Striking differences exist between countries in the incidence of breast cancer, with rates higher in the West than in Asian countries. The causes of these differences are unknown, but because incidence rates change in migrants, they are thought to be due to lifestyle rather than genetic differences. The objective of this thesis was to compare established breast cancer risk factors, physical activity, and diet in three groups of postmenopausal women at substantially different risks of developing breast cancer – Caucasians (N = 413), Chinese born in the West or who migrated to the West before age 21 (N = 216), and recent Chinese migrants, 99% of whom coming from urban China (N = 421). In this cross-sectional study, information on risk factors and diet were collected by telephone, and physical activity and anthropometric data were obtained at a home visit. Compared to Caucasians, recent Chinese migrants weighed on average 14 kg less, were 6 cm shorter, had menarche a year later, were more often parous, and less often had a family history of breast cancer or a benign breast biopsy. Estimating 5-year absolute breast cancer risks using the Gail Model showed that risk estimates in Caucasians would be reduced by only 11% if they had the risk factor profile of recent Chinese migrants for the variables in the Gail Model. Compared to Caucasians, recent Chinese migrants had lower average total physical activity over lifetime, and also spent less time on moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. Compared to Caucasians, recent Chinese migrants consumed per day on average 175 fewer calories, 6 more grams of energy-adjusted protein, 16 more grams of energy-adjusted carbohydrates, and 5 fewer grams of energy-adjusted fat. Also, recent Chinese migrants consumed higher amounts of grains, fruits, vegetables, fish, and soy products, and lower amounts of alcohol, meat, dairy products, and sweets than Caucasians. Western born Chinese and early Chinese migrants had values intermediate between the other two groups for most of the variables. These results suggest that in addition to the established risk factors, some dietary factors may also contribute to the lower breast cancer risk in urban Chinese women.

This study examined the interrelatedness of personality attributes related to lifestyle constructs as defined by Adler (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956), personality constructs for career success as defined by Hogan (1983), and transformational leadership style as defined by the Full Range of Leadership model (FRL) (Bass, 1990). Recent studies have suggested that certain personality attributes may be consistent with successful leadership ability (Bass, 1990; Hogan, Curphy, & Hogan, 1994). There is, however, a lack of research looking at personality attributes as determinants of leadership style (Lim & Ployhart, 2004). Adler (Ansbacher & Ansbacher), Hogan (1983), and Bass (1990) posited that all human movement is purposeful and that an individual moves through this world toward and with others and in a concerted effort to overcome adversity. It is hoped that by using models with common theoretical themes that at least one confounding variable will be eliminated and thereby move researchers closer to an understanding of leadership. This study consisted of 240 participants in varying levels of management. Participants were recruited from Masters in Business Administration (MBA) programs and Executive Masters in Business Administration (EMBA) programs as well as a Professional Masters in Business Administration (PMBA) program and a Global Masters in Business Administration program (GMBA) in several local universities and colleges located in and near a major metropolitan area of the southeastern region of the United States. Measurements include the Basic Adlerian Scales for Interpersonal Success – Adult Form (BASIS-A), the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI), and the Multi-Leader Questionnaire-Short Form (MLQ-5X) as well as a demographic questionnaire. A discriminant analysis identified the Softness scale from the BASIS-A as a classifying discriminator between those participants who self-reported a transformational style of leadership and those who did not. Several stepwise multiple regression analyses resulted in findings suggesting that the Striving for Perfection and Wanting Recognition scales from the BASIS-A as well as the Ambition scale from the HPI were predictive of those who scored as exhibiting a transformational leadership style. The findings in this study suggest the importance of identifying personality traits and their dynamic interactions in relation to leadership style for future recruiting, hiring, selection, and training of organizational leaders as well as the development of educational programs with a focus on personality traits. The consistent and significant relationships between the BASIS-A scales and the Ambition scale of the HPI with the transformational leadership scales suggest that consideration of personality traits as an indicator and predictor of leadership style should continue to be stressed and explored.

