Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tomografia por Coerência Óptica, ou simplesmente OCT (acrônimo do inglês: Optical Coherence Tomography), é uma técnica para geração de imagens de seções transversais de meios espalhadores ao comprimento de onda utilizado. A OCT é baseada em interferometria óptica e gera imagens comumente correlacionadas às imagens geradas exames histológicos com a vantagem de ser indolor, não invasiva e não utilizar radiação ionizante. Este estudo dividiu-se em dois objetivos distintos, um refere-se à aplicação de sinais interferométricos de autocorrelação para a formação de imagens de amostras com estruturas complexas. O segundo objetivo foi o estudo das estruturas denominadas de harmônicos e sua aplicação no aumento da resolução axial de um sistema OCT. Com relação à primeira parte, constatou-se que o sinal interferométrico de autocorrelação é muitas vezes ignorado ou descartado pela OCT tradicional. Análises mais profundas da teoria de interferometria, juntamente com alguns estudos anteriores, apontaram para a possibilidade de gerar imagens de maior complexidade morfológica utilizando o sinal de autocorrelação, com a vantagem de se utilizar um arranjo óptico mais simples e também possibilitar imagens estáticas de amostras em movimento axial. Para testar os benefícios e as limitações da técnica de autocorrelação (Au-OCT) foi montado em laboratório e foram realizadas imagens de amostras no repouso e em movimento e confrontadas com imagens geradas no sistema OCT convencional. O sistema de Au-OCT foi capaz de gerar imagens de estruturas diversas (dentes, filmes plásticos entre outros), e apesar de possuir uma qualidade de imagem inferior à OCT, ela apresentou vantagens quando a amostra sofre deslocamentos axiais. Já em relação as características harmônicas, que se apresentam em amostras de alta refletividade óptica como falsas estruturas em imagens OCT, todo um estudo para o entendimento do fenômeno foi desenvolvido. Demonstrou-se também a possibilidade de utilização dessas estruturas para aprimorar a resolução axial diferencial (entre estruturas da própria amostra) através de um estudo numérico e experimental. Para isso padrões dimensionais do tipo degrau foram mensurados e os resultados tratados de acordo com procedimentos metrológicos, mostrando que os harmônicos podem ser utilizados para promover o aumento de resolução axial de um fator de aproximadamente dois. Por fim uma análise crítica sobre os resultados e uma discussão sobre perspectivas dos temas abordados, foram realizada. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:09/13764-3

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_patricia_diaz.pdf: 1952378 bytes, checksum: 86bdafa069ecf1310cdf6aee4e0d1849 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-20 / The knowledge on the biopolymers properties are important to predict his future industrial applications because reflects his chemical primary structure. Besides, the physical and chemical characteristics of the biopolymers are a consequence of the process used in his synthesis. The aim of this work was the study of the hydrodynamic properties of solution of biopolymers xanthan synthesized by Xanthomonas arboricola pv pruni, strains 06 and 82, and clairana FL, synthesized by Beijerinckia sp. strain 7070, in 7L fermentation volume. The results from rheological analysis, acetyl and piruvate content, ion content and thermal stability were compared with the ones obtained for commercial xanthan. The commercial xanthan is more efficient in the rheological properties due to divalent ion in their composition. The results for acetyl and piruvate content were in accordance with the literature. Thermal analysis showed presence of protein in the pv pruni xanthan´s and in clairana, but not in commercial xanthan. Hydrodynamic properties behavior of xanthan (Xc06), clairana and tara gum, in various concentrations, was examined using dynamic light scattering. Concentration regimes were determined by critical concentrations c* and c**, applying two methods. The first method was based on diffusional coefficient behavior of a range of biopolymers concentrations. A theoretical curve was proposed for results evaluation. With this method, c* and c** were determined for xanthan and tara gum , but nor for clairana due to its non-regular