Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier tout particulièrement le répertoire du chant tripolitain au sein de la tradition musicale libyenne, de façon à mettre en lumière, à la fois, les modèles mélodiques et les modèles rythmiques qui caractérisent ce chant, ainsi que les structures compositionnelles qui s’en dégagent. Une place centrale sera accordée à l’étude de l’évolution/acculturation du chant tripolitain. / The main aim of this thesis is to study in a special form the trabelsi singing in the core of the tradition of the Libyan music with a method explains at the same time, the melodic models and rhythmic models that describe this singing, as well as compositional structures highlighted by these models. In addition, this research will deeply concentrate in studying the development and acculturation of the trabelsi singing.

Libya is a predominately Muslim country where Islamic finance has not yet been established. However, given the current extensive program of financial reform in Libya and the rapid growth and appeal of Islamic finance in comparable economies, there is growing pressure for a system of Islamic finance to be provided. There is then a pressing need for research into the prospects for Islamic finance from a consumer and provider perceptive to inform this debate and thereby meet the needs of policymakers, financial service providers and prospective users. Accordingly, this study of Libyan attitudes towards Islamic methods of finance, the first study attempted in the Libyan context and one of few studies globally, applies a model derived from the Theory of Reasoned Action to analyse attitudes towards Islamic finance. The particular focus is to understand how the Theory of Reasoned Action can be used for predicting and understanding attitudes towards the potential use of Islamic methods of finance by Libyan retail consumers, business firms and banks. Four main research questions are posed to address this objective. First, does awareness of Islamic methods of finance influence attitudes towards the use of Islamic finance? Second, do socioeconomic, demographic and other factors influence attitudes towards Islamic finance? Third, what are the principal motivating factors towards the potential use of Islamic finance? Finally, is religion the major influence on the likelihood of engaging in Islamic finance? Three surveys of 385 retail consumers, 296 business firms and 134 bank managers in Libya are conducted in 2007/08 to achieve this objective. Descriptive analysis and multivariate statistical analysis (including factor analysis, discriminant analysis and binary logistic regressions) are used to analyse the data. The principal findings are that awareness of Islamic methods of finance and socioeconomic, demographic and business characteristics are key determinants of the likelihood of the use of Islamic finance. Further, religion plays a key, though not the only, role in influencing these attitudes. The thesis findings are of key importance in informing future financial industry practice and financial policy formation in Libya.

Kaum hatte die deutsche Bundesregierung den Beschluss gefasst, den Beschluss im UN-Sicherheitsrat über eine Flugverbotszone über Libyen nicht zu fassen, ging eine Welle des Geschimpfes durch die politische Kaste dieses Landes. Diejenigen, die sich wahlweise so schön eingeschaukelt haben in das Bett der transatlantischen Subordination oder sich bereitwillig hinter Großsprüche französischer Ambition ducken, wenn sie gerade mal nicht den Vorgaben aus den USA folgen wollen, waren aufgeschreckt.

This essay examines how the conflict in Libya in 2011 was reported by the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter and the American newspaper The New York Times. The purpose is to examine how the conflict is portrayed and what similarities and differences that exist between the two newspapers. We have used a quantitative content analysis and critical discourse analysis to get our results. In conclusion, both newspapers polarize the conflict to a large extent, resulting in a one-sided and biased account. However The New York Times is more objective and neutral in its portrayal of the conflict.

