In the production of biodiesel via the transesterification of vegetable oils, purification to international standards is challenging. A key measure of biodiesel quality is the level of free glycerol in the biodiesel. In order to remove glycerol from fatty acid methyl ester (FAME or biodiesel), a membrane separation setup was tested. The main objective of this thesis was to develop a membrane process for the separation of free glycerol dispersed in FAME after completion of the transesterification reaction and to investigate the effect of different factors on glycerol removal. These factors included membrane pore size, pressure, temperature, and methanol, soap and water content. First, a study of the effect of different materials present in the transesterification reaction, such as water, soap, and methanol, on the final free glycerol separation was performed using a modified polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane, with 100 kD (ultrafiltration) molecular weight cut off for all runs at 25°C. Results showed low concentrations of water had a considerable effect in removing glycerol from the FAME. The mechanism of separation of free glycerol from FAME was due to the removal of an ultrafine dispersed glycerol-rich phase present in the untreated (or raw) FAME. The size of the droplets and the free glycerol separation both increased with increasing water content of the FAME. Next, three types of polymeric membranes in the ultrafiltration range with different molecular weight cut off, were tested at three fixed operating pressures and three operating temperatures (0, 5 and 25oC) to remove the free glycerol from a biodiesel reactor effluent. The ASTM standard for free glycerol concentration was met for the experiments performed at 25°C. The results of this study indicate that glycerol could be separated from raw FAME to meet ASTM and EN standards at methanol feed concentrations of up to 3 mass%. The process was demonstrated to rely on the formation of a dynamic polar layer on the membrane surface. Ceramic membranes of different pore sizes (0.05 µm (ultrafiltration (UF) range) and 0.2 µm (microfiltration (MF) range)) were used to treat raw FAME directly using the membrane separation set up at temperatures of 0, 5 and 25°C. The results were encouraging for the 0.05 µm pore size membrane at the highest temperature (25°C). The effect of temperature on glycerol removal was evident from its relation with the concentration factor (CF). Higher temperatures promoted the achievement of the appropriate CF value sooner for faster separation. Membrane pore size was also found to affect separation performance. A subsequent study revealed the effect of different variables on the size of the glycerol droplets using dynamic light scattering (DLS). A key parameter in the use of membrane separation technology is the size of the glycerol droplets and the influence of other components such as water, methanol and soaps on that droplet size. The effect of water, methanol, soap and glycerol on the size of suspended glycerol droplets in FAME was studied using a 3-level Box-Behnken experimental design technique. Standard statistical analysis techniques revealed the significant effect of water and glycerol on increasing droplet size while methanol and soap served to reduce the droplet size. Finally, a study on the effect of trans-membrane pressure (TMP) at different water concentrations in the FAME phase on glycerol removal using UF (0.03 µm pore size, polyethersulfone (PES)) and MF (0.1 and 0.22 µm pore sizes, PES) membranes at 25, 40 and 60°C was performed. Results showed that running at 25°C for the two membrane types produced the best results for glycerol removal and exceeded the ASTM and EN standards. An enhancement of glycerol removal was found by adding small amounts of water up to the maximum solubility limit in biodiesel. An increase in temperature resulted in an increase in the solubility of water in the FAME and less effective glycerol removal. Application of cake filtration theory and a gel layer model showed that the gel layer on the membrane surface is not compressible and the specific cake resistance and gel layer concentration decrease with increasing temperature. An approximate value for the limiting (steady-state) flux was reported and it was found that the highest fluxes were obtained at the lowest initial water concentrations at fixed temperatures. In conclusion, dispersed glycerol can be successfully removed from raw FAME (untreated FAME) using a membrane separation system to meet the ASTM biodiesel fuel standards. The addition of water close to the solubility limit to the FAME mixture enables the formation of larger glycerol droplets and makes the separation of these droplets straightforward.