behavior. Distribution curves of relaxation times (DTR) were the second method applied. Distribution curves for xanthan and tara gum presented different number of relaxation modes. The concentrations where the number of modes did change corresponds to the c* and c**, determined using the first method. So, the distribution curves of relaxation times were obtained for clairana and the critical concentrations determined. Size distribution, hydrodynamic radii and polydispersity index for different concentrations were obtained from the respective correlation curves. The parameters showed dependence with solution concentration. The size distribution changed from monomodal to bimodal and to trimodal due to the increase in solution concentration. This behavior was attributed to the slow motion in diffusion due to particle aggregation formation. This aggregation causes hydrodynamic radii variation because their radii are higher than the particle radius in dilute solution. The polydispersity index increases with concentration increment, due to the appearing new peaks, while the width of the peaks of size distribution decreases. / O conhecimento sobre as propriedades dos biopolímeros é importante para predizer futuras aplicações industriais, pois reflete sua estrutura química primária. Além disso, as características físicas e químicas dos biopolímeros microbianos são conseqüência do processo utilizado em sua síntese. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar a caracterização das propriedades dinâmicas de soluções dos biopolímeros xantana, sintetizada pela bactéria Xanthomonas arboricola pv pruni, e clairana, sintetizada pela bactéria Beijerinckia sp., em volume de 7L. As análises reológicas, o conteúdo dos grupos acetila e piruvato, o conteúdo de íons e a estabilidade térmica foram comparados com os resultados obtidos para uma amostra de xantana comercial. A amostra comercial apresentou propriedades reológicas superiores aos demais biopolímeros, devido a presença de íons divalentes em sua composição. Os resultados obtidos para o conteúdo de acetila e piruvato apresentaram-se compatíveis com os resultados apresentados na literatura. A análise térmica mostrou a presença de proteínas nas amostras de xantana do pv pruni e na clairana, o que não ocorreu na amostra comercial. O comportamento das propriedades hidrodinâmicas dos biopolímeros xantana (Xc06), clairana e tara, em função da concentração das soluções, foi analisado utilizando a técnica de espalhamento de luz dinâmico. Os regimes de concentração das soluções foram definidos através da determinação das concentrações críticas c* e c**, aplicando-se duas metodologias. A primeira metodologia foi baseada no comportamento do coeficiente de difusão em função da concentração das soluções, propondo-se uma curva teórica para avaliar os resultados. Aplicando esta metodologia, foi possível determinar c* e c** para a xantana e a tara, mas não para a clairana, que apresentou curva irregular. Na segunda metodologia foram analisadas as curvas de distribuição dos tempos de relaxação (DTR) para as soluções de xantana e tara. Estas curvas apresentaram diferente número de modos de relaxação, sendo observado que as concentrações nas quais o número de modos sofreu modificação corresponderam às concentrações c* e c**, determinadas utilizando a metodologia anterior. Foram então obtidas as curvas de DTR para a clairana, sendo possível determinar as concentrações críticas, bem como os regimes de concentração. Através das curvas do coeficiente de correlação foram obtidas as distribuições de tamanho, os raios hidrodinâmicos e o índice de polidispersão. Os parâmetros analisados apresentaram dependência com relação à concentração das soluções. Conforme a concentração das soluções aquosas aumentou, a distribuição de tamanhos por intensidade passou de um comportamento monomodal para bimodal e trimodal. Este comportamento foi atribuído a presença de modos lentos de difusão translacional ocasionados pela formação de aglomerados de partículas. Estes aglomerados causaram variação nos valores do raio hidrodinâmico por apresentarem raio hidrodinâmico superior ao raio das partículas em solução diluída. O índice de polidispersão aumentou com o aumento da concentração das soluções, devido ao surgimento de novos picos, enquanto a largura dos picos de distribuição de tamanho diminuiu.