The study investigated the effects of different instructional methods and preinstructional backgrounds of the subjects upon the instructional effectiveness of Libyan high school teachers. The two measures of teaching effectiveness used in the study consisted of student learning as measured by the performance on a domain-referenced achievement test and the student ratings of course effectiveness. The sample for this study consisted of 15 tenth-grade classes in six public high schools located in the City of Tripoli, Libya. A total of 542 subjects participated in the study of whom 331 were male and the remaining 211 were female. The chronological ages of the subjects ranged from 13 1/4 to 28 1/6 years. Each of the selected participating teachers was randomly assigned two tenth-grade classes and was instructed to teach one class by lecture method and the other by discussion method. Thus, the same teachers each taught two different classes with varying instructional methodologies. Five classes taught by the other group of teachers called "non-participating teachers" served as the control group. The content of instruction was selected from a regular geography textbook and was divided into 12 units. Each unit represented a lesson. These lessons were delivered during 6 weeks of instruction at the rate of two lessons a week. Prior to the commencement of the study an achievement test, an ability measure, and an educational attitude scale were administered. At the termination of the study an alternate form of the achievement test and a course effectiveness scale were administered. The data collected were analyzed by using a factorial analysis of variance design. The ability, previous achievement, and educational attitude measures were used as indices of preinstructional backgrounds of the selected subjects. The obtained results indicated that the three instructional methods produced differential effects on subjects with varying aptitudes, especially when the overall previous achievement and ability test scores were used as indicators of learner aptitude. High-aptitude subjects showed the highest amount of learning gains and seemed to be the least affected by differences in the teaching methodologies. Subjects with medium aptitudes benefited most from the discussion method while subjects with low aptitudes profited most from the lecture method. These findings lend some support to the aptitude-treatment interaction phenomenon noted by other researchers. Similar aptitude-treatment interaction effects were not observed when educational attitudes, achievement in geography, and students' perceptions toward courses were used as measures of learner aptitude. The overall direction of the findings led to the conclusion that the effectiveness of different instructional procedures is related to individual characteristics of the learners, and that the aptitude-treatment interaction effects are observable only when global measures of ability and achievement are used as the indicators of the learner aptitudes.

As a therapist within the multi-disciplinary setting, one is confronted with a wide array of pathology and diagnoses. Care is taken to optimize treatment outcomes and overall return of function to every patient admitted to the various rehabilitation facilities. Treatment is often standardized to ensure quality care benchmarked against outcome parameters. The aforementioned is also true for medical practitioners, pharmacists and other auxiliary service providers. Research is aimed at improving quality of care, finding and establishing the best practises through all hospitals and care facilities. Medical care has undergone a transformation over the past few decades with a strong emphasis being placed on protocols and procedures. Through applying standardized care, protocols and procedures, the researcher have come to realize that certain denominators within patient care have no prediction or outcome control. After more than a decade of treating patients in various rehabilitation settings the researcher have come to realize that one complaint exists with each and every patient under my care – pain. This was even more evident within the group of joint replacement patients. No two patients presented with the exact same pain profile or pain reports despite various commonalities such as anthropometric data (age, gender, length, mass), surgical procedure, attending physician, care facility, pathway exposure, diagnosis, radiographic findings and pharmaceutical intervention. If all the obvious factors were identical – what accounted for the different pain reports? This question is at the heart of the study – why do pain reports differ in the presence of so many similarities between patients? It soon became apparent that pain is recognized in the organic form. Organic pain can be measured and is expected with injury, illness or surgical intervention. The entire multi-disciplinary team is aware of organic pain and ready to intervene with medication, surgery and a pathway of care. All vigorously record organic pain and adapt treatment according to the pain levels as organic pain is real pain: real pain existing through exposure to real surgical intervention. Still the question remained: if all the factors prior to surgery, during surgery and after surgery were the same, why are patients experiencing and reporting very different pain levels? This question was the catalyst for the research and lead to keen focus during patient interviews. Every patient receiving an educational session prior to surgery had very vivid ideas about the pain they will experience post-operatively. The majority of patients formed pre-conceived notions about pain prior to undergoing surgery. They presented with a clear pain rating of what they expected to feel post-operatively. The pre-conceived pain rating was constructed in almost all the cases after some form of information obtained during consultation with their surgeon or a member of the multidisciplinary team. This pain notion existed as a tangible and measurable rating in the client’s mind prior to undergoing the knee replacement surgery. In select cases perceived pain was constructed as a result of information obtained from family or friends that underwent the same procedure while other clients constructed perceived pain due to a lack of information on the proposed surgery. It became evident that education or lack thereof on surgical interventions played a primary role in the construct of perceived pain. Patients were entering theatres for procedures and already experienced a form of perceived pain. If pain could be constructed prior to experiencing surgical intervention – can perceived pain then translate into actual organic pain and account for the variable pain reports post surgery? Against this backdrop, research was directed at understanding perceived pain and the factors that aid the construction of perceived pain. As education was found to be at the heart of every pain construct, the doctor-patient consultation was evaluated as a core component to ascertain the impact this relationship has on perceived pain. Measurement of perceived pain was also performed to conclude on the impact of this pain form on organic pain. The study is aimed at addressing the variant pain reports that no pathway or procedure can predict and provide for. It is an attempt to validate pain as constructed by the patient that impacts on their post-surgical pain ratings and behaviour. This research might contribute towards existing knowledge and understanding of the influence of doctor-patient interaction as well as the significance of this interaction on pain. As only scant research on perception of pain has been undertaken this research can prove insightful for further studies or as supplement to existing views and opinions. It can also serve as a foundation in developing practices that will manage pain by enhancing doctor-patient interaction in the health setting. / MA, Medical Sociology, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