Le développement de techniques de suivi in situ de réactions de polymérisation en émulsion est un véritable enjeu, motivé par le désir d’établir des relations entre structure, propriétés physico-chimiques et propriétés d’usage du latex final. Par ailleurs, ces techniques fournissent des informations sur les phénomènes chimiques et physico-chimiques mis en jeu qui contribuent à une meilleure compréhension. Des études récentes montrent que la spectroscopie Raman peut être une technique adaptée à cette problématique, de par sa simplicité de mise en œuvre (transportabilité, adaptabilité de l’appareillage, etc.), la performance de la mesure (temps d’acquisition de l’ordre de la seconde) et la richesse des informations fournies (de l’échelle moléculaire à celle du matériau). L’objectif de notre travail a été de déterminer le potentiel de la spectroscopie Raman quant au contrôle de la polymérisation en macroémulsion du styrène tant au niveau du bon déroulement de la réaction (conversion…) qu’au niveau des propriétés du latex formé (stabilité…). Pour réaliser ce travail expérimental, un pilote de polymérisation a été installé pour la première fois au sein du laboratoire des Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS). La particularité de notre système est qu’il a été conçu pour conserver le maximum de liberté pour la réalisation de l’étude spectroscopique (montages optiques). La première partie de notre projet a donc été de déterminer un protocole adapté à ce pilote, tant au niveau de la réalisation de la synthèse de latex de polystyrène stabilisé qu’au niveau de l’acquisition de données spectroscopiques. Par la suite, nous avons démontré que la spectroscopie Raman était une technique adaptée au suivi in situ de la cinétique de polymérisation du styrène en macroémulsion. Le suivi du taux de conversion du styrène en polystyrène a été réalisé selon deux méthodes qui reposent sur des principes différents : la première basée sur la variation de l’aire de bandes spécifiques est une approche classique de la quantification de cette grandeur alors que la deuxième, basée sur la modification de la position d’une bande commune au monomère et à son polymère est une méthode innovante. A partir de ces données expérimentales et grâce à une méthode de filtrage adaptée, la quantification de la vitesse de polymérisation a été proposée pour la première fois. Ces données expérimentales ont été comparées à la théorie mécanistique et cinétique de référence de ce procédé, ainsi qu’à de précédents résultats expérimentaux, obtenus par d’autres techniques. Alors que les résultats expérimentaux s’accordent, ils montrent tous une déviation par rapport à la théorie. Enfin, par l’étude approfondie de la variation de l’aire d’une bande de référence, commune au monomère et au polymère, nous avons démontré que la spectroscopie Raman était sensible au phénomène de diffusion élastique, diffusion du faisceau laser par les éléments dispersés dans le milieu réactionnel. Cela se traduit par une modification de l’intensité du signal collecté et permet donc de détecter une transition caractéristique du procédé de polymérisation étudié : la disparition des gouttelettes réservoir de monomère, qui apparaît vers 40% de conversion dans le cas du styrène / The development of in situ monitoring techniques of emulsion polymerization reactions is a real current challenge. First, it may help establish relations between the structure, the physicochemical properties and the performance properties of final latexes. Moreover, it brings a better understanding of chemical and physicochemical phenomenon that happened. Easy installation, performance of measures and abundance of information gathered (from molecular to material scales) make the Raman spectroscopy an adequate technique for this kind of issue, as shown in recent studies. The main goal of that work was to demonstrate the capacity of the Raman spectroscopy to control the polymerization of styrene via macroemulsion process, in terms of smooth reaction process (conversion, …) and final properties of the latex (stability, …). This work was carried in the laboratoire des Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS) where a polymerization pilot was implemented for the first time. The latest has been designed in order to ensure