La thèse de doctorat “Modes de basse fréquence de petites nanoparticules (nanocristaux métalliques) et de grosses nanosphères (virus) : une étude par diffusion inélastique de la lumière” est dédiée à l’investigation des propriétés acoustiques de différents nano-objets: nanoparticules métalliques (D<30 nm) d’une part et colloïdes/particules virales (D~200 nm) d’autre part. La diffusion inélastique de la lumière (Raman/Brillouin) est utilisée comme instrument de recherche principal pour étudier les vibrations de nanoparticules et pour déterminer leurs paramètres élastiques et mécaniques. Dans le premier chapitre de ce travail, la théorie d’élasticité continue est utilisée afin de présenter une analyse qualitative et de nomenclature des vibrations de sphères solides ; plusieurs modèles théoriques, permettant de décrire le comportement vibrationnel de nanoparticules dans un milieu environnant, et comment celui-ci dépend de l’anisotropie inhérente à une structure cristalline interne, sont discutés. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à la description physique de la diffusion inélastique de la lumière provenant des fluctuations de polarisabilité induite par les vibrations. Deux types de diffusion inélastique de la lumière sont décrits : la diffusion Brillouin, associée au couplage de la lumière incidente (photon) avec les ondes acoustiques (phonon) dans un matériau massif, et la diffusion de Raman provenant de l’interaction entre un photon incident et des vibrations localisées, comme les vibrations de « petites » [...] nanoparticules. La description détaillée et les principes d’opération des instruments spectroscopiques (tandem Fabry-Pérot) utilisés pour réaliser ces recherches (diffusion inélastique aux basses fréquences, entre 3 et 300 GHz) sont donnés. Le troisième chapitre se focalise sur l’étude des modes basse fréquence de petites nanoparticules métalliques. Trois systèmes sont étudiés : des nanoparticules d’alliage AuAg et de Cu insérées dans une matrice vitreuse et des nanocristaux d’Au déposés sur une surface. Le système AuAg permet d’étudier un spectre Raman remarquablement riche présentant des contributions des modes fondamentaux et des harmoniques d’ordre élevé. Les données expérimentales s’accordent relativement bien avec les calculs théoriques, étayant ainsi la compréhension des ingrédients essentiels de la diffusion Raman par les modes de nanoparticules. L’étude des nanocristaux d’Au déposés a permis de caractériser l’effet de la qualité nanocristalline à travers la levée de dégénérescence partielle des modes de nanoparticules du fait de l’anisotropie élastique. L’étude de la dépendance des spectres Raman en longueur d’onde permet de différencier mono-nanocristaux et nanoparticules polycristallines. Les effets de matrice et de nanocristallinité sont intégrés dans l’étude des nanoparticules de Cu formées dans une matrice vitreuse, où l’influence des conditions de recuit sur les nanoparticules produites a été étudiée. Différentes températures de recuit […] conduisent à des profils Raman basses fréquences très différents. […] Le quatrième chapitre rapporte l’exploration d’une éventuelle exploitation de la diffusion inélastique de la lumière pour la caractérisation de gros virus, comme illustré dans le troisième chapitre pour le cas des petites nanoparticules. Afin de mieux appréhender la relaxation des règles de sélection, puisque la longueur d’onde de la lumière devient comparable à la taille des nanoparticules, le comportement des virus a été comparé à celui de polymères colloïdaux. La Diffusion de Rayons X aux Très Petits Angles (USAXS) et la Microscopie à Force Atomique (AFM) sont utilisées pour garantir la bonne comparaison morphologique entre les virus et des colloïdes de polystyrène. La comparaison des spectres Raman/Brillouin de culots concentrés de virus et de colloïdes de polymère […] permet de discuter l’existence des modes de basse fréquence dans les nanoparticules virales. / The doctoral thesis “Low frequency modes from small nanoparticles (metal nanocrystals) to large nanospheres (viruses): an inelastic light scattering study“ is dedicated to investigations of the acoustic properties of different nano-objects : small metal nanoparticles and nanocrystals (D < 30 nm) and large colloid/viral particles (D _ 200 nm). Inelastic light Raman/Brillouin scattering is used as the main research tool to probe the nanoparticle vibrations and to determine their elastic and mechanical parameters. In the first chapter, the well developed theory of elasticity is used to perform a qualitative and nomenclatural analysis of solid sphere vibrations ; several theoretical models allowing to describe the nanoparticle vibrational behavior within a surrounding medium and how the eigenvibrations are modified due to inner crystalline elastic anisotropy are discussed. The second chapter is dedicated to the description of the physics of inelastic light scattering which derives from the fluctuations of the polarizability induced by vibrations. Two types of inelastic light scattering are described : Brillouin scattering which results from the coupling of incident light (photon) with acoustic propagative waves (phonon) in a bulk substance