The work first introduces the area of public licenses as a space between the copyright law and public domain. After that, consecutively for proprietary software, free and open source software, open hardware and open content, it maps particular types of public licenses and the accompanying social and cultural movements, puts them in mutual as well as historical context, examines their characteristics and compares them to each other, shows how the public licenses are defined by various accompanying movements, and also analyses which obstacles to the usage of public licenses are put by the Czech law. Keywords Copyright, licenses, open source, creative commons, public domain, software, design.

Modern software development relies heavily on third-party components, which are pre-built software modules developed by other organisations and can be either open-source or commercial. These components serve as building blocks for developers to create complex applications more efficiently. What many do not know or realise is that all these third-party components come with licenses that might restrict the software, and it can become a challenge for companies that develop software to manage all the licenses that come with the used third-party components.This thesis investigates three third-party component license management tools: OWASP Dependency-Check, Snyk, and Debricked. The research question was:“How well can the three chosen third-party component license management tools, OWASP Dependency-Check, Snyk and Debricked detect potentially unsafe licenses within software projects?” To answer this question, controlled experiments were conducted to compare the functionality of these tools in two different projects: one advanced project, and one simple project. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify the lack of previous research, this provided a theoretical background for the study. The results of the controlled experiments proved that the three chosen tools can help developers in different ways as they satisfy different needs. For users looking to manage their dependencies, OWASP Dependency-Checkis a preferable option. Debricked has demonstrated its ability to detect potentially unsafe licenses in software projects and offers identification of license families. This feature can be valuable to developers as it simplifies the comprehension of the project’s licenses. Snyk, on the other hand, provided warnings about risks associated with licenses. While Debricked out-performed Snyk in license detection, Snyk still proved to be useful in identifying potentially unsafe licenses in software projects, specifically in this case. The findings of this thesis can benefit software developers, project managers, and organisations that rely on third-party components for their software development. The results of this study may be used to guide the selection and use of third-party components and the appropriate license management tools. Overall, this thesis adds to the body of knowledge on managing third-party component licenses and offers practical insights for methods of software development practices.

In this paper, 936 faculty free response reviews of open textbooks from the Open Textbook Library were analyzed for content and themes. The reviews were completed by faculty members at institutions in the United States and Canada. The textbooks were evaluated regarding their comprehensiveness, content accuracy, relevance longevity, clarity, consistency, modularity, organization structure flow, interface, grammatical errors, and cultural relevance. The results of the reviews found that the across 9360 comments regarding the quality of open textbooks, of these comments 97.3% reflected adequate or exceptional reviews of the textbooks. Faculty often compared the texts to traditional textbooks and in all mentions of comparison, the open textbook were regarded to be of equal or superior quality. The results of this study aid in alleviating concerns regarding quality of Open Educational Resources (OER) and provide peer reviews that faculty who consider adopting these textbooks often request. Limitations of the study and further prescriptions for research regarding OER quality and peer review research have been explored in the study.

In 1988, The Canada and the United States of America signed the Free-trade Agreement of North America. They wrote in a compulsory licence of cablodistribution: cablodistributors could, without consent, intercept the broadcasting waves but would also have to give them a financial compensation. / In 1995, the WTO2 elaborated the Trade related intellectual property agreement (TRIPS). The latter grants the broadcastors a right to authorize or to prevent the communication of their waves to the public. / Is the existence of the compulsory licence compromised by this agreement? We believe not. Indeed, justifications to the compulsory licence are found in the TRIPS: the general derogation of section 13 and the insertion of the Berne Convention through section 9 allow such licence. We also establish that the national treatment and the most-favoured nation clauses do not apply to the compulsory licence. / 2World Trade Organization

No description available.

No abstract available / Mercantile Law / M. A. (Mercantile Law)