Striking differences exist between countries in the incidence of breast cancer, with rates higher in the West than in Asian countries. The causes of these differences are unknown, but because incidence rates change in migrants, they are thought to be due to lifestyle rather than genetic differences. The objective of this thesis was to compare established breast cancer risk factors, physical activity, and diet in three groups of postmenopausal women at substantially different risks of developing breast cancer – Caucasians (N = 413), Chinese born in the West or who migrated to the West before age 21 (N = 216), and recent Chinese migrants, 99% of whom coming from urban China (N = 421). In this cross-sectional study, information on risk factors and diet were collected by telephone, and physical activity and anthropometric data were obtained at a home visit. Compared to Caucasians, recent Chinese migrants weighed on average 14 kg less, were 6 cm shorter, had menarche a year later, were more often parous, and less often had a family history of breast cancer or a benign breast biopsy. Estimating 5-year absolute breast cancer risks using the Gail Model showed that risk estimates in Caucasians would be reduced by only 11% if they had the risk factor profile of recent Chinese migrants for the variables in the Gail Model. Compared to Caucasians, recent Chinese migrants had lower average total physical activity over lifetime, and also spent less time on moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. Compared to Caucasians, recent Chinese migrants consumed per day on average 175 fewer calories, 6 more grams of energy-adjusted protein, 16 more grams of energy-adjusted carbohydrates, and 5 fewer grams of energy-adjusted fat. Also, recent Chinese migrants consumed higher amounts of grains, fruits, vegetables, fish, and soy products, and lower amounts of alcohol, meat, dairy products, and sweets than Caucasians. Western born Chinese and early Chinese migrants had values intermediate between the other two groups for most of the variables. These results suggest that in addition to the established risk factors, some dietary factors may also contribute to the lower breast cancer risk in urban Chinese women.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om det går att finna relevanta skillnader i framställandet av mannen över tidsperioden 1999 till 2011. Om en förändring har skett vill vi försöka ta reda på hur den ser ut. Utifrån en socialkonstruktivistisk utgångspunkt och med hjälp av begreppsliga redogörelser av genus, maskuliniteter och homosocialitet ämnar vi analysera de båda livsstilsmagasinen Café och Slitz. Vi kommer särskilt ta fasta på studier om massmedia och dess inverkan på människors vardagliga liv. Metoden som används för att vi närmare ska kunna analysera materialet är kritisk diskursanalys, som går ut på att skärskåda textens grundläggande meningssammanhang. Materialet vi utgår ifrån är begränsat till alla Cafés och Slitz utgåvor från 1999. För att se om förändring skett analyserar vi två utgåvor av Café från 2010 och sex från 2011, samt sex utgåvor av Slitz från 2009 och tre från 2011. Därigenom är vår ambition att försöka presentera en intressant bild av denna mångnyanserade kontext och dess diskursiva aspekter. Det generella resultatet är följande: i Slitz har vi inte funnit någon relevant skillnad, men däremot i Café finner vi en diskursiv skillnad från 1999 till 2011. / The purpose of this essay is to examine whether it is possible to find relevant differences in the presentation of the man over the time period from 1999 to 2011. If a change has occurred, we want to try to find out how it looks like. From a social constructivist approach and using conceptual explanations of gender, masculinity and homosociality, we intend to analyze the two Swedish lifestyle magazines Café and Slitz. We will take particular note of studies on mass media and its impact on people's everyday lives. The method used to enable us to further analyze the material is critical discourse analysis, which is to scrutinize the basic sentence context of the text. The material we assume is limited to all Café’s and Slitz’ editions from 1999. To see if changes are made, we analyze two editions of Café from 2010 and six from 2011, and six editions of Slitz from 2009 and three from 2011. Thus, our aim is to try to present an interesting picture of these multi-nuanced contextual and discursive aspects. The general results are as follows: in Slitz, we found no relevant difference, but in the Café, we find a discursive difference between 1999 to 2011.