and Raman scattering which is a result of the interaction between an incident photon and localized vibrations, hence nanoparticle vibrations in the present study. As essential in our study, the detailed description and principles of operation of the spectroscopic tools (tandem Fabry-Perot) used to perform these very low frequency inelastic light scattering spectroscopies (between 3 and 300 GHz typically) are given. The third chapter focuses on the study of low frequency modes from small metallic nanoparticles. Three systems are investigated : AuAg and Cu nanoparticles embedded in a vitreous matrix and Au nanocrystals deposited on a surface. The AuAg system allowed to study a notably rich Raman spectrum featuring contributions from fundamental modes and high order harmonics. The experimental data were found to compare rather well with theoretical predictions, thereby providing more insight into the essential ingredients of Raman scattering from nanoparticle modes. The study of deposited Au nanocrystals allowed characterizing the effect of nanocrystalline quality which results in a partial lifting of degeneracy of the nanoparticle modes due to elastic anisotropy. Investigating the wavelength dependence of the Raman spectrum allows a differentiation between single nanocrystals and multiply twinned nanoparticles. Both embedment effects and nanocrystallinity effects are integrated in the study of Cu nanoparticles grown in a glass matrix, where the influence of annealing conditions on the produced nanoparticles was investigated. It was shown that different annealing temperatures [...] result in very different low frequency Raman profiles. [...] The forth chapter reports on the exploration of the possible use of the low frequency inelastic light scattering probe in the characterization of large viruses, as illustrated in the third chapter for small nanoparticles. In order to address the change of the light selection rules as the wavelength of the exciting light becomes comparable to the size of the nanoparticles, the behaviors of the viruses are compared to those of polymer colloids. Ultra Small Angle X-ray Scattering and Atomic Force Microscopy are used to first ensure the comparableness of viruses and polystyrene colloids in terms morphologies. On the basis of the inelastic light scattering data obtained for PS colloids [...], we discuss the difficult interpretation in termsof eigenmodes of the virus counterparts.

De nombreux efforts fournis sur l’avancement de la technologie de dépôt afin de répondre au besoin des utilisateurs des filtres interférentiels ont donné la naissance à la nouvelle génération des composants optiques. Les progrès techniques permettent de fabriquer les filtres avec la structure particulièrement complexe et atteindre les performances spectrales remarquables, mais aussi soulèvent de nouveaux problèmes au niveau de la diffusion. Les indicatrices de diffusion de ces filtres présentent les variations extrêmement rapides en fonction de l’angle de reprise et de la longueur d’onde, ce qui amoindrit sérieusement les performances des composants. Il est donc d’essentiel d’être capable de caractériser la diffusion lumineuse angulairement et spectralement résolue. L’objectif de cette thèse a alors été de développer l’outil expérimental, déduit pour la métrologie fine de la réponse spectrale et de la diffusion lumineuse. Le travail réalisé a donné naissance au banc SALSA (pour Spectral and Angular Light Scattering characterization Apparatus), un nouveau diffusomètre spectralement et angulairement résolu. Grâce au banc SALSA nous pouvons effectuer les mesures de diffusion sur large gamme spectrale [400 nm -1000 nm] avec la dynamique de 8 décades et la précision meilleure que 1%. Par ailleurs, le banc peut être utilisé pour la mesure de la transmission avec la dynamique de 12 décades, ce qui est performance unique sur l’échèle mondiale. / Due to market demand and technical progresses, a new generation of optical components requires much more sophisticated structures with a great number of layers. These complex structures enable to achieve severe optical performances but, at the same time, enhance light scattering processes. For these reasons, it is essential to develop a metrological tool which provides an accurate quantification of the spectral and angular behavior of scattering losses, with sufficient angular and spectral resolution. In order to face this issue, new investigations were performed during this PhD thesis and led to the development of the new scatterometer SALSA (Spectral and Angular Light Scattering characterization Apparatus). The use of both a broad-band source and a tunable filter allows to accurately select the illumination wavelength and the spectral bandwidth on the whole spectral range of CCD detectivity. Set-up SALSA allows us to perform the measurements of scattering losses on a wide spectral range (400-1000 nm), with high dynamics (>8 decades), high accuracy and low detectivity (a few 10-8 sr-1). Moreover, with set-up SALSA we are able to measure the transmission of interferential filters on the same spectral range, with high accuracy (1%) and a high dynamic (>10 decades, which is a unique performance).