A temática ambiental se constitui em um contexto complexo e dinâmico de inúmeras relações de interdependência e/ou de subordinação, pois está inserida em um constante movimento ocasionado pelas variadas forças e interesses de atores que as circundam, como por exemplo, o Estado, a sociedade civil e o mercado. Nesse sentido, a questão não deve ser compreendida como simples resultante do vínculo entre os homens e a natureza, mas como um componente das relações humanas, como um objeto econômico, político e cultural. No Brasil, a relevância do tema é evidente devido a sua posição de protagonista internacional nas esferas ambiental e socioeconômica. Dessa forma, um instrumento constituinte da política territorial e ambiental nacional, que está diretamente inserido nessa complexa e dinâmica temática e envolvo pelos interesses e poderes de vários atores, é a Compensação Ambiental (CA). Objeto central desta pesquisa, a CA está subordinada ao processo estatal de emissão de licenças ambientais e visa contribuir para o fortalecimento do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC). A hipótese deste trabalho é que a Compensação Ambiental Federal, na forma como está estabelecida e operacionalizada na atualidade, é pouco eficaz em relação ao seu propósito. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender e analisar o papel e/ou a finalidade do Estado (e de suas políticas públicas) na definição da CA, bem como o potencial deste instrumento em influenciar no ordenamento do território, particularmente ante a abordagem ambiental e a sua conjuntura contemporânea, perpassando igualmente pelos outros atores que envolvem este instrumento. Para isso consideramos a escala federal da administração do território, ou seja, a atuação da União, abarcando, dessa maneira, as atividades dos principais órgãos ambientais do país, sejam: do Ministério do Meio Ambiente, do Ibama, do ICMBio etc. Para atingir tal proposição, este trabalho se baseia em pesquisas bibliográficas, levantamento de dados e estatísticas, entrevistas em órgãos públicos e em instituições não-estatais, produção de elementos gráficos, tabulares e cartográficos, e em um estudo de caso, a UHE Santo Antônio do Jari, e seu respectivo trabalho de campo. O conteúdo está segmentado em três etapas: a primeira aborda a tríade dos atores que envolvem a CA, com base em um esquema conceitual de análise; a segunda apresenta um aprofundamento sobre o instrumento em uma perspectiva histórica, legislativa e operacional; e, a terceira transpõe a teoria e tange o território a partir da análise empírica do estudo de caso. Ao final, visando responder o para que e para quem que intitula este trabalho, conclui-se em relação ao para que, que de fato, a CA Federal visa fortalecer o SNUC, essa finalidade está consolidada. Por outro lado, a análise do para quem nos leva a afirmar que no presente o instrumento serve a todos os atores que o envolvem apesar de não atender todas as suas demandas, deixando uma lacuna sobre o seu futuro se nenhuma alteração significativa for realizada em suas diretrizes operacionais. / Environmental issues constitute a complex and dynamic context of numerous relationships of interdependence and/or subordination because they are part of a constant motion due to the different forces and interests of the actors that surround them, such as the State, the civil society and the market. In this sense, these questions should not be understood as a simple result of the relationships between human beings and the nature, but should be seen as part of a component of human relations, as an economic, political and cultural object. In Brazil, the relevance of the questions is evident due to its position as an international protagonist in the environmental and socioeconomic spheres. Environmental Compensation (EC) is an instrument that is part of the national territorial and environmental policy, that is directly inserted in this complex and dynamic thematic and that envelops the interests and powers of several actors. The central object of this research, the EC, is related to the State´s allocations of environmental licenses and aims to contribute to the strengthening of the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC). This study is based in the following hypothesis: Environmental Compensation managed by the federal government is not very effective in relation to its purpose, as currently established and operationalized. Thus, this research aims to understand and analyze the role and/or the purpose of the State (and its public policies) in the definition of EC, as well as the potential of this instrument in influencing the spatial planning, particularly facing the contemporary conjuncture of the environmental issue, also permeating the other actors that are involved in this instrument. For this, we consider the federal scale of territory administration, covering in this way, the activities of the main public environmental institutions in Brazil, such as the Ministry of the Environment, Ibama, ICMBio, etc. In order to reach such a goal, this work is based on bibliographical research, data collection and analyses, interviews with public agencies and non-state institutions, production of graphics, tables and maps, and on a case study, in the Santo Antônio do Jari Hydroelectric Power Plant, and its related field research. The content is segmented into three parts: the first one presents the triad of the actors that are involved in the EC, based on a conceptual schema of analysis; the second one presents a theoretical understanding of the instrument in a historical, legislative and operational perspective; and the third part transposes the theory and covers the territory from the empirical analysis of the case study. In the end, in order to answer \"for what and for whom\", the question in the title of this research, we conclude, with regard to the for what\", that in fact, the Federal EC aims to strengthen the SNUC, this purpose seems consolidated. The analysis of the \"for whom\" leads us to affirm that, in the present, the instrument serves all the actors that involve it, even if it does not meet all your demands. Thus leaves doubts about its future if no significant change in its operational guidelines is made.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almir Garcia Fernandes.pdf: 1679234 bytes, checksum: 0a3eaceb8b78b1c6d97420a376204347 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / This research analyzes both the assets exploitation of Industrial Property as the preservation of competition, considering them as instruments for ensuring economic development. Presents the different perspectives on the exploitation of trademarks and patents by their holders, as well as their relationship with the Competition Law, which appears often as a complementary and sometimes as conflicting, justifying the need for further study on the theme. In fact this is where the problem presented on this research appears as it relies precisely in the search for elements that can solves the conflicts that exist between the Intellectual Property and Competition Law, showing, at the final point, elements for help to understanding their coexistence and compatibility. It is a work marked by a qualitative analysis of obtained information mainly through literature research carried out in Brazilian and foreign law publications in the subjects of Industrial Property and Competition Law, as well as case law, taking into account mainly administrative trials promoted by CADE. The document divided into two parts; the first present historical studies and analyzed the constitutional basis both of Industrial Property as the Competition Law. At the second part, the specificities of licensing agreements for patents and brands analyzed, emphasizing situations involving compulsory contraction. It addresses contractual clauses that can harm competition and several unilateral acts of entrepreneurs who, in the exercise of the right to exploit the assets of Industrial Property, finishes to generating damage for competition. It presented practical examples of cases tried in Brazil, the United States and Europe showing that the exploitation of Intellectual Property have been done improperly, causing damage to the market and concurrent in general. It finally determines, that is not possible to consider any act of exploitation of industrial property as illegal per se, it should be considered the rule of reason in the analysis of practical case study / Esta pesquisa analisa tanto a exploração dos bens da Propriedade Industrial quanto a preservação da concorrência, considerando-as como instrumentos para a garantia do desenvolvimento econômico. São apresentadas as diversas perspectivas sobre a exploração de marcas e patentes por seus titulares, bem como a sua relação com o Direito da Concorrência, que se mostra muitas vezes como complementar e outras vezes como conflitante, justificando a necessidade de um estudo mais aprofundado sobre o tema. É nesse ponto que o problema desta pesquisa se apresenta, uma vez que reside, justamente, na busca por elementos que possam solucionar os conflitos que existem entre a Propriedade Industrial e o Direito da Concorrência, apresentando, ao final, elementos para auxiliar na compreensão de sua convivência e compatibilidade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa lastreada numa análise qualitativa de informações obtidas, principalmente, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica realizada em publicações científicas nacionais e estrangeiras, das áreas de Propriedade Industrial e Direito da Concorrência, bem como jurisprudencial, levando-se em consideração, principalmente, os julgamentos administrativos promovidos pelo CADE. A pesquisa divide-se em duas partes, na primeira são feitos estudos históricos e analisadas as bases constitucionais tanto da Propriedade Industrial quanto do Direito da Concorrência. Na segunda parte são analisadas as características específicas dos contratos de licenciamento de patentes e de marcas, dando ênfase às situações que envolvem a contração compulsória. Abordam-se cláusulas contratuais que podem prejudicar a concorrência, bem como diversos atos unilaterais dos empresários que, no exercício do direito de explorar os bens da Propriedade Industrial, acabam gerando prejuízo à concorrência. São apresentados exemplos práticos de casos julgados no Brasil, nos Estados Unidos e na Europa demonstrando que a exploração da Propriedade Industrial pode ser feita de forma abusiva, causando prejuízos ao mercado e aos concorrentes em geral. Comprova-se, por fim, que não é possível considerar qualquer ato de exploração da propriedade industrial como ilícito per se, devendo-se considerar a regra da razão na análise de cada caso prático

