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Consciente que l’unité de compétitivité n’est plus l’entreprise mais toute la chaîne logistique contribuant à la réalisation du produit, les efforts consentis par l’entreprise se matérialisent, d’une part, par la volonté de maîtriser au mieux les activités de conception des produits et d’autre part, par la construction de collaborations entre tous les acteurs de la chaîne logistique participant au cycle de vie du produit. Cela a conduit à l’émergence d’une gestion collaborative du cycle de vie du produit appelée communément PLM. L’objet de cette thèse consiste à définir une démarche méthodologique pour répondre à la problématique suivante : Comment le PLM pourra t-il participer à l’optimisation de la chaîne logistique ? Nous adoptons, dans cette thèse, une approche hybride combinant PLM et modèles mathématiques pour optimiser les décisions de conception simultanée du produit et de sa chaîne logistique. Nous proposons des modèles conceptuels pour résoudre de manière formelle le compromis entre PLM et modèles mathématiques pour une optimisation de la chaîne logistique. Contrairement aux approches classiques centralisées utilisées pour traiter le problème intégré de conception du produit et de sa chaîne logistique et qui engendrent des modèles mathématiques compliqués, nous adoptons une démarche couplant des décisions centralisées quand il s’agit d’intégrer les contraintes des différents maillons de la chaîne logistique et une approche décentralisée quand il s’agit d’optimiser localement chaque maillon de la chaîne. Le mode décentralisé réduit la complexité de résolution des modèles mathématiques et permet à la chaîne logistique de répondre rapidement à l’évolution des conditions locales de chaque maillon. Le PLM joue le rôle d’intégrateur. En effet, le regroupement centralisé des informations par le PLM permet de prendre en considération la dépendance entre les maillons améliorant ainsi les résultats obtenus par optimisation locale. / AIt is recognized that competition is shifting from “firm versus firm” perspective to “supply chain versus supply chain” perspective. Therefore, the ability to optimize the supply chain is becoming the critical issue for companies to win the competitive advantage. Furthermore, all members of a given supply chain must work together to respond to the changes of market demand rapidly. In the actual context, enterprises not only must enhance their relationships with each others, but also need to integrate their business processes through product life cycle activities. This has led to the emergence of a collaborative product lifecycle management commonly known as PLM. The objective of this thesis is to define a methodological approach which answers to the following problematic: How can PLM contribute to supply chain optimization ? We adopt, in this thesis, a hybrid approach combining PLM and mathematical models to optimize decisions for simultaneous design of the product and its supply chain. We propose conceptual models to solve formally the compromise between PLM and mathematical models for supply chain optimization. Unlike traditional centralized approaches used to treat the problem of integrated design of the product and its supply chain which generate complex mathematical models, we adopt an approach combining centralized decisions while integrating the constraints of the different supply chain partners during the product design and decentralized decisions when it comes to locally optimize each supply chain partner. The decentralized approach reduces the complexity of solving mathematical models and allows the supply chain to respond quickly to the evolution of local conditions of each partner. PLM will assure the integration of the different supply chain partners. Indeed, the information centralization by the PLM enables to take into consideration the dependence between these partners, improving therefore local optimization results.