Thèse--Geneva. / At head of title: Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales. Bibliography: p. [265]-270.

À la lumière de l’analyse des animaux rencontrés sur les cinq sites d’art rupestre étudiés dans le Bassin de Kufra, nous pouvons proposer une classification en trois périodes : 1) une première phase bovidienne, observée à Bzima, Rebiana, Bir el-Awadel, ne concernent que des gravures. Le nombre de découvertes est peu important, et les figurations humaines demeurent rares. Dans cette première période, la chasse occupe une place importante. On y rencontre, à côté de bovins, représentés dans un style plutôt réaliste, plusieurs espèces d’antilopes, peut-être un éléphant et d’autres animaux non identifiés. La plupart des gravures de cette période sont localisées en hauteur, sur la paroi verticale de petites falaises ; 2) la période pastorale bovidienne a laissé des traces dans toute la région du Bassin de Kufra, particulièrement dans la région du jebel el-Uweinat, riche en œuvres peintes. Les sujets des gravures sont variés, mais sont largement dominés par les représentations de bovidés, associés à quelques figurations d’hommes et de différents animaux sauvages. Les compositions décrivant un aspect de la vie quotidienne sont rares, à l’exception de quelques représentations de chasse. On note également la présence de nombreuses figurations géométriques et d’empreintes de pattes d’animaux, notamment à Bzima 2. Les dimensions des gravures varient avec le temps, les plus grandes semblant les plus anciennes et l’on ne constate pas de superpositions de gravures, hormis à Bir el-Awadel. Toutes les techniques de réalisation des gravures sont utilisées, l'incision présentant des profondeurs et des largeurs diverses, de même que le piquetage et le bouchardage. Elles sont parfois combinées. Les rares peintures conservées autour de Kufra sont de petites tailles, et seule la couleur rouge a résisté aux dommages causés par les intempéries ; 3) la période cameline est essentiellement représentée à Bzima et Rebiana. Cette période comporte exclusivement des gravures. Les blocs gravés de cette période se situent généralement à proximité des lieux d’habitation et de sépultures. Les camélidés représentent l’essentiel des figurations et apparaissent tantôt en groupes, tantôt individuellement, parfois accompagnés par des chameliers. Les autres espèces animales sont rares, tandis que des figures géométriques apparaissent régulièrement en association avec les camelins incisés. Les mises en scènes sont nombreuses, souvent des caravanes ou troupeaux de dromadaires, et une représentation de conflit armé oppose deux groupes d’hommes à la Gara el-Mekhaze. Quelques gravures camelines recouvrent des gravures bovidiennes, mais le plus souvent ces dernières sont respectées et parfois copiées maladroitement. Les techniques utilisées recouvrent l’incision, le piquetage, le bouchardage et le polissage. Cependant, c’est l’incision - technique très facile à exécuter - qui a été la plus utilisée. La grande variété d’aspect et de maîtrise des tracés indique par ailleurs que les artistes ont été nombreux à se succéder pour graver dans la pierre le fruit de leur imagination. Il n’y a aucune inscription en langue ancienne, mais des inscriptions en arabes souvent récentes. La période cameline semble parfois, dans notre secteur d’étude, en adéquation avec une position de refuge des populations concernées, probablement face à une situation de conflit et rezzous. C’est pourquoi, comme à Rebiana, les sites sont dans les éboulis rocheux au pied des reliefs. A Bzima la situation est plus contrastée, avec des implantation en plaine et dans les éboulis. Aucun des cinq sites étudiés n’a livré jusqu’à présent de représentations de la période cabaline. Le style « Tête-ronde d’el-Uweinat » reste cantonné à ce massif. Une différence très claire se manifeste ainsi entre les cultures du Sud-Est et du Sud-Ouest libyen, de part et d’autre du Waw en-Namus. / In the light of our analysis of the animals encountered at the five rock art sites studied in the Kufra Basin, we are able to put forward a classification of three periods : 1. A first bovidian period encountered in a number of places such as Bzima, Rebiana and Bir el-Awadel and only in the form of engravings. Not many examples of this style have been found and depictions of humans are rare. In this first period hunting scenes predominate, where bovids, portrayed in a rather naturalistic style, are represented by several species of antelope, perhaps an elephant, and other unidentified animals. Most of the engravings from this period are located in hilly areas on the vertical walls of low cliffs. 2. The pastoral period (bovidian), found throughout the Kufra Basin, particularly the Jebel el-Uweinat region, where painted works are more numerous than engraved ones. The subjects of the engravings vary according to the sites but are mainly bovids associated with a few depictions of humans and various wild animals. Portrayals of humans within a scene, describing for example an aspect of daily life, are rare with the exception of a few representations of trapping or hunting. Also present are numerous geometric images and impressions of animal feet, particularly at Bzima 2. The dimensions of the engravings vary according to their age, the largest appearing to be the oldest and, except at Bir el-Awadel, there is no superimposition of engravings. All types of engraving techniques have been used – incisions of various depths and widths as well as picking and pick dressing, sometimes in combination. The few paintings remaining around Kufra are small in size and only the colour red has resisted damage caused by weather. 3. The cameline period found in the el-Uweinat region, especially at Bzima and Rebiana. The rock art of this period consists entirely of engravings – no paintings of dromedaries have been discovered, in contrast to the south-west of Libya. The engraved boulders from this period are generally found close to habitation and burial sites. Images of camels predominate, at times in groups, at times individually, and sometimes accompanied by camel drivers. Other animal species are rare whereas geometric designs regularly appear in conjunction with incised images of camels. There are numerous portrayals of scenes, often of caravans or herds of dromedaries, and in the Gara el-Mekhaze one engraving depicts armed conflict between two opposing groups of men. A few cameline engravings overlap bovidian ones, but most of the time the latter have been respected or at times unskilfully copied. The techniques used include incision, picking, pick dressing and polishing. However it is incision, a technique very easy to execute, which has been most often used. In addition, the great variety in the appearance of the engravings, and in the levels of expertise they reveal, indicates that there has been a succession of many artists expressing the product of their imagination on these boulders. No inscriptions in an ancient language have been found, but there are inscriptions in Arabic, often recent. The cameline period seems at times in our sector of study to correspond with positions of refuge for the populations concerned, probably in response to conflict, in particular raids from neighbouring territories. That is why, as at Rebiana, the sites are among fallen boulders on mountain slopes. However this is not always the case as at Bzima. The “Round Heads” style, found in the Jebel el-Uweinat, is found in our region only in the Karkour Ibrahim. Similarly, in none of the five sites studied have representations from the equidian (or caballine) period so far been found, in contrast to the Akakus region of south-west Libya where they abound. Thus a very clear difference becomes apparent between the cultures of the south-east and south-west of Libya, on either side of the Waw an Namus.

