The cave tetra (Anoptichthys jordani, now reclassified as Astyanax jordani) is a blind form of the Mexican banded tetra (Astyanax fasciatus mexicanus). It lives in the waters of underground caves in northern Mexico. In the conditions of complete darkness there, the cave tetra has gradually lost the need for eyes and colouring. The females are larger than the males and have a bulkier abdominal section. They are omnivorous, feeding on animal and plant matter. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of basic types of lighting system on the spawning and rearing of Anoptichthys jordani. The findings reveal that alternating light and dark are best used for successful spawning and rearing of this species. The ideal temperature for Anoptichthys jordani ranged from 23-24°C for breeding and from 25-26°C for spawning, with pH levels of 7-8 and a specific electrical conductivity of approx. 230 ?S/cm, and with dissolved oxygen levels in the water of approx. 8.00 mg/L. The monitoring required for compilation of the research project was performed in the aquarium room at the Department of Biological Sciences from February 2013 to March 2014. Fish aged approximately 1-3 years were used for the reproduction. The separated males and females were placed in spawning tanks at regular intervals, always in single pairs. The same experiment was conducted in parallel in conditions of light and absolute darkness. A WTW meter was used for measurement of the water values.

Abstract The colours of objects perceived by a colour camera are dependent on the illumination conditions. For example, when the prevailing illumination condition does not correspond to the one used in the white balancing of the camera, the object colours can change their appearance due to the lack of colour constancy capabilities. Many methods for colour constancy have been suggested but so far their performance has been inadequate. Faces are common and important objects encountered in many applications. Therefore, this thesis is dedicated to studying face colours and their robust use under real world illumination conditions. The main thesis statement is "knowledge about an object's colour, like skin colour changes under different illumination conditions, can be used to develop more robust techniques against illumination changes". Many face databases exist, and in some cases they contain colour images and even videos. However, from the point of view of this thesis these databases have several limitations: unavailability of spectral data related to image acquisition, undefined illumination conditions of the acquisition, and if illumination change is present it often means only change in illumination direction. To overcome these limitations, two databases, a Physics-Based Face Database and a Face Video Database were created. In addition to the images, the Physics-Based Face Database consists of spectral data part including skin reflectances, channel responsivities of the camera and spectral power distribution of the illumination. The images of faces are taken under four known light sources with different white balancing illumination conditions for over 100 persons. In addition to videos, the Face Video Database has spectral reflectances of skin for selected persons and images taken with the same measurement arrangement as in the Physics-Based Face Database. The images and videos are taken with several cameras. The databases were used to gather information about skin chromaticities and to provide test material. The skin RGB from images were converted to different colour spaces and the result showed that the normalized colour coordinate was among the most usable colour spaces for skin chromaticity modelling. None of the colour spaces could eliminate the colour shifts in chromaticity. The obtained chromaticity constraint can be implemented as an adaptive skin colour modelling part of face tracking algorithms, like histogram backprojection or mean shift. The performances of these adaptive algorithms were superior compared to those using a fixed skin colour model or model adaptation based on spatial pixel selection. Of course, there are cases when the colour cue is not enough alone and use of other cues like motion or edge data would improve the result. It was also demonstrated that the skin colour model can be used to segment faces and the segmentation results depend on the background due to the method used. Also an application for colour correction using principal component analysis and a simplified dichromatic reflection model was shown to improve colour quality of seriously clipped images. The results of tracking, segmentation and colour correction experiments using the collected data validate the thesis statement.

在不同的光源環境下，顏色的資訊會隨著環境而改變，因此要做到穩定的膚色辨識並不容易。先前的研究指出，人類的膚色大致上可歸納於特定顏色座標系統中的一段範圍內。但是根據我們的實驗，這段範圍會隨著環境光源的改變而產生偏移，因此運用相同的標準，無法在不同的場景下做到準確的膚色辨識與切割。針對這個議題，我們提出利用影像中非色彩的資訊，找出最符合膚色的範圍。具體來說，借重臉部偵測獨立於色度的特性，我們使用臉部偵測的結果，做為調整膚色範圍的依據。實驗所得到的辨識結果，效能與效率都足以運用在以視覺為基礎的人機介面，例如手部與指尖偵測。 / Robust detection of skin color is a difficult task since color information changes under different lighting conditions. Previous research indicated that human skin color is restricted to a small range of values in certain color coordinate systems. However, the ranges tend to shift with varying illumination according to our experiments. It is therefore unattainable to derive a universal standard for skin color detection and segmentation for general scenes. To address this issue, we propose to use achromatic features to identify the proper ranges of skin color in an image. Specifically, we utilize the result of face detection, which is independent of chromatic properties, to guide the process of skin color range selection. Experimental results have validated the efficacy and efficiency of the proposed methodology for vision-based human-computer interface such as hand and finger detection.

