Cette thèse est constituée de quatre essais en économie industrielle. Les deux premiers essais relèvent de l'économie de l'innovation et de la propriété intellectuelle. Ils exploitent l'idée qu'un brevet est un titre incertain et cherchent à en tirer des conséquences, d'une part, sur le choix entre brevet et secret industriel comme régime de protection de l'innovation et, d'autre part, sur les accords de licence entre l'innovateur et les entreprises souhaitant utiliser la nouvelle technologie. Le troisième essai analyse un programme de clémence utilisé par les autorités de la concurrence américaines et visant à inciter des entreprises condamnées pour leur participation à un cartel sur un marché donné à dénoncer d'éventuels comportements collusifs sur d'autres marchés. Le quatrième essai, enfin, s'intéresse à l'effet de la contrainte imposée aux entreprises dans le cadre d'un schéma de régulation par comparaison sur leurs incitations à réduire leurs coûts de production.

L'objectif de cette recherche est d'examiner l'influence des formes organisationnelles utilisées par les entreprises sur leur capacité à prospérer durablement sur un secteur d'activité donné. En particulier, nous étudions si lancer des produits par l'intermédiaire de développements internes, d'alliances ou d'accords de licence influence la capacité des entreprises à obtenir des moyens permettant d'occuper durablement une position concurrentielle solide dans un secteur d'activité donné. Nous avons alors mobilisé la théorie de la ressource (Penrose, 1959), la théorie évolutionniste (Nelson et Winter, 1982) et l'approche par les compétences dynamiques (Teece, Pisano et Shuen, 1997) pour formuler plusieurs séries d'hypothèses, portant d'une part sur les déterminants des modes de lancement de produits et d'autre part sur les conséquences de ces choix de mode d'expansion sur la position concurrentielle des entreprises. En analysant 437 lancements de modèles d'avion réalisés depuis 1944, nous avons vérifié que les modes de lancement de produits utilisés par les entreprises ont une influence significative et durable sur leur capacité à obtenir les moyens permettant d'occuper une position concurrentielle solide dans un secteur d activité donné. Le développement interne semble ainsi être le mode le plus efficace pour prospérer durablement. Toutefois, à la différence des accords de licence, les alliances semblent parfois permettre de concurrencer les entreprises qui n'ont pas besoin de recourir à des apports externes. Il faut toutefois parvenir à utiliser le développement interne le plus tôt possible, ce qui ne peut se faire qu'à un certain prix et dans des conditions précises.

Ce mémoire présente une nouvelle approche à l'étude économique des logiciels libres. Les logiciels libres, contrairement aux logiciels commerciaux, sont gratuits et peuvent être étudiés, modifiés et redistribués. Les programmeurs élaborent et distribuent ces logiciels gratuitement. La littérature actuelle suggère deux raisons principales à cela : le plaisir et un incitatif de carrière. Pour protéger leurs œuvres, les programmeurs font appel aux licences libres qui, comme les licences commerciales, définissent les usages et droits accordés aux utilisateurs. Deux licences sont majoritairement employées : la GPL et la BSD. Chacune, de par ses clauses, permet une visibilité différente des programmeurs de la communauté Open Source. Ainsi, elles sont ici employées dans un modèle de choix optimal des programmeurs afin de déterminer si les différentes motivations des programmeurs devraient être prises en compte lors du choix de la licence. Les principaux résultats suggèrent que (1) tenir compte des motivations des programmeurs est une source d'utilité importante pour la population et (2) les licences semblent actuellement utilisées à l'inverse de ce qu'elles devraient être. ______________________________________________________________________________

The thesis is focused on international business with wild animals and especially on the factors influencing prices on the market and public opinion about this issues This document is divided in to two parts, theoretical literature research and practical implications. The theoretical research of the thesis is mainly about characterizing economical terminology concerning specific market, firm, and competition. It explains basic concepts relevant for the given topic. The largest part of this chapter is description of the declaration CITES, which is the basic regulatory power in business with wild animals. The practical part of the thesis describes the factors influencing prices of this specific commodity on given markets. For easier understanding of market' s complexity and character of the market, entry barriers are being described. Next there are four countries being compared according to economical parameters and five specific animals on which the differences in prices, for import and export, are demonstrated. Thanks to the inside information there are tables describing the most important factors influencing the prices on the market. Provided data is used to derive conclusions of this part of thesis. In the second half of there is the questionnaire aimed at the general public opinion about the breeding exotic animals. The survey results are compared with expert opinion in the sector, then he creates recommendations on possible changes to the system

Analyse der Entwicklung des Urheberrechts, Übersicht der einzelnen Rechtsvorschriften im Gebiet des Urheberrechts und der zusammenhängenden Gesetze einschließlich des Kommentars zu diesen Vorschriften, Entwurf des Lizenzvertrags.

The aim of the thesis was to describe and analyse the problem of "švarcsystém" from the legal and financial aspects. "Švarcsystém" is used by a lot of employers in the Czech Republic. The reason for making contracts based on Commercial Code is simple. According to the tax system and the system of health and social insurance it is more beneficial for an employer than making contracts based on Labour Code. In this thesis tax consequences are analysed. There is assessed type of solutions of the "švarcsystém".