SpaceX as aerospace manufacturer and space transport service technology company work along to make reusable rockets, their long term plan is to make spaceflight affordable routine. Elon Musk, as CEO, is involved in every step of decision making as he has mentioned in interviews. The rocket's engine has undergone a number of improvements, and to increase its efficiency and power, a number of parts has been reduced. The redesigning process involves several decisions, such as in-house or out-source production. This research provides a practical framework for contractors, suppliers, and manufacturers to build a more reliable, affordable, and low cost supply chain. As a result, the objective of my dissertation is to explore how managers can extend the useful life of their assets and reduce their total cost of ownership. The main research focus for this dissertation is lifecycle affordability (LCA) for capital intensive products when post production costs are significantly higher than production costs. Lifecycle cost is often not considered by firms in a product, service or asset when making acquisition decisions. Firm's acquisition are mainly based on the initial cost of the product. Decision making without considering the entire lifecycle cost of a product impacts the firm's profitability, revenue, pricing strategies, and competitiveness. Evaluating the trade-offs between all the costs involved in the product lifecycle can help firms to have an estimation of costs before making any acquisition decisions. To address these challenges, lifecycle affordability (LCA) considerations can enable firms to focus their decisions on their long-term investment process rather than trying to save on initial cost of purchasing a product. This dissertation presents the following research question: how has lifecycle affordability been represented in supply chain research to date? And what are constructs of lifecycle affordability? To address this research question, the dissertation is comprised of three separate essays. The first essay conducts literature review method to provide a framework for lifecycle affordability that reduces the total lifecycle cost while maintaining the reliability and efficiency of the capital equipment, and identify existing research gaps and future LCA research ideas. The second essay is constructed on a survey-based method and investigations how homeowners' lack of understanding lifecycle cost, and long-term affordability affects their dissatisfaction with the home purchase. A regression model is developed to study the factors that explain Homebuyers' lack of understanding cost, and affordability considerations. The third essay developed an agent-based model (ABM) to study small medium businesses (SMB) when the business organization and the community is hit by a disaster. The objective of the study is to investigate the resiliency and lifecycle affordability management of the community and the small medium businesses.

To facilitate collaborative design in vocational education institutions, we have conducted a project to establish a nationwide PDM platform for four different schools spread all over the country. The particular aim of a follow up project introduced in this paper is to sensitize the participating students to sustainable design and lifecycle assessment (LCA) and provide them with hands-on tools through the PDM platform to accomplish these tasks. As a collaborative case study project, a cordless drill driver was chosen to be re-designed with respect to Ecodesign aspects. Since LCA is truly a holistic task, we focused on the ecological aspects of material and production stage. Distribution, usage and end-of-life stages were left out as well as economic and social aspects. The drill driver was divided into housing, drill chuck, gear and power unit. Each component was assigned to one of the schools and had to be designed with respect to reduced environmental impacts. Since different CAD systems are used the decision to provide the needed tools and environmental information within the PDM platform rather than CAD environment was easy. Some of the PDM systems on the market do also provide lifecycle analysis modules but it is rather a black box approach than a transparent data and reporting source. Because LCA heavily relies on the method itself and the way analysis is conducted we decided to develop our own tools. Therefore, a new, adapted interface was developed using open source business intelligence software called Pentaho to facilitate on the fly reporting and analytics of the work in progress by the users. Furthermore, the Ecoinvent database was connected to the PDM system to provide required information on carbon footprint and cumulated energy demand. The paper discusses strength and weaknesses of tools and methods with respect to the introduced case study and gives an outlook on ontology representation for the data model for better analysis capabilities.

Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) is a holistic approach for managing product information throughout its life cycle. It integrates different concepts that have emerged due to changes in the manufacturing process as a result of globalization, increased competition, demand for more innovative products, and other reasons. These changes have leaded to a shift from a model with a single-location for product development to a model in which a complex network of specialized companies collaborate. This global collaborative PLM implies that companies from different parts of the world work together and must share information; hence the underlying PLM system is required to facilitate data management throughout this collaborative process. In addition, it is also necessary to address the challenges due to the new model being a distributed activity, as today this PLM system is a specialized distributed system. Maintaining data consistency can be challenging because collaborators can use heterogeneous PLM systems together with their own databases. The later cannot be shared due to the risks of exposing their knowledge base and business processes. Another consideration in global collaboration is that data is transmitted to remote locations. As a result network latency can be large; this can cause problems particularly when large files are exchanged, such as may be the case for CAD design models. This thesis proposes a solution enabling a global PLM which addresses the challenges described above. The approach consists of connecting collaborators’ nodes in a network that is constructed by grouping them with respect to intra-site latency. Each group implements a coordination mechanism based on the election of a node which is subsequently in charge of coordinating data access. The groups communicate via a publish-subscribe communication pattern, publishing and subscribing to events related to the resources being shared. The integration of the solution is through a Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) implementing web services that can be consumed by a PLM system. A prototype has been implemented and its applicability is analysed by evaluating its functionality in a collaborative scenario based on the Aras Innovator PLM platform. The evaluation was made by simulating the solution proposed and comparing it with a centralized approach. The results particularly showed that the proposed solution could reduce the intra-latency compared to a centralized approach if the collaborators are organized in collaborative groups, that exchange most of the information inside the group rather than intergroup. / Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) är en helhetssyn som hanterar produktinformation under deras hela livscykel. PLM integrerar olika koncept som har dykt upp på grund av förändringar i tillverkningsprocessen som en följd av globalisering, stor konkurrens, efterfrågan på mer innovativa produkter, och andra orsaker. Dessa förändringar har blyad till en övergång från en modell med en enda plats för produktutveckling till en modell där ett komplext nätverk av specialiserade företag samarbetar. Detta globala samarbete inom PLM innebär att företag från olika delar av världen arbetar tillsammans och delar information. Det underliggande PLM-systemet krävs att underlätta datahantering hela denna samverkande process. Dessutom är det också nödvändigt att hantera utmaningar beroende på den nya distribuerade modellen som gör PLM -system blir specialiserade distribuerade system. Underhålla uppgifter konsekvens kan vara en utmaning eftersom kollaboratörer kan använda heterogena PLM-system med sina egna databaser som inte kan delas på grund av riskerna för att utsätta sin kunskapsbas och affärsprocesser . En annan faktor i den globala samarbetet är att data överförs till avlägsna platser . Som ett resultat nätverksfördröjningen kan vara stora, vilket kan orsaka problem speciellt när stora filer utbyts, exempelvis CAD-modeller. Detta masterarbete föreslår en lösning för att möjliggöra en global PLM som tar upp de utmaningar som beskrivs ovan. Tillvägagångssättet består av anslutande kollaboratörer noder i ett nätverk som konstrueras genom att gruppera dem i förhållande till intra-site latens. Varje grupp genomför en mekanism för samordning grundas på valet av en nod som därefter ansvarar för samordningen av dataåtkomst. Grupperna kommunicerar via en publiceraprenumerera kommunikationen mönster av att publicera och prenumerera på händelser relaterade till de resurser som delas. Integrationen av lösningen är genom en Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) genomföra webbtjänster som kan konsumeras av ett PLM-system. En prototyp har genomförts och dess användbarhet analyseras genom att utvärdera dess funktionalitet i en kollaborativ scenario baserat på Aras Innovator PLM-plattform. Resultaten visade att den föreslagna lösningen skulle kunna minska intra-latens jämfört med en centraliserad strategi om kollaboratörer är organiserade i kollaborativa grupper, varje grupp är ansvarig för utformningen ett delsystem av produkten och därmed utbyta mesta av informationen inom gruppen snarare än inter-gruppen.

Due to the growing complexity of systems and high demands on availability, fault tolerance, and scalability, more stateful applications are being moved to Kubernetes. There are two problems associated with this: (1) At the moment, there is a lack of industry standards when it comes to what is essential in a lifecycle management framework for stateful applications on top of Kubernetes. (2) Due to inadequate knowledge of the existing frameworks in the area and a lack of comparisons between them, there is no consensus on which framework to use. To solve these problems, this study reviews the field for existing frameworks and then evaluates the framework based on a set of metrics. The frameworks chosen for comparison during the study are (1) Operator Framework, (2) Shell Operator, (3) Kopf, and (4) KUDO. When comparing the frameworks, it becomes apparent that Operator Framework should be used in most cases. Kopf or Shell Operator can be used when creating simple scheduled activities or when the developing team is very knowledgeable in Python or Bash.