a maximum freedom for spectroscopic measurements (optical setup). Because of this special design, the first part of this work was to adapt experimental conditions, in terms of polymer latex synthesis and spectroscopic data acquisition. Thereafter, we proved that Raman spectroscopy could be a suitable technique for real time in situ conversion monitoring in the case of the polymerization of styrene via macroemulsion process. The monomer conversion monitoring has been realized in two different methods: the first one is well-known and is based on monitoring changes in the normalized Raman signal of specific band and the second one is an innovative method that is based on the Ramanshift of a common band of styrene and polystyrene. On the basis of these experimental data and using a suitable smoothing method, the polymerization rate was quantified for the first time. The results were compared to the theory of this polymerization process and previous experimental results from other experimental techniques. Whereas experimental results show similarities, they all show a deviation from the theory. Finally, an in-depth study of the impact of the heterogeneity of the reaction media on the Raman signal has been made. We have demonstrated that this latest was sensitive to elastic scattering of light by dispersed particles. The influence of elastic scattering on the intensity of the collected Raman signal makes the Raman spectroscopy a suitable method to detect a specific transition of the polymerization process: the disappearance of monomer droplets around 40 % of conversion in case of styrene

No presente trabalho, o peptídeo inseticida recombinante Jaburetox-2Ec, derivado da urease de Canavalia ensiformis (Jack bean) foi estudado, principalmente através de técnicas de espectroscopia de espalhamento de luz e raios-X. Foi analisada a tendência do peptídeo a se agregar em diferentes condições físico-químicas quando em solução aquosa, e a sua interação com membranas de lipossomas miméticos de plaquetas humanas. A partir dos dados de raio hidrodinâmico, raio de giro, e massa molar ponderal média obtidos do peptídeo em solução, foi possível observar uma tendência para maior agregação numa faixa em torno de pH 5,5, bem como ausência de agregação em pH inferior a 4,0 e superior a 7,0. Não se verificou nenhum efeito visível no nível de agregação com a adição de agente redutor ou íons, sendo que a exposição ao oxigênio do ar levou a um aumento da mesma. Os estudos de interação do Jaburetox-2Ec com lipossomas revelaram uma significante mudança estrutural na membrana, que se mostrou mais intensa com uma maior concentração do peptídeo. Foram, através de software, feitos ajustes teóricos das curvas de espalhamento de raios-X à baixos ângulos dos lipossomas, a fim de quantificar as mudanças nos parâmetros físicos das membranas causados pela ação do peptídeo. A formação de poros na membrana pelo peptídeo foi proposta como explicação para os resultados encontrados. / In the present work, the insecticide recombinant peptide Jaburetox-2Ec, derived from Canavalia ensiformis (Jack bean) urease, was studied, primarily by light and X-ray scattering techniques. Its tendency to aggregate in aqueous solution under different physical-chemical conditions, and its interaction with human platelet mimetic liposome membranes were analyzed. From the data relative to hydrodynamic radii, radii of gyration and mean molecular weight obtained from the peptide in aqueous solution, it was possible to observe a tendency for greater aggregation around pH 5.5, as well as an absence of aggregation at values of pH below 4.0 and above 7.0. No visible effect on the level of aggregation was verified with the addition of reducing agent or ions, whereas the exposure to oxygen in the air resulted in an increase in this level. The studies of Jaburetox-2Ec interaction with liposomes revealed a significant structural change in the membrane, which was shown to be more intense in higher peptide concentrations. Software-assisted theoretical fits were made for the experimental small-angle X-ray scattering curves aiming to quantify the changes in the physical parameters of the membranes caused by peptide action. The formation of pores in the membrane was proposed as an explanation to the results found.