Abstract Light scattering diagnostics of turbid media containing both structural and dynamic inhomogeneities is currently of significant importance. One of the important directions in modern light scattering diagnostics is the development of methods for probing biological media with visible- and near-infrared radiation allowing for visualization of the biotissue structure. Optical methods for studying the biotissue structure and characterization of its optical properties are very promising and have been rapidly developing during the past decade. The present work is aimed at improving and discovering new potentials of currently existing methods of laser diagnostics of biological tissues containing both structural and dynamic inhomogeneities. In particular, the feasibilities of spatially resolved reflectometry and time-of-flight techniques for the problem of noninvasive determination of glucose level in human blood and tissues were examined both numerically and experimentally. The relative sensitivities of these methods to changes in glucose level were estimated. Time-of-flight technique was found to be more sensitive. The possibilities of Doppler optical coherence tomography for imaging of dynamic inhomogeneities with high resolution were considered. This technique was applied for the first time for the imaging of complex autowave cellular motility and cytoplasm shuttle flow in the slime mold Physarum polycephalum. The effect of multiple scattering on the accuracy of the measured flow velocity profiles for the case of single flow and for the case of the flow embedded into the static medium with strong scattering was studied. It was shown that this effect causes significant distortion to the measured flow velocity profiles and it is necessary to take this into account while making quantitative measurements of flow velocities.

Nanoparticles from biodegradable polymers are considered one of the most promising systems for biomedical application as drug delivery systems. Therefore, the synthesis and characterization of a new aliphatic biodegradable copolyester named PBS/PBDL (poly(butylene succinate-co- butylene dilinoleate)) intended to the application as drug delivery system is reported in the thesis. Surfactant-free biodegradable and narrowly distributed, nanosized spherical particles (RH < 60 nm) have been produced from the biodegradable material by applying a single-step nanoprecipitation protocol. The size of the generated polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) could be controlled by adjusting the polymer concentration, the choice of organic solvent, mixing different organic solvents or by changing temperature and ionic strength. By optimizing such parameters sub-100 nm uniform PNPs can be produced through this methodology including the advantage and ability to scale-up production. The nanoparticles structure was characterized in detail by employing a variety of scattering techniques and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Combined static light scattering (SLS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements suggested that the nanoparticles comprise a porous core conferring them a non-compact characteristic. Their porosity...

Die Funktionalisierung von tetra-PEG Makromolekülen mit fotoreaktiven Gruppen und die anschließende Umsetzung zu Hydrogelen durch fotochemische Vernetzung werden beschrieben. Die Funktionalisierung der Makromoleküle wird mittels UV-Vis- und NMR-Spektroskopie nachgewiesen, während der Verlauf der Vernetzung über die dynamische Lichtstreuung und IR-Spektroskopie betrachtet wird. Die hergestellten Hydrogele werden hinsichtlich des Sol-Anteils und der Quelleigenschaften untersucht. Über den Umsatz wird die Konzentration der Netzketten theoretisch berechnet. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt bildet die Charakterisierung der Hydrogele hinsichtlich der mechanischen Eigenschaften. Über den Speichermodul wird die Konzentration der Netzketten experimentell bestimmt. Mittels dynamischer Lichtstreuung werden die kooperativen Diffusionskoeffizienten und Maschenweiten der Hydrogele bestimmt.

