O diabetes tipo 1 (DT1) é uma doença metabólica associada a uma inflamação sistêmica de baixo grau, responsável por importantes co-morbidades associadas. Nosso grupo demonstrou que esta inflamação depende dos níveis plasmáticos aumentados de leucotrieno-B4 (LTB4), o qual estimula o eixo Myd88/STAT1 amplificando a resposta dos receptores TLR/IL1&#946 em macrófagos. Isso caracteriza o programa pró-inflamatório M1 nestas células, que requer energia proveniente da glicólise e produz substancias tóxicas como espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e óxido nítrico (NO). Isto pode ser minimizado pela respiração mitocondrial desacoplada à síntese de ATP no metabolismo lipídico. Assim, na primeira parte do trabalho os macrófagos de camundongos (C57Bl/6) DT1, expressaram níveis elevados de marcadores de oxidação de ácidos graxos, o que não foi observado em macrófagos de camundongos diabéticos tratados com o antagonista de LTB4 (u75302). Além disso, o u75302 também reduziu a expressão aumentada de CD36, receptor envolvido na captação de lipídios, assim como aumento de lipídios intracelulares nestas células. Os elevados níveis de triglicérides e ácidos graxos presentes no plasma dos diabéticos também foram reduzidos pelo antagonista u75302, e isso foi consistente com o aparecimento de marcadores de lipólise (Prdm16 e Fgf21) no tecido adiposo branco destes animais. Da mesma forma, u75302 reduziu o consumo de oxigênio dos macrófagos de animais diabéticos. Isso foi consistente com os resultados obtidos em macrófagos de camundongos diabéticos deficientes da UCP1, os quais apresentaram maior peso corporal, maior massa de gordura e metabolismo mitocondrial mais baixo do que diabéticos WT. A perda de gordura também foi recuperada pelo tratamento com u75302 indicando o envolvimento do LTB4 na perda de adiposidade e dislipidemia em DT1. Na segunda parte do trabalho, confirmamos a participação dos leucotrienos na inflamação sistêmica em DT1 induzida por estreptozotocina. Camundongos (129SvE) diabéticos apresentaram níveis sistêmicos elevados das citocinas e este aumento não ocorreu em 129Sve deficientes da enzima 5-lipoxigenase (5LO-/-), responsável pela síntese de leucotrienos. A freqüência de monócitos pró-inflamatórios (CD11b&#43Ly6ChighLy6G-) circulantes estava aumentada em camundongos diabéticos WT mas não nos 5LO-/-. Macrófagos peritoneais residentes de camundongos diabéticos também apresentaram um fenótipo semelhante ao M1 classicamente ativado (alta expressão de Nos2 e Stat1, e alta produção de NO), que não foi revertido com o estímulo de IL4 in vitro ou in vivo. Por outro lado, os macrófagos dos 5LO-/- diabéticos apresentaram o fenótipo de macrófagos M2 alternativamente ativados (alta expressão de Ym1 e Arg1, e alta atividade de arginase). Os animais WT diabéticos tiveram cicatrização deficiente que se correlacionou com uma baixa freqüência de macrófagos M2 (CD45&#43F4/80&#43CD206&#43) nas lesões cutâneas comparado com os demais grupos. Juntos, estes dados sugerem que no DT1 os leucotrienos contribuem para a inflamação sistêmica e reprogramação dos monócitos e macrófagos para perfil inflamatório e isto está associado com aumento do metabolismo energético nestas células. Estas alterações induzidas nos macrófagos pelos níveis elevados de leucotrienos, particularmente LTB4, se correlacionam com a cicatrização deficiente, com a perda de gordura e hiperlipidemia nos camundongos DT1, sugerindo que o LTB4 possa ser um alvo terapêutico no diabetes. / Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a metabolic disease associated to systemic low grade inflammation, which has an important role in co-morbidities. Our group showed that this inflammation depends on the high systemic levels of leukotriene-B4 (LTB4), which stimulateds MyD88/Stat1 axis, amplifying TLR/IL1&#946 response in macrophages. This characterizes pro inflammatory M1 program, which requires energy from