Nanocápsulas poliméricas (NC) foram descritas como uma nova geração de veículos para bloqueadores solares. Um estudo anterior demonstrou que a presença de monoestearato de sorbitano (MS) e polissorbato 80 (P80), ao invés de fosfatidilcolina em suspensões de nanocápsulas, conferiu uma maior fotoestabilidade à quercetina (QUE) e ao metoxicinamato de octila (OMC) co-encapsulados em função do espalhamento de luz de nanocápsulas, que agem como filtro solar físico. Neste trabalho, foram investigadas as bases físico-químicas dessas descobertas. Para alcançar o objetivo, o número de partículas por volume (N) foi determinado por turbidimetria e propriedades de espalhamento de luz das NC. Análise térmica e microscopia óptica também foram realizadas. Formulações de NC contendo QUE e OMC foram preparadas pelo método de deposição interfacial da poli-e-caprolactona, utilizando dois diferentes sistemas de tensoativos: Epikuron 170® (fosfatidilcolina) ou MS e P80. As NC apresentaram adequados diâmetros, índices de polidispersão, potencial zeta e pH. Formulações preparadas com QUE não apresentaram diferença significativa (P>0,05) para o N (partículas.cm-3), curiosamente o valor de N para×as partículas preparadas com MS e P80 foi menor do que as partículas preparadas com fosfatidilcolina (P<0,05), demonstrando que o espalhamento de luz não foi consequência de um N maior. Através de espalhamento de luz estático (Razão de Rayleigh) e espalhamento múltiplo de luz (TurbiscanLab®) foi verificado que a fotoestabilidade da QUE e do OMC foi relacionada a um maior espalhamento de luz das suspensões devido à natureza de seus componentes. A análise térmica demonstrou que os tensoativos e a QUE não interagem com a porção cristalina do PCL e que o MS e o P80 propiciaram melhor estabilidade química, do que as NC que continham Epikuron 170®. Análise microscópica mostrou nanocristais de QUE nas formulações explicando a influência das QUE nas análises espectroscópicas. Concluindo, NC preparadas com MS e P80 são mais eficazes em espalhar à luz do que aquelas preparadas com fosfatidilcolina. / Polymeric nanocapsules (NC) have been described as a new generation of carriers for UV blockers. A previous study demonstrated that the presence of the stabilizers sorbitan monostearate (SM) and polysorbate 80 (P80) instead of phophatidylcholine in nanocapsule suspensions caused a better photostability of co-encapsulated quercetin (QUE) and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) because of the light scattering of nanocapsules, which, act as physical sunscreen. In this work, was investigated the physicochemical basis of those findings. To reach the objective, the number of particles per volume (N) was determined by turbidimetry and the light scattering properties of the NC. Thermal analyses and optical microscopy were also performed. NC formulations containing OMC and QUE were prepared by interfacial deposition of poly(e-caprolactone) using two different surfactant systems: Epikuron 170® (phosphatidylcholine) or SM and P80. The NC presented adequate mean diameters polydispersity indexes, zeta potential and pH. Formulations prepared with QUE showed similar (p>0.05) N values (particles×cm-3), interestingly the N value for particles prepared with SM and P80 was smaller than particles the prepared with phosphatidylcholine (p<0.05), demonstrating that the light scattering was not a consequence of a higher N in the suspension. Through static light scattering (Rayleigh Ratio) and multiple light scattering (TurbiscanLab®) was found that the photostability of QUE and OMC was related to a higher light scattering of suspensions due to the nature of its components. Thermal analysis demonstrated that the surfactants and QUE did not interact with the crystalline portion of PCL and that SM and P80 provided better chemical stability for the NC containing QUE than Epikuron 170®. Microscopy analysis showed QUE nanocrystals in the formulations explaining the influence of QUE in the spectroscopic analyses. In conclusion, NC prepared with SM and P80 are more effective in scatter the light than those prepared with phosphatidylcholine.

