of dead and surviving animals. For the mi-cronucleus test and binucleated cells was done extracting bone marrow of animals. Bioas-says performed with the Allium cepa revealed that the aqueous extract of dried leaves showed no toxic effects, however, stimulated cell division in a concentration of 50 mg/L, is indicative of formation of tumor cells. The fresh leaves were toxic at the concentration of 300 mg/L and had a effect toxic sublethal on concentration of 5 mg/L.. In mice, the median lethal dose was 750.63 mg/kg with the aqueous extract of fresh leaves, and lethal concen-trations tested from the concentration 900 mg/kg in males and females. The evaluated ani-mals showed behavioral changes in the nervous system and change in average total weight. The concentrations tested indicated are not mutagenic or not cytotoxic in the overall analy-sis of micronucleus frequency and binucleated cells, respectively. But, this work provides data toxicity; cytotoxicity and mutagenicity still have not investigated for the species A. pyrifolium / A espécie Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. é utilizada na alimentação por animais de produção. No entanto, são escassos os estudos sobre a toxicidade dessa planta. Este trabalho objetivou identificar a existência de efeito tóxico, citotóxico e mutagênico de folhas de A. pyrifolium no sistema teste Allium cepa e em camundongos. Foi feita a análise de crescimento de raízes, inibição relativa e índice mitótico com o teste Allium cepa. Para a DL50 foram utilizados grupos de camundongos, observados por 14 dias para determinar a quantidade de mortos, doentes e sobreviventes. Para o teste de micronúcleo e células binucleadas foi feita a extração da medula óssea dos animais. Os bioensaios com o Allium cepa realizados revelaram que o extrato aquoso das folhas secas não mostrou efeito tóxico, contudo, estimulou a divisão celular na concentração de 50 mg/L, sendo indicativo de formação de células tumorais. As folhas frescas foram tóxicas na concentração de 300 mg/L e teve efeito tóxico subletal na concentração de 5 mg/L. Nos camundongos, a dose letal mediana foi de 750,63 mg/Kg com o extrato aquoso de folhas frescas, sendo letal nas concentrações testadas a partir da concentração de 900 mg/Kg em machos e fêmeas. Os animais avaliados apresentaram alterações comportamentais no sistema nervoso e alteração no peso médio total. As concentrações testadas indicaram não serem mutagênicas e nem citotóxicas na análise geral das frequências de micronúcleo e células binucleadas, respectivamente. Mas, este trabalho fornece dados de toxicidade, citotoxicidade e mutagenicidade ainda não investigados para a espécie A. pyrifolium / 2017-08-08

The use of botanical extracts has been reported as an alternative to control insect pests in agricultural crops, but the harmful effects of these natural products on the beneficial insect fauna of agricultural ecosystems have to be assessed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of seed extracts of sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) and soursop (Annona muricata L.) on Aphis gossypii (Glover, 1887) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemy, the ladybug Eriopis connexa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Therefore, bioassays were performed with hexane and ethanol extracts at concentrations of 0.125; 0.25; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0%, to estimate by Probit analysis their lethal concentrations. For the ladybird, it was tested the action by contact, residual effect and ingestion to evaluate survival, oviposition and viability of the eggs. The CL50 and CL99 estimated for A. gossypii were, respectively, 0.39 and 5.47% for the ethanolic extract of sugar apple (EEP); 0.23 and 1.19% for the ethanolic extract of soursop (EEG); 0.47 and 4.39% for the hexanic extract of sugar apple (EHP); 0.42 and 6.38% for the hexanic extract of soursop (EHG). Considering the action of the extracts by contact, the EEG (0.23%) was considered innocuous, on the other hand, the EHG (0.42%) promoted mortality of 30% of insects and is classified as slightly harmful for 1st instar larvae; for adults, only EEP (5.47%) was classified as slightly harmful and the other treatments were classified as harmless, including for the residual effect. Regarding the selectivity of the extracts, the LC50 of EEG and EHG did not affect the survival rate of the ladybirds. By contrast, the EEP in both tested concentrations (0.39 and 5.47%) reduced the rate of survival to zero in less than 7 days, resembling the chemical treatment with Decis®. All treatments reduced the consumption of Anagasta kuehniella eggs, alternative prey, treated with the extracts, reducing the predation and causing as a consequence, oviposition to a decrease in lower concentrations and no egg laid for higher concentrations, affecting fertility and predator the viability of the eggs. The EEG in the concentration of 0.23% was effective in controlling A. gossypii, and its selective natural enemy E. connexa, not interfering with the survival rate of these. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O uso de extratos botânicos é uma alternativa de controle de insetos-praga em cultivos agrícolas, mas os efeitos desses produtos naturais sobre a entomofauna benéfica dos agroecossistemas são necessários. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos extratos de sementes de pinha Annona squamosa L. e graviola Annona muricata L. sobre o pulgão Aphis gossypii (Glover, 1887) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e seu inimigo natural, a joaninha Eriopis connexa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Para isso, foram realizados bioensaios com os extratos hexânico e etanólico nas concentrações: 0,125; 0,25; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0%, visando estimar por análise de Probit as concentrações letais. Para a joaninha, foi testada a ação por contato, efeito residual e ingestão para avaliação da sobrevivência, oviposição e viabilidade dos ovos. As CL50 e CL99 estimadas para A. gossypii foram respectivamente, 0,39 e 5,47% para extrato etanólico de pinha (EEP); 0,23 e 1,19% para extrato etanólico de graviola (EEG); 0,47 e 4,39% para extrato hexânico de pinha (EHP); 0,42 e 6,38% para extrato hexânico de graviola (EHG). Na ação dos extratos por contato, o EEG a 0,23% foi considerado inócuo, por outro lado, o EHG a 0,42% promoveu mortalidade de 30% dos insetos, sendo classificado como levemente nocivo para larvas de 1o instar; para adultos apenas o EEP (5,47%), foi classificado como levemente nocivo e os demais tratamentos foram classificados como inócuos, inclusive para o efeito residual. Quanto à seletividade dos extratos às joaninhas por ingestão, as CL50 do EEG e EHG não interferiram na taxa de sobrevivência dos predadores, por outro lado, o EEP nas duas concentrações testadas (0,39 e 5,47%) reduziram a zero a taxa de sobrevivência dos insetos em menos de 7 dias, se assemelhando ao tratamento químico Decis®. Todos os tratamentos reduziram o consumo de ovos de Anagasta kuehniella, presa alternativa, tratados com os extratos, diminuindo a capacidade predatória e, causando como consequência, a diminuição na oviposição para as concentrações menores e nenhum ovo posto para as maiores concentrações, afetando a fecundidade do predador e a viabilidade dos ovos. O EEG na concentração de 0,23% foi eficiente no controle de A. gossypii, e seletivo ao inimigo natural E. connexa, não interferindo na taxa de sobrevivência destes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 316593 bytes, checksum: 9211416fdf4f9f4ea32b6492965b28a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The predatory mite Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) has great potential as a biological control agent of spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). However, chemical control may adversely affect the effectiveness of this predator. An alternative that would exploit the potential presented by P. macropilis as natural enemy of spider mite would be the selection of individuals resistant to pesticides from major collections in the areas of cash crops, since these individuals would be under constant selective pressure of one or more pesticides. Thus, the objective was to identify individuals of P. macropilis resistant to acaricides abamectin and dimethoate and possible fitness cost linked to this resistance. It took account of these two pesticides with insecticide-acaricide action because they are more invested in strawberry crops in the state of Minas Gerais for the control of spider mite. To that end, this dissertation were evaluated: i) the lethal toxicity of the acaricides abamectin and dimethoate on two populations of P. macropilis, coming from a conventional farming in the region of Barbacena-MG and the other from a greenhouse on the campus of Universidade Federal de Viçosa, ii) the instantaneous rate of increase (ri), rate of predation on spider mite and capacity foraging to volatile plant infested with spider mite for the two populations of P. macropilis. It was concluded that the population collected in conventional system in the region of Barbacena showed resistance to dimethoate and that this resistance is not associated with fitness cost compared to susceptible individuals. / O ácaro predador Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) possui grande potencial como agente de controle biológico do ácaro-rajado Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). No entanto, o controle químico pode interferir negativamente na efetividade deste predador. Uma alternativa que permitiria explorar o potencial apresentado por P. macropilis como inimigo natural do ácaro-rajado seria a seleção de indivíduos resistentes aos principais pesticidas a partir de coletas em áreas de cultivos comerciais, pois estes indivíduos estariam sob pressão seletiva constante de um ou mais pesticidas. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar indivíduos de P. macropilis resistentes aos acaricidas abamectina e dimetoato e o possível custo adaptativo ligado a esta resistência. Levou-se em consideração estes dois pesticidas com ação acaricida-inseticida por serem os mais aplicados em cultivos de morangueiro no estado de Minas Gerais para o controle do ácaro-rajado. Para tanto, nesta dissertação foram avaliados: i) A toxicidade letal dos acaricidas abamectina e dimetoato sobre duas populações de P. macropilis, uma oriunda de cultivo convencional da região de Barbacena-MG e a outra proveniente de casa de vegetação do campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa; ii) A taxa instantânea de crescimento populacional (ri), taxa de predação sobre o ácaro-rajado e capacidade de forrageamento a voláteis de plantas infestadas com o ácaro-rajado para as duas populações de P. macropilis. Concluiu-se que a população coletada em cultivo convencional na região de Barbacena apresentou resistência a dimetoato e que esta resistência não está associada a custo adaptativo em relação a indivíduos susceptíveis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3802.pdf: 4112819 bytes, checksum: e42717f19397f311cb6978ed3341685c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-29 / For centuries, infectious agents have been used as weapons in armed conflicts. In 1972 the Biological Weapons Convention prohibited the creation and stockpiling of biological weapons. However, some countries continued to research and develop these weapons. Proof of this fact was the crash in 1979 in a military factory in the USSR, where Bacillus anthracis were dispersed. Biotechnology in a globalizing world facilitates and contributes not only to the development of weapons programs of regular armies, but also to terrorist groups. Examples of such this are the contamination by the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium by a religious fanatic group that in 1984 poisoned 751 people in the U.S., and the bacterium Bacillus anthracis spores mailed in the U.S. to several people during 2001 and 2002, immediately after the attacks of September 11th. A biological weapon is of extreme difficult detection by security equipment. Most infectious agents are present in almost every continent, making it easier to obtain. The production is cheap and it is easy to carry, being a small amount enough to reach very large area and thousands of people. It is an invisible weapon, odorless and causes symptoms unknown to most physicians. So, given this background, in this master thesis we attempt to demonstrate the reality of the threat of a biological weapon based on Anthrax as the biological agent used as a weapon of mass destruction. Based on this study, we show the fragility of the state system for dealing with such incidents, and we propose security protocols in order to regulate what should be done in time of crisis, defining its management and streamline the decision-making. Finally, using the technique of molecular docking, we also studied the lethal factor of anthrax, and proposed the compound 1-Phenylsulfonyl-2-propanone (DARXOJ, C9H10O3S) as a good candidate to inhibit its effects. / Há séculos agentes infecciosos são utilizados como armas em conflitos bélicos. Em 1972 a Convenção sobre Armas Biológicas proibiu a criação e armazenamento de armas biológicas. No entanto alguns países continuaram a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento dessas armas. Prova desse fato foi o acidente em 1979 em uma fábrica militar na URSS, onde foram dispersos esporos de Bacillus anthracis. A Biotecnologia no mundo globalizado facilita e contribui não apenas aos programas de desenvolvimento de armas dos exércitos regulares, mas também aos grupos terroristas. Exemplos disso são a intoxicação pela bactéria Salmonella typhimurium por um grupo fanático religioso que em 1984, nos EUA, intoxicou 751 pessoas, e os esporos da bactéria Bacillus anthracis enviados pelo correio para várias pessoas em 2001 e 2002, imediatamente após os atentados de 11 de setembro nos EUA. Uma arma biológica é muito difícil de ser detectada por equipamento de segurança. A maioria dos agentes infecciosos está presente em quase todos os continentes, o que facilita a sua obtenção. A produção é barata e simples de transportar, podendo atingir com pequena quantidade área muito grande e milhares de pessoas. É uma arma invisível, inodora e que provoca sintomas desconhecidos pela maioria dos médicos. Em face desse panorama, neste trabalho procuramos demonstrar a realidade da ameaça de uma arma biológica e elegemos o Antraz como agente biológico utilizado como arma de destruição em massa. Neste estudo, mostramos a fragilidade do sistema estatal para lidar com este tipo de incidente, e propomos protocolos de segurança com o objetivo de regular os procedimentos no momento de crise, definindo o gerenciamento para melhorar e otimizar as tomadas de decisões. Finalmente, por meio do uso da técnica de docking molecular, também estudamos o fator letal do Antraz, e propusemos o composto 1-Fenilsulfonil-2-propanona (DARXOJ, C9H10O3S) como um bom candidato a inibir os seus efeitos.