It is widely recognised that the construction industry has a positive role to accelerate the wheel of economic growth in any country. This research is concerned with the Libyan construction industry (LCI). Libya is a developing country which suffered from a big loss in its infrastructures and its unemployment rate increased to 30% in the middle of 2013. Regarding the importance of the construction industry through the role it has in providing infrastructure and creating employment and the poor economic condition of Libya, the rationale of this research follows the example of other nations such as Turkey, Singapore, Malaysia , and Middle East countries where the construction industry was evolved with a target to further boost up the process of economic development. The case of Libya in this regard is valid for the financial stability in the country given its oil reserves and the capacity of the country to absorb migrated skilled labour. This situation is expected to follow the fall of Gaddafi’s regime. The approach of selecting construction as providing input to economic growth follows the strong evidence of the significant role that the construction industry plays in economic growth of the country. The construction industry contributes to economic growth from the demand side and in the traditional Keynesian economy, sustainable short-run economic growth is dependent on the increased demand. For example, in the UK, construction’s 2.5% growth in the third quarter of 2013 helped the overall economy grow by 0.8% over the same period. In comparison with the other industries that contribute to the economic growth of developing countries, the construction industry is more labour-intensive while the developing countries are mostly labour-abundant. The main aim of this research is to investigate the contribution of the construction industry to economic development in order to establish a comprehensive list of recommendations and a guideline for achieving an efficient construction industry to accelerate the process of economic growth. For this aim, the first objective is to examine the causal relationship between the construction industry and gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of the economic growth and between the construction industry and other economic sectors. To achieve the aim of this research, Granger causality tests have been conducted. The financial data about the expenditure on the construction industry in Libya and its share in the GDP of the country and the share of the other economic sectors in the GDP during 1986-2009 was provided by an authority from the Libyan construction industry. First, The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and the Philip Perron (PP) unit root tests were conducted to confirm that the tested time series are stationary. After that, to determine the existence of the long-run causal relationship between the CI and GDP, Engle-Granger co-integration test was used and, finally, vector error correction (VER) model was employed to detect the direction of the causal relationship between the two variables. The study found that in Libya, like in other countries, the relationship between the construction industry and GDP is bi-directional: GDP produces a short-term impact on the investment in the construction industry while investment in the construction industry produces a long-term impact on GDP. However, except for trade, no economic sector was found to have a causal relationship with the construction industry. According to these findings, another objective was established in this research: to identify safety and total quality management (TQM) which can play an important role in growing the efficiency of the Libyan construction industry. To achieve this objective, telephone conversations were conducted with the officials of the largest construction company in the city of Benghazi. The findings indicated that the TQM does not exist in the construction company and, although the safety department does exist, it works via strict procedures. Thus, opportunity to increase the performance of the CI in order to increase its contribution to economic growth does exist through implementation of the safety and TQM implementation in Licccbyan construction companies. The previous studies used the causal relationship just to prove specific hypotheses. The novelty of this research is to obtain benefits from the existence of the causal relationship from the CI to GDP in the long term through suggesting major issues as safety and TQM implementation to raise the performance of the CI in the current period in order to increase its contribution to the economic growth in the future.