No presente trabalho, o peptídeo inseticida recombinante Jaburetox-2Ec, derivado da urease de Canavalia ensiformis (Jack bean) foi estudado, principalmente através de técnicas de espectroscopia de espalhamento de luz e raios-X. Foi analisada a tendência do peptídeo a se agregar em diferentes condições físico-químicas quando em solução aquosa, e a sua interação com membranas de lipossomas miméticos de plaquetas humanas. A partir dos dados de raio hidrodinâmico, raio de giro, e massa molar ponderal média obtidos do peptídeo em solução, foi possível observar uma tendência para maior agregação numa faixa em torno de pH 5,5, bem como ausência de agregação em pH inferior a 4,0 e superior a 7,0. Não se verificou nenhum efeito visível no nível de agregação com a adição de agente redutor ou íons, sendo que a exposição ao oxigênio do ar levou a um aumento da mesma. Os estudos de interação do Jaburetox-2Ec com lipossomas revelaram uma significante mudança estrutural na membrana, que se mostrou mais intensa com uma maior concentração do peptídeo. Foram, através de software, feitos ajustes teóricos das curvas de espalhamento de raios-X à baixos ângulos dos lipossomas, a fim de quantificar as mudanças nos parâmetros físicos das membranas causados pela ação do peptídeo. A formação de poros na membrana pelo peptídeo foi proposta como explicação para os resultados encontrados. / In the present work, the insecticide recombinant peptide Jaburetox-2Ec, derived from Canavalia ensiformis (Jack bean) urease, was studied, primarily by light and X-ray scattering techniques. Its tendency to aggregate in aqueous solution under different physical-chemical conditions, and its interaction with human platelet mimetic liposome membranes were analyzed. From the data relative to hydrodynamic radii, radii of gyration and mean molecular weight obtained from the peptide in aqueous solution, it was possible to observe a tendency for greater aggregation around pH 5.5, as well as an absence of aggregation at values of pH below 4.0 and above 7.0. No visible effect on the level of aggregation was verified with the addition of reducing agent or ions, whereas the exposure to oxygen in the air resulted in an increase in this level. The studies of Jaburetox-2Ec interaction with liposomes revealed a significant structural change in the membrane, which was shown to be more intense in higher peptide concentrations. Software-assisted theoretical fits were made for the experimental small-angle X-ray scattering curves aiming to quantify the changes in the physical parameters of the membranes caused by peptide action. The formation of pores in the membrane was proposed as an explanation to the results found.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:09/13764-3

Nanocápsulas poliméricas (NC) foram descritas como uma nova geração de veículos para bloqueadores solares. Um estudo anterior demonstrou que a presença de monoestearato de sorbitano (MS) e polissorbato 80 (P80), ao invés de fosfatidilcolina em suspensões de nanocápsulas, conferiu uma maior fotoestabilidade à quercetina (QUE) e ao metoxicinamato de octila (OMC) co-encapsulados em função do espalhamento de luz de nanocápsulas, que agem como filtro solar físico. Neste trabalho, foram investigadas as bases físico-químicas dessas descobertas. Para alcançar o objetivo, o número de partículas por volume (N) foi determinado por turbidimetria e propriedades de espalhamento de luz das NC. Análise térmica e microscopia óptica também foram realizadas. Formulações de NC contendo QUE e OMC foram preparadas pelo método de deposição interfacial da poli-e-caprolactona, utilizando dois diferentes sistemas de tensoativos: Epikuron 170® (fosfatidilcolina) ou MS e P80. As NC apresentaram adequados diâmetros, índices de polidispersão, potencial zeta e pH. Formulações preparadas com QUE não apresentaram diferença significativa (P>0,05) para o N (partículas.cm-3), curiosamente o valor de N para×as partículas preparadas com MS e P80 foi menor do que as partículas preparadas com fosfatidilcolina (P<0,05), demonstrando que o espalhamento de luz não foi consequência de um N maior. Através de espalhamento de luz estático (Razão de Rayleigh) e espalhamento múltiplo de luz (TurbiscanLab®) foi verificado que a fotoestabilidade da QUE e do OMC foi relacionada a um maior espalhamento de luz das suspensões devido à natureza de seus componentes. A análise térmica demonstrou que os tensoativos e a QUE não interagem com a porção cristalina do PCL e que o MS e o P80 propiciaram melhor estabilidade