The objective of this diploma thesis is to render a comprehensive analysis of licence contracts in two countries - the Czech Republic and England and Wales. The effort to highlight differences between the two scrutinized jurisdictions and related criticism are the most important methods applied in this work and, hopefully, the most recognizable benefits of it. The thesis consists of a short introduction, followed by four descriptive chapters and author's subjective conclusions. The introductory part presents methods of research used throughout the work and implicitly hints what can the reader except when studying this diploma thesis. The first chapter splits into two mutually linked subchapters. The first one defines the very term licence, its etymology and classification. The following subchapter describes general characteristics of intellectual property, a crucial topic to licence contracts and thus indirectly to this thesis. This thesis promises a comparison of two legal systems and the second chapter fulfils this aim. Consisting of two additionally divided subchapters, the author engages in an analysis of the copyright and patent law respectively. Both examined intellectual property rights are looked at via optics of Czech, British and European intellectual property law. After being...

The subject matter of this thesis is to approach prudential requirements for banking activities in the Czech Republic. Taking into account the importance of the banking sector in the economy of each country, this area is widely regulated by directly applicable European legislation, for example by new regulation (EU) No. 757/2013 of the European parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms. National regulation is contained mainly in Act No. 21/1992 Coll., on Banks, as amended. Particular chapters of this thesis focus first on general introduction to banking, i.e. a description of the banking systems and institutions operating in them. One part is devoted to the Czech National Bank as the institution of the financial market supervision. The main part describes specific rules of banking activities, beginning with requirements for obtaining a banking license. Finally are mentioned financial safety net and the issue of the doctrine too- big-to-fail. Diploma thesis tries to connect the theory and the legislation with the practical functioning of supervision. For this purpose are used statistical data, certain decisions of the Czech National Bank and information from the Report on the performance of financial market supervision, the...

This work aims to describe the basic principles and characteristics of economic rights in copyright with regard to historical development, international and European legal framework. Economic rights in copyright are divided into two groups, namely the right to use the work and other economic rights. The work is dedicated to both groups with an emphasis on the use of work by public, taking into account the current SDEU case law and the effects of international and European law. Attention is also paid to the wider concept of the thing in the legal sense, as the Civil Code adopted in 2012 introduced again explicitly the concept of intangible things. As a result, this work deals also with the issue of their transferability. The theoretical method of research is used in the thesis. Work is based mainly on the commentary literature to the copyright act and the rules governing copyright at national, international and European level. In regard to the fact that copyright law is constantly evolving and new forms of use are emerging the legislation cannot flexibly react to these changes and therefore also the relevant decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Czech courts are used. The work is systematically divided into three main chapters: (i) general characteristics of copyright, (ii)...

No comprehensive and systematic information about the multi-disciplinary, multi-functional technology licensing domain in South Africa was available. Yet South Africa was a net in-licensor paying royalties several times that received; its National Innovation Policy had as an important aim increasing technology linkages among firms; and licensing is widely recognized as a tool for technology transfer. Therefore a profile of technology licensing practices and the interaction between them, company and company milieu was obtained from South African manufacturing companies in all industry sectors through a cross-sectional exploratory survey by written questionnaire. Empirically established morphologies of the companies, of select aspects of their management and technology management practices, of their regulatory and enabling environment and of their technology licensing practices and preferences are presented. Attention is drawn to ostensibly disturbing phenomena and recommendations are made towards research to clarify several aspects and to improve licensing. Learned authors have proposed mechanisms to improve licensing and its management. The question whether the influence of characteristics so postulated as drivers can be measured, confirmed and quantified arose and insights into postulated organisational, transactional and contextual drivers of licensing were simultaneously obtained and are presented for further consideration. These include pioneering and following, risk taking and conservatism, intensity of use of national innovation funding, involvement in co-development and offset/countertrade, international experience, travel, management education, use of information, awareness of tacit information, attention to technology strategy and forward planning, intellectual property strategy, research and development and awareness of competitors’ successes, failures and licensing activities. Only companies that had or had had at least one patent or application or licence agreement were included to attempt to ensure the presence of some relevant knowledge. Statutory bodies, science councils, universities, merchants, the retail trade, technology brokers and individuals such as inventors were excluded. More than 300 initially selected companies were contacted by telephone to ensure qualification and to elicit cooperation and 188 questionnaires were sent out. In all 93 questionnaires were returned and 81 statistically processed. Of the sample population 65% of respondents had licences. The sample average was 3,3 licences with the ratio of in- to out-licences at 1,7. Licence density with Europe was highest at 35% and within South Africa 31%. Out-licensing to Africa by the building materials and components, chemicals including paper and textiles and healthcare sectors was evident. Intellectual property is mostly deployed in deterrence and monopolisation roles. Its planning seems to be neglected and further research into this and technology management strategy aspects within the broader framework of deployment of intellectual property is suggested. In-licensing is driven by the need to obtain and hold market share through access to future and substitution of direct sales. Fear of revealing own know-how was notable as an inhibitor of out-licensing. Signs that South Africa could be characterised as technology colony were found; together with signs of emancipation. Lack of technology volume could be constraining licensing development and exploitation. Early indications are that postulated determinant characteristics do have an effect and that this can be measured. / Thesis (PhD (Technology Management))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Graduate School of Technology Management (GSTM) / Unrestricted