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Izabel de Lima Alves.pdf: 2171713 bytes, checksum: 4d61fd08e72a7b0f0bf7cd644aa8511a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this thesis was to conduct exploratory study on the multi-causal factors which affected the teachers of the city of São Paulo, in the period 2006-2012, away from the teaching and correlates them to the quality of life, expressed by environmental and social conditions the urban environment of the city of São Paulo. To assess the quality of urban life was prioritized environmental, urban and social, with the indicators working conditions, air quality, transport and pollution. The method included analysis of the data of sick leave Health Department database server of the City of São Paulo (DESS) from an exploratory and descriptive approach. The presentation of the general data and variables, sex, education level, region, teaching experience, state, age group, was carried out with the Excel® software version 2010 and are organized in tables and graphs, as well as others that present the diagnoses established in license reports. Preliminary analyzes of the performed crossings allowed in addition to the occupational diseases, correlate the multiple environmental and social factors that led teachers in the city of São Paulo to the remoteness of teaching and open up possibilities for future research / O objetivo da presente dissertação foi realizar estudo exploratório sobre os fatores multicausais que acometeram os professores da rede municipal de São Paulo, no período 2006 a 2012, afastando-os da docência e correlaciona-los à qualidade de vida, expressa pelas condições ambientais e sociais do meio urbano da cidade de São Paulo. Para avaliar a qualidade de vida urbana foi priorizado os aspectos ambientais, urbanos e sociais, com os indicadores: condições de trabalho, qualidade do ar, transporte e poluição. O método compreendeu a análise dos dados de licenças médicas do banco de dados do Departamento de Saúde do Servidor Municipal de São Paulo (DESS), a partir de uma abordagem exploratória e descritiva. A apresentação dos dados gerais e das variáveis, sexo, nível de ensino, região, tempo de docência, distrito, faixa etária, foi realizada com o auxílio do software Excel® versão 2010 e estão organizados em tabelas e gráficos, além de outras que apresentam os diagnósticos estabelecidos nos laudos de licença. As análises preliminares dos cruzamentos efetuado permitiu que, além das doenças ocupacionais, correlacionar os múltiplos fatores ambientais e sociais que levaram os professores da rede municipal de São Paulo ao afastamento da docência, abrem possibilidades para pesquisas futuras

Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Düsseldorf. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 225-233).