glycolysis, and produces harmful molecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). This can be mitigated by mitochondrial respiration uncoupled to ATP synthesis in lipid metabolism. Therefore, in the first part of this study, macrophages from T1D mice (C57Bl/6) expressed high levels of fatty acid oxidation markers, which was not observed in macrophages from T1D mice treated with LTB4 receptor antagonis, u75302. Moreover, u75302 also reduced the high expression od CD36, a receptor involved in lipids uptake, and also reduced intracellular lipids in these cells. The high levels of triglycerides in diabetic plasma were reduced by u75302, and this is consistent with lipolysis markers (Prdm16 and Fgf21) in white adipose tissue of these mice. This was also consistent with results obtained in macrophages from diabetic UCP1 deficient mice, which had higher body weight and lower mitochondrial metabolism then WT diabetics. Fat loss was also recovered by u75302 treatment, indicating an involvement of LTB4 in adiposity loss and dyslipidemia in T1D. In the second part of this study, we confirmed leukotrienes participation in systemic inflammation in T1D streptozotocin-induced. T1D mice (129SvE) increased systemic levels of cytokines, which was not observed in T1D 5-lipoxygenase deficient mice (5LO-/-).The frequency of pro inflammatory monocytes (CD11b&#43Ly6ChighLy6G-) was increased in WT diabetic mice, but not in 5LO-/-. Resident peritoneal macrophages in diabetics had a phenotype similar to M1 classically activated (Nos2 and Stat1 highly expressed, and high production of NO), which was not reversed by IL-4 stimulation in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand, macrophages from diabetic 5LO-/- had a phenotype M2 alternatively activated (Ym1 and Arg1 highly expressed, and high arginase activity). WT diabetic mice had a defective wound healing, which was related to low frequency of M2 (CD45&#43F4/80&#43CD206&#43) macrophages in cutaneous wounds, compared to the other groups. All together, our data suggest that in T1D leukotrienes induce systemic inflammation, and reprogram pro inflammatory phenotype in monocytes and macrophages, and this is related to increased energetic metabolism in these cells. These alteration in macrophages due to leukotrienes effects, mainly LTB4, are correlated to defective healing, with fat loss, and dyslipidemia in T1D mice, suggesting that LTB4 can be a therapeutic target in diabetes.

Le rejet chronique se manifeste dans le poumon par la bronchiolite oblitérante (BO), une pathologie inflammatoire et fibrotique menant à l’oblitération des bronchioles. L’étiologie exacte de cette maladie demeure inconnue. Certaines études suggèrent qu'un déséquilibre des leucotriènes (LT) sur les prostaglandines (PG) favorise la fibrose pulmonaire. Les taux des LT et des PG dans le poumon humain post-transplantation sont inconnus. Nous proposons qu'un déséquilibre de cystéinyl leucotriènes (CysLT) sur la PGE2 existe dans le poumon transplanté et pourrait être impliqué dans la pathogenèse de la BO. Aussi, les leucotriènes contribueraient à la fibrose par la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (TEM). Afin de vérifier ces hypothèses, nous avons déterminé les taux de CysLT et de PGE2 dans le liquide de lavage broncho-alvéolaire (LBA) provenant de poumons transplantés chez l'homme ainsi que leurs corrélations cliniques. Nous avons également déterminé la capacité des CysLT à induire l’expression des marqueurs de la TEM in vitro. Nous avons découvert des taux de CysLT et PGE2 supérieurs à la normale dans les LBA des greffés. Un pic prédominant de CysLT sur PGE2 est observée à 52 semaines postgreffe et deux facteurs de risque de la BO, les infections au CMV et à l’Aspergillus, sont associés au ratio CysLT/PGE2> 1. In vitro, les CysLT induisent une répression des marqueurs épithéliaux mais n’induisent pas l’expression de marqueurs mésenchymateux