Organische, lichtemittierende Dioden (OLEDs) bezeichnen neuartige Lichtquellen, welche zur Beleuchtung oder für Displayanwendungen nutzbar sind. Im Allgemeinen ist die Lichtausbeute durch den hohen Brechungsindex und die Dünnschichtgeometrie der OLED begrenzt. Der hohe Brechungsindex sorgt dafür, dass ein signifikanter Anteil des emittierten Lichts in der OLED durch Totalreflexion (TIR) gefangen ist. Durch den Dünnschichtaufbau der OLED wird außerdem die Lichterzeugung für resonante Moden der kohärenten optischen Mikrokavität erhöht. Dies gilt im Besonderen für die nichtstrahlenden Moden. In dieser Arbeit wurden zwei Methoden untersucht, um die Lichtausbeute aus OLEDs zu erhöhen. Zuerst wurde die Implementierung von Materialien mit niedrigem Brechungsindex angrenzend zum undurchsichtigen metallischen Rückkontakt untersucht. Die Modifizierung des Brechungindexes verändert die Dispersionsrelation der an der Grenzfläche zwischen Metall und Dielektrikum angeregten nicht-strahlenden Oberflächenplasmonpolariton-Resonanz (SPP). Dadurch wird der Phasenraum verkleinert, in welchen effizient Strahlung abgegeben werden kann. Da die SPP-Resonanz eine nichtstrahlende Verlustquelle der Mikrokavität darstellt, wird so die Auskopplungseffizienz der OLED erhöht. In experimentellen Umsetzungen konnte die externe Quanteneffizienz (EQE) sowohl für einen Emitter gesteigert werden, welcher eine isotrope Verteilung der Strahlungsquellen besitzt (Ir(ppy)3 , +19 %), als auch für eine vorzugsweise horizontale Ausrichtung (Ir(ppy)2 (acac), +18 %). Die Steigerung der EQE korrespondiert sehr gut mit der berechneten Steigerung der Auskopplungseffizienz für die jeweiligen Mikrokavitäten (+23 %, bzw. +19 %). Weitere optische Simulationen legen den Schluss nahe, dass dieser Ansatz ebenso für perfekt horizontale Ausrichtung der Quellen sowie für weiße OLEDs anwendbar ist. Als zweiter Ansatz wurde die erhöhte Lichtausbeute durch Bragg-Streuung an periodische Linienstrukturen untersucht. In dieser Arbeit wurden Methoden untersucht, bei denen die Oberflächen strukturiert wurde, auf welche die organischen Halbleiterschichten der OLEDs aufgebracht wurden. Für bottom-OLEDs (durch ein Substrat emittierende OLEDs), wurde direkt die transparente Elektrode durch ein Laserinterferenzablationsverfahren (DLIP) modifiziert. Zusätzlich wurden top-OLEDs untersucht (direkt aus der Mikrokavität Licht emittierende OLEDs), für welche alle Schichten auf eine periodisch strukturierte Photolackschicht aufgedampft wurden. Für die bottom-OLEDs konnte für eine Gitterkonstante von 0.71 μm eine Steigerung der EQE um 27 %, verglichen zu einer optimierten unstrukturierten Referenz, ermittelt werden. Eine Vergrößerung der Gitterkonstante führt zu einer Abnahme der EQE. Die erhöhte EQE wird auf die Überlagerung des planaren Emissionsspektrums mit Beiträgen von Bragg-gestreuten, ursprünglich nicht-strahlenden Moden zurückgeführt, wobei die Intensitäten der Anteile von der Gitterkonstante und der Strukturhöhe abhängen. Für die top-OLEDs konnte eine Steigerung der EQE um 13 % für eine Gitterkonstante von 1.0 μm festgestellt werden. Im Gegensatz zu den bottom-OLEDs wird für kleinere Gitterkonstanten (0.6 μm) hier die EQE nicht erhöht. Vielmehr kommt es durch die starke Veränderung des Emissionsspektrums zu einer Erhöhung der photometrischen Lichtausbeute um 13.5 %. Die starke Veränderung des Emissionspektrums wird auf eine kohärente Kopplung zwischen den Bragg-gestreuten Moden zurückgeführt, bedingt durch die starke optische Mikrokavität dieses OLED-Typs. Um diese Effekte quantitativ zu beschreiben, wurde ein entsprechendes Modell entwickelt und implementiert. Die Qualität der Simulationsergebnisse wird anhand von Literaturreferenzen überprüft, wobei eine gute Übereinstimmung zu experimentell gemessenen Spektren erzeugt wird. Mit dem Simulationsmodell werden Vorhersagen über das Emissionspektrum und die resultierenden Effizienzen möglich. Für bottom-OLEDs wurde festgestellt, dass eine starke Veränderung des Emissionspektrums für Gitterkonstanten unterhalb von 0.5 μm erzeugt werden kann. Hingegen sind für top-OLEDs sehr schwache Strukturen oder große Gitterkonstanten notwendig, um eine nur schwache Veränderung des Emissionsspektrums und damit einen allgemeinen Effizienzgewinn zu erzeugen. Bezüglich der Gitterkonstante, ist diese Erkenntnis ist im Gegensatz zur üblichen Herangehensweise zur Implementierung periodischer Streuschichten in OLEDs. Mit der implementierten Simulationsmethode werden jedoch Aussagen