Parents of children with disabilities need accurate information to help them provide tailored services and supports to their families. This is especially true for immigrant Latino families who tend to experience poor overall health and who tend to avoid formal services and supports. Based on input gathered from Latino parents of children with disabilities, a three module curriculum, 'Empowering Families,' was developed. Following a cultural appropriateness review of the curriculum and associated measurement instruments, revisions were made to the content and presentation procedure. This was followed by a field test of the curriculum with two groups of Latino parents/caregivers of children with developmental disabilities. Results from the training sessions with both groups indicate that the training resulted in moderate knowledge gains and that self-reported healthy lifestyle behaviors experienced minimal improvement. Overall health status was essentially unchanged. Participants rated the content very highly in terms of cultural appropriateness and usefulness.

Syftet med föreliggande litteraturstudie var att beskriva vad som framkommer om socialt stöd och livsstilsförändringar efter hjärtinfarkt. Studien är en beskrivande litteraturstudie som innefattar tio vetenskapliga artiklar vilka har granskats av författarna och därefter kvalitetsbedömts. Resultatet visade att livsstilsförändringar inte var lätta att genomföra. Det sociala stödet var viktigt för att de olika livsstilsförändringarna skulle klaras av och att stödets utformning skulle vara anpassat efter den hjärtinfarktdrabbades behov. För mycket eller för litet stöd hade negativ inverkan på hur patienten lyckades med livsstilsförändringarna. Personalen på sjukhuset hade stor inverkan på hur lyckad livsstilsförändringarna skulle bli. Sjukvårdspersonalen behövde stödja både hjärtinfarktdrabbade och anhöriga för att rehabiliteringen skulle bli lyckad. De slutsatser som dragits från föreliggande studie är, att socialt stöd påverkar hjärtinfarktdrabbades möjlighet att genomföra livsstilsförändringar. Det sociala stödet kan få både en positiv och negativ inverkan på livsstilsförändringar. Det har visat sig vara viktigt att sjuksköterskan samarbetar med den hjärtinfarktdrabbade. Att anpassa situationen och informationen till respektive individ kan förbättra stödet från sjukvården. / The purpose of this study was to describe what is found about social support and lifestyle changes after a myocardial infarction. The study is a descriptive literature review that includes ten scientific articles that have been reviewed and qualitatively evaluated by the authors. The results showed that lifestyle changes were not easy to conduct. Social support was essential to cope with lifestyle changes and it was important that the aid was designed to match each individual. Too much or too little support had adverse effects on the lifestyle changes that needed to be made. The hospital staff had a major impact on how successful lifestyle changes would be. The hospital staff needed to support both myocardial infarction victims and relatives to make the rehabilitation a success to assure a full recovery. The conclusions drawn from this study is that social support affects myocardial infarction victims and their opportunity to conduct lifestyle changes. Social support can have both positive and negative effects on lifestyle changes. It has also proved to be of great importance that the nurse is collaborating with the myocardial infarction victim. Adjustment to the situation and information to each individual could change the support from the healthcare.

Syfte med studien var att beskriva motiverande samtal som användbar metod i hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens hälsofrämjande arbete med patienter som är i behov av livsstilsförändringar. Metod var en deskriptiv litteraturstudie som inkluderade 12 stycken vetenskapliga artiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Litteratursökningen gjordes i databaserna Medline/PubMed och Cinahl. Resultat visade att motiverande samtal är en användbar metod framförallt för sjuksköterskan men är även användbar för all hälso- och sjukvårdpersonal. Resultatet visar även att motiverande samtal är en användbar metod i det hälsofrämjande arbetet utanför vårdrummet. Studiens resultat visar att motiverande samtal har goda effekter på livsstilsförändringar hos många olika patientgrupper, allt från diabetespatienter och deras följsamhet i vården, till att få afro-amerikaner att äta mer frukt och grönsaker. Slutsats var att motiverande samtal är en användbar metod för all hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal i deras hälsofrämjande arbete. Motiverande samtal är också en metod som fungerar på i stort sett alla patient- och åldersgrupper.     Nyckelord: Motiverande samtal, sjuksköterska och livsstilsförändring. / The aim of this study was to describe motivational interviewing as a useful method for health care staffs in their work to promote health with patients who are in need of lifestyle changes. The method was a descriptive literature study that included 12 scientific articles with both qualitative and quantitative approach. The literature search was performed in the databases Medline/PubMed and Cinahl. The result showed that motivational interviewing is a useful method especially for nurses but it´s also useful for all health care professionals. The results also show that motivational interviewing is a useful method to people without any medical training. Our results demonstrate that motivational interviewing has good effects on lifestyle changes for many different groups of patients, ranging from diabetes patients and their compliance in care, to getting African Americans to eat more fruits and vegetables. The conclusion was that motivational interviewing is a useful method for health care professionals in their health promotion work. Motivational interviewing is a method that works on almost all patients and age groups.     Keywords: Motivational interviewing, nurse and lifestyle change.