chez les cellules épithéliales bronchiolaires. / Chronic rejection occurs, in the lung, in the form of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), an inflammatory and fibroproliferative disease that leads to the obliteration of the bronchioles. A concept of the pathogenesis of BO has been suggested and several risk factors are associated to it, however, the exact etiology of this disease remains unknown. Studies have suggested that an imbalance of leukotrienes (LT) over prostaglandins (PG) promotes pulmonary fibrosis. The levels of LT and PG in the human lung post-transplantation are unknown. We propose that an imbalance of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT) on PGE2 exists in the transplanted lung and may be implicated in the pathogenesis of BO. We also suggest that leukotrienes contribute to fibrosis through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In order to test these hypotheses, we have determined the levels of CysLTs and PGE2 in human transplanted lung bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) samples and their clinical correlations. We have also determined the capacity of CysLT to induce the expression of EMT markers in vitro. We found high average levels of CysLT and PGE2 in the BAL of transplant patients. A predominant peak of CysLT over PGE2 was observed at 52 weeks post-transplantation and two risk factors for BO, CMV infections and Aspergillus were associated with CysLT/PGE2 ratio> 1. According to our experimental parameters, CysLT can induce the repression of epithelial markers but do not induce the expression of mesenchymal markers in vitro in small airway epithelial cells.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Growing evidence has shown that leukotrienes are important contributors in the pathophysiology of several SNC inflammatory diseases where excitotoxicity is involved, including traumatic brain injury, encephalitis, Parkinson's disease, ischemia, epilepsy and neuropathic pain. However little is known about the molecular mechanism by which leukotrienes facilitate excitatory activity in the brain. Thus, in this study we investigated the effect of antagonists for cysteinyl leukotrienes receptors (CysLT) on PTZ-induced seizure in mice. Bay-u9973 (3 and 30 nmol), montelukast (0.03 and 0.3 μmol) and pranlukast (1 and 3 μmol), increased the latency to generalized seizures and decreased the mean amplitude of EEG recordings during seizures. LTD4 (0.2 and 2 pmol) reverted the anticonvulsant effect of montelukast (0.3 μmol). Montelukast (0.03 and 0.3 μmol) prevented PTZ-induced BBB disruption, an effect that was reversed by LTD4 (6 pmol). In addition, doses of LTD4 (0.2 and 2 pmol) which reversed the effect of montelukast in crisis did not alter the protective effect of montelukast on the barrier, dissociating the anticonvulsant of protective effect on BBB. The confocal microscopy analysis revealed that 1. PTZ increased the number of CD45+ and IgG cells in cerebral cortex, indicating BBB leakage with leukocyte infiltration; 2. while LTD4 (6 pmol) potentiated, montelukast decreased the effect of PTZ on leukocyte migration. Considering that increase levels of leukotrienes and decrease in Na+,K+-ATPase are common findings in several excitotoxic conditions, including epileptic seizures, we also investigated the effects of LTD4 on the activity of Na+,K+-ATPase activity in mice hippocampal slices. LTD4 10 and 100 nM decreases Na+,K+-ATPase activity alpha 2, 3 and alpha 1 subunits, respectively, in mice hippocampal slices. The inhibitory effect of LTD4 on Na+,K+-ATPase activity was not observed in hippocampal homogenates, indicating that it requires intact cells. Moreover, we showed that LTD4-induced decrease Na+,K+-ATPase activity was reversed by CysLT1R inverse agonis, montelukast (1 μM). In addition, we also showed that possibly the PKC activation pathway is involved in LTD4-induced decrease of