química, do que as NC que continham Epikuron 170®. Análise microscópica mostrou nanocristais de QUE nas formulações explicando a influência das QUE nas análises espectroscópicas. Concluindo, NC preparadas com MS e P80 são mais eficazes em espalhar à luz do que aquelas preparadas com fosfatidilcolina. / Polymeric nanocapsules (NC) have been described as a new generation of carriers for UV blockers. A previous study demonstrated that the presence of the stabilizers sorbitan monostearate (SM) and polysorbate 80 (P80) instead of phophatidylcholine in nanocapsule suspensions caused a better photostability of co-encapsulated quercetin (QUE) and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) because of the light scattering of nanocapsules, which, act as physical sunscreen. In this work, was investigated the physicochemical basis of those findings. To reach the objective, the number of particles per volume (N) was determined by turbidimetry and the light scattering properties of the NC. Thermal analyses and optical microscopy were also performed. NC formulations containing OMC and QUE were prepared by interfacial deposition of poly(e-caprolactone) using two different surfactant systems: Epikuron 170® (phosphatidylcholine) or SM and P80. The NC presented adequate mean diameters polydispersity indexes, zeta potential and pH. Formulations prepared with QUE showed similar (p>0.05) N values (particles×cm-3), interestingly the N value for particles prepared with SM and P80 was smaller than particles the prepared with phosphatidylcholine (p<0.05), demonstrating that the light scattering was not a consequence of a higher N in the suspension. Through static light scattering (Rayleigh Ratio) and multiple light scattering (TurbiscanLab®) was found that the photostability of QUE and OMC was related to a higher light scattering of suspensions due to the nature of its components. Thermal analysis demonstrated that the surfactants and QUE did not interact with the crystalline portion of PCL and that SM and P80 provided better chemical stability for the NC containing QUE than Epikuron 170®. Microscopy analysis showed QUE nanocrystals in the formulations explaining the influence of QUE in the spectroscopic analyses. In conclusion, NC prepared with SM and P80 are more effective in scatter the light than those prepared with phosphatidylcholine.

Neste trabalho, construímos um arranjo óptico para realizar medidas de espalhamento de luz dinâmico (Dynamic Light Scattering - DLS). Após o processo de montagem, o experimento foi calibrado por meio de soluções padrão de nanoesferas de poliestireno dispersas em água deionizada. Após a calibração, investigamos sistemas mais complexos como cristais líquidos nemáticos uniaxias, bem como misturas ferronemáticas. A primeira etapa dos estudos teve como objetivo investigar o comportamento das difusividades dos modos hidrodinmicos splay e twist, em função da concentração iônica das misturas. As amostras preparadas se diferenciavam apenas pela quantidades de sal em suas composições. Observamos um aumento em Dsplay e diminuição de Dtwist com o aumento na concentração de sal. Esses efeitos são multifatoriais e podem estar relacionados à blindagem eletrostática intermicelar, favorecendo a aproximaao entre micelas vizinhas. O efeito de backflow também é um fenômeno relevante que minimiza os efeitos dissipativos e está associado as distorções de splay. Por fim, foram realizadas medidas de DLS em misturas ferronemáticas liotrópicas uniaxiais, com o objetivo de investigar o comportamento das difusividades dos modos hidrodinâmicos em função da concentração de nanopartículas magnéticas (ferrofluido FF). O alinhamento do diretor é bastante favorecido com a presença das nanopartículas, como previsto na literatura [32]. Além disso, em baixas concentrações (< 10^13 grãos/mL) as nanopartículas não interferem nos espectros de autocorrelação, sendo possível observar as flutuações orientacionais do diretor nemático. Dessa forma, a incorporação de grãos magnéticos auxiliou nas medidas de DLS, principalmente no que diz respeito à seleção dos modos hidrodinâmicos. Os resultados mostraram que, em fase NC , as difusividades Dsplay e Dbend diminuíram com o aumento da concentração de FF. Por outro lado, a difusividade Dtwist praticamente não foi afetada com a incorporação de FF. No entanto, na fase ND, foi possível observar quedas nos valores de Dsplay e Dtwist , comparando com a mistura sem FF (Nd3). / In the present dissertation we made a Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) experimental