Business Weekly (2003, 11) reported that female managers 25 to 34 had increased by 25% in the end of 2000. 51% of buyers were female in a company. Even, 85% of purchasing decisions were made by women. (Barletta, 2003) Such kind of situation means that female purchasing power is increasing. With the fast development of female market, it can not be ignored the new business opportunity, of course, including the automobile industry. According to the report of American CNW Market Survey Company in 2003, 49% of American new car buyers were female¡F80% of car-purchased decisions were determined by women. Besides, the data of Ministry of Transportation and Communication of R.O.C. in 2004 pointed out that the proportion of domestic female car owner were up to 28.3%, which was rose by 8.9% than in 1998. This tells that the female car market is a hidden cake for marketers. The purpose of the study is to figure out which kind of auto product attributes mix female car consumer will pay more attention to and to investigate the difference of product attributes preference in order to provide marketing strategies for companies. The conceptual of framework of the study was based on EBM consumer behavior model. The study took auto product attributes and consumer demographics as input variables¡F lifestyles variables as the bases of female car market segmentations. Moreover, characteristics of different lifestyles segments were described by several variables that affect the buying process. And respondents were willing and able to buy a car in Kaohsiung area, including car users and potential buyers. Factor analysis was employed for dimension reduction, then cluster analysis was applied for classification, and some statistical method, such as MANOVA, ANOVA, chi-squares are used to test the research hypothesis. The study figured out, through the process of segmentation, three female car consumer types: stylish, omnibearing, and chaste. Besides, the research further showed that three different lifestyles segments had significant difference in the following variables: information source, auto product attributes, purchase price, purchase brand, purchase type, loyalty, and the demographics which included age, occupation, and family life cycle.

Recent developments in video technology have opened up the possibility for people to watch movies in many different ways. For example one person may use a kinetoscope. Others may go to cinemas or join in a movie festival, yet others use a DVD player, watch them on the internet or even on mobile devices. Do movie fans use all or a number of these ways or just pick one of them? How do they select the way they watch the movies? What factors influence them in this selection? These are the important questions which this research addresses. This research utilises product attributes to collect the data from 531 respondents surveyed in Kaohsiung City and analysed by statistics using quantitative empirical methods. It finds that consumers¡¦ preferences for the product attributes and for the movie seeing are related to their lifestyles and demographic variables, and there is a level of significance in these factors: self-benefit, cheerful mind, efficiency, level of socialisation, and economics, in the product attribute for each consumer cluster based on lifestyle. In the preference of product usage, there is the level of significance in these factors: ¡§cinema, and legal and illegal download from the internet¡¨. However, there is no level of significance in these factors: ¡§cable TV, video and disk rent, video and disk purchase, and illegal copy purchase¡¨. Further, in product attribute related to demographic statistical variables, there is separately a level of significance in these factors: gender, education background, marriage, children-raising, and career, in self-benefit, cheerful mind, efficiency, and level of socialisation. And in the relationship of the preference of product usage and demographic statistical variables, there is a significant correlation between most demographic statistical variables and certain preferences of product usage. Keywords: Product Attribute, Preference of Usage, Movie Viewing Products, Lifestyle, Demographics.

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