It has been recognised that the oil sector in developing countries is facing challenges from a dynamic environment characterised by rapid technological change and increased demand. As innovation becomes critical to the survival of organisations, organisational context including organisational culture (OC), structure (OS) and information technology (IT) has been found to have an important influence on innovation, leading to increase social relationships among employees and flow knowledge within organisation through face to face employees interaction and information system. Social capital and knowledge sharing are recognised as the most significant resources for competitive advantage and the key to enhancing innovation. It has long been argued that social capital, a concept represented by the value embedded in the social relationships of individuals and collectives constitute strategic resources for individuals and organisations. Social networks perceived by individuals are a key issue in generating and facilitating knowledge sharing among employees to enhance innovation within organizations. It has also been shown that knowledge management and the promotion of knowledge sharing among the members of an organisation are an important part of the learning process as they help to convert the tacit knowledge embedded in individuals into explicit knowledge through interaction. Prior literature has pointed out that organisational context is one of the most important factors affecting social capital and knowledge sharing and enhanced innovation in an organisation. However, there is a lack of models linking organisational context, social capital and knowledge sharing, and innovation within oil sectors in general within developing countries, particularly Libya. Against this background, the thesis investigates the impact of organisational context on innovation. Using social capital and knowledge sharing, the integrative and comprehensive conceptual model are developed in order to reveal the direct and indirect impacts of organisational context on innovation. The model is then tested with a sample of 418 employees from two sectors; namely, public and the private. These were analysed through a IV multivariate analysis using a variance-based statistical technique known as Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling. The findings of this thesis are three-fold. First, with respect to the direct effect of organisational context on innovation, the study finds that both public and private sectors’ innovation are positively affected by organisational context. Second, regarding the indirect impact of organisational context on innovation, the study confirms its indirect nature through the social capital and knowledge sharing in both sectors. Third, the results show that there are significant differences between the public and private oil sectors in terms of the effect of organisational context on social capital, knowledge sharing and innovation, product and process. These findings have both theoretical and practical implications in that the results have provided empirical evidence on the direct and indirect impact of organisational context and can serve as an indication in practice for both firm managers and policy makers who are looking to establish strategies for achieving innovation. These would benefit from expending their efforts on promoting social capital and knowledge-sharing practices among their employees.