Na+,K+-ATPase activity in mice hippocampal slices, since PKC inhibitor, GF 109203X (0,3 μM), prevent this effect. Finally, but not least important, we have demonstrated that animals injected with LTD4 (2 pmol/3 μL icv), there also occurs a decrease in Na+,K+-ATPase activity, corroborating our in vitro findings and confirming the biological importance of this work. In summary, we showed that CysLT1 receptor activation modulates hippocampal Na+,K+-ATPase activity in mice, suggesting a possible mechanism for the involvement of leukotrienes in several dosorders related with brain inflammation and hyperexcitability. / Evidências crescentes têm mostrado que os leucotrienos são importantes contribuintes na patofisiologia de diversas doenças inflamatórias do sistema nervoso central nas quais a excitotoxicidade esteja envolvida, incluindo trauma crânio-encefálico, encefalite, doença de Parkinson, isquemia, dor neuropática e epilepsia. Entretanto pouco se sabe sobre o mecanismo molecular pelo qual os leucotrienos facilitam a atividade excitatória no encéfalo. Assim, neste trabalho investigamos o efeito de antagonistas para receptores de leucotrienos cisteínicos (CysLT) sobre as convulsões induzidas por PTZ em camundongos. Bay-u9973 (3 and 30 nmol), montelucaste (0.03 and 0.3 μmol) e pranlucaste (1 and 3 μmol), aumentaram a latência para as crises e diminuíram a amplitude média do EEG durante as crises. Montelucaste (0.03 and 0.3 μmol) preveniu a ruptura da BHE induzida pelo PTZ, e o efeito foi revertido pelo LTD4 (6 pmol). Além disso, as doses de LTD4 (0.2 and 2 pmol) que reverteram o efeito do montelucaste nas crises não alteraram o efeito protetor do montelucaste sobre a barreira, dissociando o efeito anticonvulsivante do efeito protetor sobre a BHE. As análises de microscopia confocal revelaram: 1) PTZ aumentou o número de células CD45+ e IgG no córtex, evidenciando a ruptura da BHE; 2) enquanto o LTD4 (6 pmol) potencializou, o montelucaste diminuiu o efeito do PTZ sobre a migração leucocitária. Considerando que níveis aumentados de leucotrienos e diminuição na atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase são achados comuns em diversas condições excitotóxicas, incluindo crises epilépticas, também investigamos o efeito do LTD4 sobre a atividade da Na+,K+- ATPase em fatias de hipocampo de camundongos. LTD4 nas doses de 10 e 100 nM, diminuiu a atividade das subunidades alfa 2/3 e alfa 1, respectivamente. O efeito inibitório do LTD4 na atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase não foi reproduzido quando realizado com homogeneizado de hipocampo, indicando que esse efeito requer a célula intacta. A fim de nos certificarmos de que o LTD4 (10 nM) estava se ligando ao receptor CysLT1, incubamos as fatias com anticorpo anti- CysLT1, e verificamos que, na presença do anticorpo, o LTD4 perde o efeito. Além disso, observamos que a diminuição na atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase induzida pelo LTD4 foi revertida pelo montelucaste (1 μM), agonista inverso dos receptores CysLT1. Neste trabalho mostramos ainda que a ativação da PKC possivelmente esteja envolvida no efeito do LTD4 sobre a atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase em fatias de hipocampo de camundongos, uma vez que o GF 109203X (0,3 μM), inibidor da PKC, preveniu esse efeito. Por fim, mas não menos importante, também demonstramos que em animais injetados i.c.v. com LTD4 (2 pmol/3 μL, i.c.v.), também ocorre uma diminuição na atividade da Na+,K+-ATPase, corroborando com nossos achados in vitro e confirmando a importância biológica deste trabalho. Assim, este trabalho mostrou evidências do envolvimento dos receptores CysLT1 nas crises induzidas por PTZ bem como na permeabilidade da BHE, sendo a modulação da enzima Na+,K+-ATPase um possível mecanismo para a implicação dos leucotrienos em diversas doenças do SNC relacionadas com inflamação e hiperexcitabilidade.