bzgl. Emissionspektrum und Effizienz für eine breite Spanne an OLED-Strukturen vor der experimentellen Umsetzung möglich. / Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are an attractive new light source for display and lighting applications. In general, the light extraction from OLEDs is limited due to the high refractive index of the active emitter material and the thin film geometry. The high refractive index causes the trapping of a significant portion of the emitted light due to total internal reflection (TIR). Due to the thin film layout, the light emission is enhanced for resonant modes of the coherent optical microcavity, in particular for light affected by TIR. In this work two approaches are investigated in detail in order to increase the light extraction efficiency of OLEDs. In a first approach, the implementation of a low refractive index material next to the opaque metallic back-reflector is discussed. This modifies the dispersion relation of the non-radiative surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mode at the metal / dielectric interface, causing a shift of the SPPs dispersion relation. Thereby, the phase space into which power can be efficiently dissipated by the emitter is reduced. For the SPP this power would have been lost to the cavity, such that in total the outcoupling efficiency is increased. In experiment, an increased external quantum efficiency (EQE) is observed for an emitter exhibiting isotropic orientation of the sources (Ir(ppy)3 ,+19 %), as well as for an emitter which shows preferential horizontal orientation (Ir(ppy)2 (acac), +18 %), compared to an optimized device which uses standard material. This corresponds very well to the enhancement of the outcoupling efficiencies of the corresponding microcavities (+23 %, resp. +19 %) reducing the refractive index of the hole transport layer by 15 %. Optical simulations indicate that the approach is generally applicable to a wide range of device architectures. These in particular include OLEDs with emitters showing a perfectly horizontal alignment of their transition dipole moments. Furthermore, the approach is suitable for white OLEDs. Bragg scattering was investigated as second option to increase the light extraction from OLEDs. The method requires a periodically structured surface. For the bottom-emitting OLEDs, this is achieved by a direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) of the transparent electrode. Additionally, top-emitting devices were fabricated onto periodically corrugated photoresist layers. Using a periodic line pattern with a lattice constant of 0.71 μm, the EQE of the bottom-emitting devices was enhanced by 27 % compared to an optimized planar reference. For the bottom-emitting layout, increasing the lattice constant leads to lower EQEs. The increased EQE is attributed to the superposition of the radiative cavity resonances by Bragg scattered intensities of trapped modes. The intensities depend on the lattice constants as well as the height of the periodic surface perturbation. For top-emitting OLEDs comprising a lattice constant of 1.0 μm the EQE was increased by 13 %. Reducing the lattice constant (0.6 μm) decreases the EQE, albeit the luminous efficacy is increased by 13.5 % due to a heavily perturbed emission spectrum. The perturbation is attributed to a coherent interaction of the Bragg scattered modes due to the strong optical microcavity for the top-emitting OLEDs. Thus, for strong perturbation specific emission patterns can be achieved, but an overall enhanced efficiency is difficult to obtain. To investigate the observed results theoretically, a detailed simulation approach is outlined. The simulation method is carefully evaluated using reference data from literature. Using the simulation approach, the emission patterns as well as the efficiencies of the devices can be estimated. The emission spectra reproduced from simulation are in good agreement with the experiment. Furthermore, for the bottom-emitting layout, a strong interaction can be found from simulations for lattice constants below 0.5 μm. For top-emitting OLEDs, the weak interaction regime seems to be more likely to result in an overall enhanced emission. This requires, in contrast to conventional opinion, very shallow perturbations or lattice constants which exceed the peak wavelength of the emission spectrum. However, with the established simulation approach a-priori propositions on the emission spectrum or particular beneficial device layouts become feasible.