setup as well as their clalibration. We use standard aqueous solution with polystyrene nanospheres, with 20 nm and 200 nm of mean diameter, for system calibation. After this process we investigated more complex systems as uniaxial lyotropic liquid crystals mixtures and ferronematic samples. Firstly, we investigate the behaviour of hydrodynamic modes as a function of ionic concentration. The experiments showed that D splay increases and D twist decreases when ionic concentration increases. There are many factors around this behaviour, one of them is the electrostatic shielding forming between nearby micelles that may favours the approximation between tham. The backflow effect also is a relevante phenomenon that minimize the viscous dissipation process of splay distortion. This effect tends to increase with ionic concentration. We also investigated the hydrodynamic behaviour of uniaxial lyotropic mixtures doped with magnetic nanoparticles (ferrofluid - FF). They were characterized by DLS measure-ments to investigated the role of dopping concetration on splay, twist, and bend distortions. According to our results the nanoparticles favours the director alignment by magnetic field as we can found in the literature [32]. Thus, the DLS measurements had been favored by addition of magnetics grains, particularly with regard to the selection role of hydrodynamic modes. Moreover, we have seen that the director relaxation process is not abruptly affected with incorporation of nanoparticles, at low quantities (< 10^13 grain/mL). In NC phase, Dsplay and Dbend tends to decreases when the FF concetrations increases. However the behavior of Dtwist is not completly clear. In ND phase, the addition of nanoparticles further decreases Dsplay and Dtwist , comparing with the free nanoparticles sample (Nd3).

No presente trabalho, o peptídeo inseticida recombinante Jaburetox-2Ec, derivado da urease de Canavalia ensiformis (Jack bean) foi estudado, principalmente através de técnicas de espectroscopia de espalhamento de luz e raios-X. Foi analisada a tendência do peptídeo a se agregar em diferentes condições físico-químicas quando em solução aquosa, e a sua interação com membranas de lipossomas miméticos de plaquetas humanas. A partir dos dados de raio hidrodinâmico, raio de giro, e massa molar ponderal média obtidos do peptídeo em solução, foi possível observar uma tendência para maior agregação numa faixa em torno de pH 5,5, bem como ausência de agregação em pH inferior a 4,0 e superior a 7,0. Não se verificou nenhum efeito visível no nível de agregação com a adição de agente redutor ou íons, sendo que a exposição ao oxigênio do ar levou a um aumento da mesma. Os estudos de interação do Jaburetox-2Ec com lipossomas revelaram uma significante mudança estrutural na membrana, que se mostrou mais intensa com uma maior concentração do peptídeo. Foram, através de software, feitos ajustes teóricos das curvas de espalhamento de raios-X à baixos ângulos dos lipossomas, a fim de quantificar as mudanças nos parâmetros físicos das membranas causados pela ação do peptídeo. A formação de poros na membrana pelo peptídeo foi proposta como explicação para os resultados encontrados. / In the present work, the insecticide recombinant peptide Jaburetox-2Ec, derived from Canavalia ensiformis (Jack bean) urease, was studied, primarily by light and X-ray scattering techniques. Its tendency to aggregate in aqueous solution under different physical-chemical conditions, and its interaction with human platelet mimetic liposome membranes were analyzed. From the data relative to hydrodynamic radii, radii of gyration and mean molecular weight obtained from the peptide in aqueous solution, it was possible to observe a tendency for greater aggregation around pH 5.5, as well as an absence of aggregation at values of pH below 4.0 and above 7.0. No visible effect on the level of aggregation was verified with the addition of reducing agent or ions, whereas the exposure to oxygen in the air resulted in an increase in this level. The studies of Jaburetox-2Ec interaction with liposomes revealed a significant structural change in the membrane, which was shown to be more intense in higher peptide concentrations. Software-assisted theoretical fits were made for the experimental small-angle X-ray scattering curves aiming to quantify the changes in the physical parameters of the membranes caused by peptide action. The formation of pores in the membrane was proposed as an explanation to the results found.