No presente trabalho investigamos a relevância dos mediadores lipídicos (Leucotrienos) gerados pela enzima 5-Lipoxigenase (5-LO) na susceptibilidade ou resistência de camundongos ao Melanoma experimental com células tumorais B16-F0, utilizando como modelo camundongos produtores de leucotrienos (129_WT) e camundongos geneticamente deficientes \"knockout\" de 5-LO (129_5-LO KO). Primeiramente, verificamos que leucócitos peritoneais provenientes de animais WT implantados com melanoma B16-F0, apresentam aumento da expressão do gene para 5-LO (Alox5). Nossos resultados mostram que animais 5-LO KO, deficientes de 5-LO são mais eficientes no controle da progressão do tumor e apresentam significativo aumento na sobrevivência, quando comparados a animais WT, produtores de 5-LO. A nossa análise do perfil imunológico em células esplênicas indicam que a maior eficiência dos camundongos 5-LO KO no controle do crescimento de células tumorais B16-F0 estariam associados à presença numérica aumentada de neutrófilos (Gr-1+), células apresentadoras de antígeno (I-Ab+) majoritariamente CD19+CD80+ e esplenócitos capacitados para produção de altos níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias/efetoras como a IL-6, TNF?, IFN-? e baixos níveis de citocinas regulatórias como IL-10, 15 dias pós-implantação do tumor; a rápida geração da resposta imune polarizada para produção elevada de citocinas Th1 (IFN-?), mas não, citocinas Th2 (IL-10) e presença de maiores números de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ efetoras, expressando o fenótipo CD44high ou CD44highCD62Llow. Ainda, verificamos que a deficiência genética da 5-LO ou a inibição da 5-LO pelo MK886 em células LAK, aumenta significativamente sua atividade citotóxica em células do melanoma B16-F0. Nossos resultados em conjunto, indicam que leucotrienos gerados pela enzima 5-LO, modulam negativamente a geração de resposta imune protetora em camundongos para o Melanoma B16-F0. / In the present work we examine the contribution of 5-lipoxigenase-derived lipid mediators during experimental melanoma (B16-F0) in 5-LO gene knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. The 5-LO KO mice presented delayed tumor growth, lesser tumor volume and delayed mortality. The greater resistance of 5-LO KO mice correlated with the following: High splenic Gr-1+ leukocytes counts, High and dominant presence of splenic IAb+CD19+CD80+ antigen-presenting cells counts and capacity of spleen cell to produce high levels of IL-6, TNF-?, IFN-? and lower levels of IL-10 early after tumor cells implantation; rapid T-cell polarization to secret high quantities of Th1 type cytokine IFN-? and low quantities of Th2 type cytokine IL-10; rapid generation and greater numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ activated T cells expressing CD45RB or CD44 markers; and also CD4+ and CD8+ CD44high or CD44highCD62Llow effector T cells. Herein, IL-2 induced splenic LAK cells from 5-LO KO mice, compared with splenic LAK cells from WT mice, were more efficient at killing B16-F0 melanoma cells. The increased B16-F0 melanoma cells killing activity were also found by treatment of splenic LAK cells from WT mice with a 5-LO activity inhibitor, MK886. Our findings suggest that 5-LO deficiency altered antigen-presenting cells profile, IFN-? and IL-10 production during skin cancer disease favoring the generation of protective immune responses and also provide evidence that 5-LO-derived LTs negatively affect the host survival during experimental B16-F0 melanoma.