Le travail de recherche présenté dans ce mémoire s’intéresse aux problèmes d’interopérabilité dans le domaine du Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) et vise à proposer une méthodologie capable d’y remédier. Nous définissons l’objectif stratégique du PLM comme la maîtrise de la complexité qui caractérise le développement et le suivi des produits. Dans ce cadre, l’objectif de l’interopérabilité est le contrôle des interactions entre constituants de ce système complexe PLM. Nous montrons que cet objectif est atteint si on assure la continuité et la conservation du flux sémantique qui circule dans le système. Notre étude est restreinte aux seuls domaines de la conception et de la production, mais a l’ambition de pouvoir s’appliquer à d’autres domaines. La continuité du flux sémantique est assurée par une architecture que nous avons baptisée « médiation multi-échelle orientée services ». Le cœur de cette architecture, le médiateur, se charge d’orienter les flux sémantiques vers les systèmes concernés, et met en correspondance sémantique les informations échangées en s’appuyant sur un méta-modèle d’unification. Nous montrons que pour assurer la robustesse, la flexibilité et l’agilité du système ainsi constitué, il faut privilégier le choix d’un méta-modèle standard générique et extensible. A cet effet, nous proposons une cartographie du standard STEP permettant de choisir le méta-modèle pertinent. Nous illustrons le choix et la définition de ce méta-modèle dans le cas de deux problèmes d’interopérabilité des domaines de la conception et de la production : l’interopérabilité CAO/PDM et l’interopérabilité PDM/ERP. Nous expliquons notre démarche dans la mise en œuvre de la norme PLCS. Par ailleurs, nous introduisons un modèle d’annotations sémantiques du produit qui permet de reconstruire des vues multiples correspondant à différents besoins métiers. Un ensemble de démonstrateurs permet de valider nos propositions et nos résultats. / Research work presented in this manuscript deals with interoperability issues in the domain of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) and aims at proposing a methodology able to remedy it. We define the objective of PLM as the control of the complexity that characterizes the development and monitoring of the product. In this context, the objective of the interoperability is to control the interactions between components of this PLM complex system. We demonstrate that this objective is reached if we ensure the continuity and the conservation of the semantic flow inside the system. Our study is restricted to design and production fields, but can be extended to other domains. The continuity of the semantic flow is guaranteed by an architecture that we entitled “service-oriented multi-layered mediation”. The main part of this architecture, the mediator, takes care to orientate the semantic flows towards the adequate systems, and semantically connect the exchanged information by relying on an unification meta-model. We demonstrate that, to ensure the robustness the flexibility and the agility of the so-constituted system, the choice of a generic and extensible standard meta-model should be favored. We thus proposed a mapping of STEP standard allowing to choose the adequate meta-model. We illustrate the choice and the definition of this meta-model in the case of two interoperability problems in the design and production domains: the interoperability CAD/PDM and the interoperability PDM/ERP. We illustrate our methodology in the implementation of the PLCS standard. Moreover, we introduce a model of product semantic tags that allows to rebuild the multiple product views corresponding to different actor needs. A set of demonstrators validate our propositions and our results.

Le travail de recherche présenté dans ce mémoire s'intéresse aux problèmes d'interopérabilité dans le domaine du Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) et vise à proposer une méthodologie capable d'y remédier. Nous définissons l'objectif stratégique du PLM comme la maîtrise de la complexité qui caractérise le développement et le suivi des produits. Dans ce cadre, l'objectif de l'interopérabilité est le contrôle des interactions entre constituants de ce système complexe PLM. Nous montrons que cet objectif est atteint si on assure la continuité et la conservation du flux sémantique qui circule dans le système. Notre étude est restreinte aux seuls domaines de la conception et de la production, mais a l'ambition de pouvoir s'appliquer à d'autres domaines. La continuité du flux sémantique est assurée par une architecture que nous avons baptisée « médiation multi-échelle orientée services ». Le cœur de cette architecture, le médiateur, se charge d'orienter les flux sémantiques vers les systèmes concernés, et met en correspondance sémantique les informations échangées en s'appuyant sur un méta-modèle d'unification. Nous montrons que pour assurer la robustesse, la flexibilité et l'agilité du système ainsi constitué, il faut privilégier le choix d'un méta-modèle standard générique et extensible. A cet effet, nous proposons une cartographie du standard STEP permettant de choisir le méta-modèle pertinent. Nous illustrons le choix et la définition de ce méta-modèle dans le cas de deux problèmes d'interopérabilité des domaines de la conception et de la production : l'interopérabilité CAO/PDM et l'interopérabilité PDM/ERP. Nous expliquons notre démarche dans la mise en œuvre de la norme PLCS. Par ailleurs, nous introduisons un modèle d'annotations sémantiques du produit qui permet de reconstruire des vues multiples correspondant à différents besoins métiers. Un ensemble de démonstrateurs permet de valider nos propositions et nos résultats.