Quand une source de lumière cohérente éclaire un milieu présentant soit une rugosité de surface à l’échelle de la longueur d’onde de la lumière incidente, soit des variations d’indice de réfraction, les ondes diffusées se propagent suivant différents chemins optiques. Les ondelettes ainsi créées, toujours cohérentes, interfèrent entre elles dans un plan d’observation, créant un champ de speckle. Dans ce travail, nous couplons l’analyse du champ de speckle à l’analyse de la polarisation de la lumière en adoptant une approche multiparamètre regroupant des informations spatiales et temporelles. La capacité du speckle polarisé à caractériser des propriétés de milieux diffusants complexes est exploitée. Des informations liées à un changement de proportions de tailles de diffuseurs, de coefficient d’absorption, et de dynamique intrinsèque des diffuseurs sont extraites. Les méthodologies développées sont appliquées à la caractérisation d’échantillons biologiques, à la détection de phases préliminaires d’érosion dentaire, et au suivi de réactions de polymérisation. / When a coherent light source illuminates a random medium, having either surface roughness or refractive index variations, the scattered waves propagate following different optical paths. The coherent created wavelets interfere with each other in a certain observation plane, creating the speckle field. In this work, we simultaneously the analysis of the speckle field as well as the analysis of polarized light, in a multi-parameter approach combining spatial and temporal information. The capability of the polarized speckle field to characterize complex scattering media is investigated. Information related to changes in diffusers sizes and proportions, absorption coefficient, and intrinsic dynamics are extracted. The developed methodologies are applied to characterize biological samples, to diagnose early stages of dental erosion, and to monitor polymerization reactions.

In this thesis, monomer casting (MC) nylon was synthesized. MC nylon could replace nonferrous metals in certain applications, including gears, wheels, and other moving parts. However, compared with metals, MC nylon products have poor strength and stiffness, and crack easily, especially at low temperatures. In addition, the dimensional stability of MC nylon is poor, especially in the large casting nylon products, causing significant internal stresses due to shrinkage. Thus, MC nylon cracks easily when cast and molded. The yttrium hydroxide particles were modified by stearic acid and dispersed in the caprolactam. The polymerization time was short due to fast anionic polymerization. Copolymerization with different ratios of yttrium hydroxide particles can be used to prepare the copolymer. The effects of different amounts of yttrium hydroxide on the performance of the monomer casting nylon were studied. The products were characterized using X-ray diffraction, impact, and tensile testing. When the percentage of modified yttrium hydroxide is 0.3 wt %, the composite exhibits the maximum impact strength, thus the 0.3 wt % of modified yttrium hydroxide is the suitable percentage to enhance the impact strength of MC nylon. Transparency and color of polyethylene film layered packages change with the number of layers. When polyethylene layer thickness is between 50 µm and 200 µm, each additional subsequent layer in the package leads to an abrupt change of color and transparency. Polarized light optical effects can be used to manufacture packaging films and labels with forgery protection. A significant influence of the scaling factor on the latent effect and optical properties of the film package is demonstrated for 1 to 6 layers with the total thickness of 200±50 µm. Prior thermal treatment of individual layers before they are assembled into a package or assembled package heat treatment change the laminate color. This allows hidden marking and recording text or graphics on the multi-layer films, not visible under normal lighting conditions, but appearing when viewed in polarized light, or through the polarizer.