5-Oxo-ETE ist ein chemotaktischer Faktor für Granulozyten, der von der NADP+-abhängigen Dehydrogenase 5h-dh aus dem 5-Lipoxygenaseprodukt 5-HETE gebildet wird. Ziel dieser dreiteiligen Studie war es, die der 5-oxo-ETE-Produktion zugrunde liegenden Regulationsmechanismen aufzuklären. I. Einfluß von myeloider Zelldifferenzierung auf die Expression von 5h-dh in HL-60 und U-937 Zellen. Undifferenzierte HL-60 und U-937 Zellen produzieren vergleichbare Mengen von 5-oxo-ETE wie Monozyten oder Granulozyten. Differenzierung von U-937 Zellen mit PMA verdreifacht die Enzymaktivtät von 5h-dh, während die Behandlung von HL-60 Zellen mit dh-VitD3 diese verdoppelte. Der Einfluß von PMA auf 5h-dh wurde darüber hinaus in Mikrosomen von U-937 Zellen untersucht. Die Behandlung PMA verdreifachte Vmax, liess aber KM unbeeinflußt. II. Regulation der 5-oxo-ETE-Produktion durch oxidativen Stress und Glukose. Da der GSH-Redoxzyklus die Produktion von NADP+ zur Folge hat, stimulierten die Hydroperoxide H2O2 und tBOOH die Synthese von 5-oxo-ETE in U-937 Zellen. Aufgrund seiner Verarbeitung durch den Pentosephosphat Zyklus, der NAD+ in NADPH umwandelt, inhibierte Glucose diesen Effekt von H2O2. Die Synthese von 5-oxo-ETE wurde durch H2O2 auch in humanem Monozyten, Lymphocyten und Thrombozyten, aber nicht in Neutrophilen angeregt. Im Gegensatz zu Monozyten zeigten sich Thrombozyten und Lymphozyten allerdings glukose-resistent. T-BOOH ehöhte auch die Produktion von 5-oxo-ETE nach Zugabe von Ionophore und Arachidonsäure zu mononukleären Blutzellen. III. 5h-dh-Expression in human Strukturzellen. Zunächst rasterten wir mehrere sekundäre Epithelzelllinien und fanden 5h-dh in allen Zellen. Drei Indizien lassen vermuten, daß die epithele 5h-dh der myeloiden entspricht: (i) die enzymatische Aktivtät liegt vor allem in der mikrosomalen Fraktion vor, (ii) bei dem Kofaktor handelt es sich um NADP+ und nicht um NAD+, und (iii) 5S-HETE ist das bevorzugte Substrat. Weitere Studien zeigten, daß auch primäre humane Aorta-Endothelzellen 5h-dh expremieren. Vergleichbar zu Entzündungszellen wird die Produktion von 5-oxo-ETE auch in Endothel- und in Epithelzellen durch oxidativen Stress angeregt. / 5-Oxo-ETE is a highly potent granulocyte chemoattractant that is formed by the NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase 5h-dh by oxidation of the 5-lipoxygenase product 5-HETE. The objective of this study was to investigate underlying regulatory mechanisms of 5-oxo-ETE production in human cells. This matter was addressed from three directions. I. Expression of 5h-dh in HL-60 and U-937 cells and its activity changes during myeloid cell differentiation. Undifferentiated U-937 and HL-60 cells produce similar amounts of 5-oxo-ETE compared to monocytes or neutrophils. Differentiation of U-937 cells with PMA resulted in a 3-fold increase in 5-oxo-ETE production. Similarly, incubation of HL-60 cells with dh-VitD3 induced a 2-fold increase in 5-oxo-ETE production. The impact of PMA on 5h-dh was also investigated in the microsomal fraction of U-937 cells and compared to neutrophil microsomes. PMA treatment leads to a increase of Vmax but does not affect KM. II. Regulation of 5-oxo-ETE by oxidative stress and glucose levels. We found that H2O2 and t-butyl hydroperoxide strongly stimulate 5-oxo-ETE formation by U-937 cells through the GSH redox cycle by providing NADP+. Glucose inhibited the response to H2O2 through its metabolism by the pentose phosphate pathway, which converts NADP+ back to NADPH. 5-Oxo-ETE synthesis was also strongly stimulated by hydroperoxides in blood monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets, but not neutrophils. Unlike monocytic cells, lymphocytes and platelets were resistant to the inhibitory effects of glucose. 5-Oxo-ETE synthesis following incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with arachidonic acid and calcium ionophore was also strongly enhanced by t-BOOH. III. Expression of 5h-dh in human structural cells. We screened several secondary epithelial cell lines and detected 5h-dh in all cell lines. Epithelial 5h-dh and the inflammatory cell 5h-dh are identical: (i) the enzymatic activity is localized in microsomes, (ii) the cofactor is NADP+, and (iii) 5S-HETE is the preferred substrate. We also found that primary human aortic endothelial cells express 5h-dh. 5-oxo-ETE production by both endothelial and epithelial cells is regulated by oxidative stress in a manner similar to inflammatory cells.