Service-orientation and the underlying concept of service-oriented architectures are a means to successfully address the need for flexibility and interoperability of software applications, which in turn leads to improved IT support of business processes. With a growing level of diffusion, sophistication and maturity, the number of services and interdependencies is gradually rising. This increasingly requires companies to implement a systematic management of services along their entire lifecycle. Service lifecycle management (SLM), i.e., the management of services from the initiating idea to their disposal, is becoming a crucial success factor. Not surprisingly, the academic and practice communities increasingly postulate comprehensive IT support for SLM to counteract the inherent complexity. The topic is still in its infancy, with no comprehensive models available that help evaluating and designing IT support in SLM. This thesis presents a reference architecture for SLM and applies it to the evaluation and designing of SLM IT support in companies. The artifact, which largely resulted from consortium research efforts, draws from an extensive analysis of existing SLM applications, case studies, focus group discussions, bilateral interviews and existing literature. Formal procedure models and a configuration terminology allow adapting and applying the reference architecture to a company’s individual setting. Corresponding usage examples prove its applicability and demonstrate the arising benefits within various SLM IT support design and evaluation tasks. A statistical analysis of the knowledge embodied within the reference data leads to novel, highly significant findings. For example, contemporary standard applications do not yet emphasize the lifecycle concept but rather tend to focus on small parts of the lifecycle, especially on service operation. This forces user companies either into a best-of-breed or a custom-development strategy if they are to implement integrated IT support for their SLM activities. SLM software vendors and internal software development units need to undergo a paradigm shift in order to better reflect the numerous interdependencies and increasing intertwining within services’ lifecycles. The SLM architecture is a first step towards achieving this goal.

Le système PLM est l’un des outils stratégiques de l’entreprise. Ces systèmes sont sujets à des changements récurrents dans l’entreprise. Les évolutions organisationnelles, le changement de l’offre produit ou encore le remplacement de logiciels PLM peuvent déclencher l’évolution du système d’information PLM. Une des structures les plus importantes dans les systèmes PLM est le modèle du produit, autour duquel s’articule les informations et processus. C’est autour du modèle produit que se concentrent nos recherches. Les causes d’évolution des modèles produits sont des éléments signifiants qui différencient les étapes de la démarche à suivre. Les méthodes d’IDM sont utilisées afin de formaliser la transformation des modèles. En plus, cette démarche bénéfice d’un cadre de similarité spécialement développé pour la configuration de produit. Un exemple industriel est illustré et résolu en appliquant cette démarche. Il s’agit de l’évolution d’un système gérant les modèles spécifiques de produit vers un système qui est capable de construire et d’utiliser les modèles génériques de produit. Un outil informatique support à nos travaux est développé dans le cadre d'Eclipse. / PLM systems are among the strategic components of enterprise’s information system architecture. These systems undergo frequent evolutions of enterprise. Organizational evolution or product offer variation as well as PLM application replacement may launch PLM systems’ evolution.One of the important structures in PLM systems is the product configuration, which organize and structure all product’s information and processes. Our research activities concern product model evolution. Reasons of product model evolution specify the appropriate methodology and necessary steps in order to handle it. MDE methods are used to formalize the model transformation process.Moreover, our methodology contains a specific similarity framework dedicated to product configuration. An industrial example was illustrated and resolved by this methodology. The problematic of this example is the migration of a system which manage only specific product configuration to a new system that is capable to construct and use generic models of product.