Nanocápsulas poliméricas (NC) foram descritas como uma nova geração de veículos para bloqueadores solares. Um estudo anterior demonstrou que a presença de monoestearato de sorbitano (MS) e polissorbato 80 (P80), ao invés de fosfatidilcolina em suspensões de nanocápsulas, conferiu uma maior fotoestabilidade à quercetina (QUE) e ao metoxicinamato de octila (OMC) co-encapsulados em função do espalhamento de luz de nanocápsulas, que agem como filtro solar físico. Neste trabalho, foram investigadas as bases físico-químicas dessas descobertas. Para alcançar o objetivo, o número de partículas por volume (N) foi determinado por turbidimetria e propriedades de espalhamento de luz das NC. Análise térmica e microscopia óptica também foram realizadas. Formulações de NC contendo QUE e OMC foram preparadas pelo método de deposição interfacial da poli-e-caprolactona, utilizando dois diferentes sistemas de tensoativos: Epikuron 170® (fosfatidilcolina) ou MS e P80. As NC apresentaram adequados diâmetros, índices de polidispersão, potencial zeta e pH. Formulações preparadas com QUE não apresentaram diferença significativa (P>0,05) para o N (partículas.cm-3), curiosamente o valor de N para×as partículas preparadas com MS e P80 foi menor do que as partículas preparadas com fosfatidilcolina (P<0,05), demonstrando que o espalhamento de luz não foi consequência de um N maior. Através de espalhamento de luz estático (Razão de Rayleigh) e espalhamento múltiplo de luz (TurbiscanLab®) foi verificado que a fotoestabilidade da QUE e do OMC foi relacionada a um maior espalhamento de luz das suspensões devido à natureza de seus componentes. A análise térmica demonstrou que os tensoativos e a QUE não interagem com a porção cristalina do PCL e que o MS e o P80 propiciaram melhor estabilidade química, do que as NC que continham Epikuron 170®. Análise microscópica mostrou nanocristais de QUE nas formulações explicando a influência das QUE nas análises espectroscópicas. Concluindo, NC preparadas com MS e P80 são mais eficazes em espalhar à luz do que aquelas preparadas com fosfatidilcolina. / Polymeric nanocapsules (NC) have been described as a new generation of carriers for UV blockers. A previous study demonstrated that the presence of the stabilizers sorbitan monostearate (SM) and polysorbate 80 (P80) instead of phophatidylcholine in nanocapsule suspensions caused a better photostability of co-encapsulated quercetin (QUE) and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) because of the light scattering of nanocapsules, which, act as physical sunscreen. In this work, was investigated the physicochemical basis of those findings. To reach the objective, the number of particles per volume (N) was determined by turbidimetry and the light scattering properties of the NC. Thermal analyses and optical microscopy were also performed. NC formulations containing OMC and QUE were prepared by interfacial deposition of poly(e-caprolactone) using two different surfactant systems: Epikuron 170® (phosphatidylcholine) or SM and P80. The NC presented adequate mean diameters polydispersity indexes, zeta potential and pH. Formulations prepared with QUE showed similar (p>0.05) N values (particles×cm-3), interestingly the N value for particles prepared with SM and P80 was smaller than particles the prepared with phosphatidylcholine (p<0.05), demonstrating that the light scattering was not a consequence of a higher N in the suspension. Through static light scattering (Rayleigh Ratio) and multiple light scattering (TurbiscanLab®) was found that the photostability of QUE and OMC was related to a higher light scattering of suspensions due to the nature of its components. Thermal analysis demonstrated that the surfactants and QUE did not interact with the crystalline portion of PCL and that SM and P80 provided better chemical stability for the NC containing QUE than Epikuron 170®. Microscopy analysis showed QUE nanocrystals in the formulations explaining the influence of QUE in the spectroscopic analyses. In conclusion, NC prepared with SM and P80 are more effective in scatter the light than those prepared with phosphatidylcholine.