Orientador: Cristiana Andrighetto / Resumo: A cor da carne é um atributo considerado como dos mais relevantes para o consumidor no momento da compra. Os diversos fatores que causam a descoloração de carnes são importantes, podendo desvalorizar e depreciar os produtos cárneos. O tipo de embalagem e de iluminação influenciam na qualidade da carne, podendo gerar perdas para indústria e insatisfação para o consumidor. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a alteração dos atributos de qualidade da carne maturada em embalagens com alta barreira ao oxigênio e baixa barreira ao oxigênio submetidas a dois tipos de lâmpadas (LED e fluorescente). Quinze peças do músculo Longissimus lumborum foram avaliadas na desossa e aos 21 dias de maturação 0 min (P1) e 30 min (P2). Cada peça foi fatiada em quatro partes e cada parte submetida a um tipo de embalagem e iluminação (AB-LED: Embalagem de alta barreira exposição a luz LED; AB-FLUO: Embalagem alta barreira exposição luz fluorescente; BB-LED: Embalagem baixa barreira exposição luz LED; BB-FLUO: Embalagem baixa barreira exposição a luz florescente). Foram avaliados os seguintes atributos: cor da carne, pH e oxidação lipídica e presença de microrganismos. Para as bactérias mesófilas aeróbias e psicrotróficas, houve diferença significativa entre os valores da desossa e após 21 dias de maturação. O pH foi menor na carne desossada em relação aos tratamentos. Para o índice de H*, O/M e bactérias psicrotróficas, mesófilas e enterobactérias, (P<0,05) entre a desossa e os tratamentos. Para H* ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The color of meat is one of the most important attributes to the consumer at the time of purchase. The various factors that cause the discoloration this are important being able to devalue and depreciate the meat products. The type of packaging and illumination influence the quality of the meat and can generate losses to industry and consumer dissatisfaction. The objective of this work was to verify the change of meat quality attributes maturated packaging with high barrier to oxygen and low barrier to oxygen in two light sources (LED and fluorescent). Was utilized fifteen pieces of aging Longissimus lumborum. Each piece was sliced into four parts and each part subjected to a kind of packing and lighting (T1: High-barrier packaging exposed LED light; T2: Low- barrier packaging display in LED light; T3: High-barrier packaging exposed fluorescent light; T4: Low-barrier packaging display in fluorescent light). We evaluated the following attributes: flesh color, pH and lipid oxidation and presence of micro-organisms. For aerobic mesophilic bacteria and psicrotróficas, there was no significant difference between the values of boning and after 21 days of aging. For the index of H *, OM and psychrotrophic bacteria, mesophilic and enterobacteria, (P < 0.05) between the boning and the treatments. To H * and TBARS, higher values were found for BB. Highest values of psicrotróficos packaging and found BB fluorescent lights. Thus, it appears aging does not change the color attributes of t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

MÅL: Huvudsyftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur naturligt ljus påverkar det mänskliga ögats preferens för skärmens ljusstyrka när man tittar på en datorskärm. METODER: Tre experiment genomförs för att mäta i vilken utsträckning solljus förändrar bakgrundsljuset i form av solstrålning. Förexperimentet tar bilder med en kamera som simulerar detmänskliga ögat och en 27-tumsskärm för att simulerabakgrundsmiljön. Förexperimentet varierade skärmens ljusstyrka och efterexperimentet en RGB-bild i enfärgad färg för att få fram intensiteten av det ljus som kommer in i det mänskliga ögat under olika förhållanden. Kontrollförsöket ökade luminansintervallet till 10 och minskade ljusstyrkan till 5 nivåer från 60-100. Vi erhöll 2000 data om förhållandet mellan solljus och solstrålning för att förutsäga förändringen av ljuset i rummet när gardinerna dras för. Intervjutestade 16 vuxna som arbetar på Sogeti för att få fram deras preferenser för olika färger i olika bakgrundsbelysningsförhållanden. RESULTAT: Förexperimentet och kontrollexperimentet visade att varje färg har olika effekt på intensiteten av det ljus som avges av skärmens ljusstyrka när omgivningsljuset förändras. Intervjuresultaten visade att människor har olika preferenser för ljusstyrka. Mörka färger kräver högre ljusintensitet på skärmen när solstrålningen är 0:241, medan ljusa färger kräver lägre ljusintensitet på skärmen när solstrålningen är 430:751. SLUTSATSER: Den viktigaste idén är att upprätthålla ett visst förhållande mellan omgivningens ljusstyrka och skärmens ljusstyrka för att undvika visuell trötthet som orsakas av skärmen. Den här studien ger teoretiskt stöd till tillverkare av elektroniska apparater och ger referensutlåtanden för adaptiv justering av olika färger och ljusstyrka som visas på skärmar. / OBJECTIVE: The main goal of this study is to investigate the impact of natural light on the human eye's preference for screen brightness when viewing a computer screen. METHODS: Three experiments are conducted to measure the extent to which sunlight changes the background light in terms of solar radiation. The Pre-experiment takes pictures with a camera that simulates the human eye and a 27" monitor to simulate the background environment. Pre-experiment varied the brightness of the screen and post-screen of a solid color RGB image to obtain the intensity of light entering the human eye under various conditions. Control Experiment increased the luminance interval to 10 and reduced the brightness level to 5 levels from 60-100. We obtained 2000 data on the relationship between sunlight and solar radiation to predict the change in room light when curtains are drawn. Interview tested 16 adults working at Sogeti to obtain their preference for different colors in different background lighting conditions. RESULTS: Pre-experiment and Control Experiment showed that each color has a different effect on the intensity of light emitted by the screen brightness when the ambient light changes. Interview results showed that people have different preferences for brightness. Dark colors require higher screen light intensity when the solar radiation is 0:241, while bright colors require lower screen light intensity when the solar radiation is 430:751. CONCLUSIONS: The most important idea is to maintain a certain ratio of environmental brightness to screen brightness to avoid visual fatigue caused by the screen. This study provides theoretical assistance for electronic device manufacturers and provides reference opinions for adaptive adjustment of different colors and brightness displayed on screens.

Syfte: Dagens urbanisering ger behov av förtätning av stadskärnor vilket kan leda till borttagande av parkering, grönområden och solljus. Att bygga och bo i innerstäder är dyrt på grund av höga markpriser, komplicerade projekt och en hög efterfrågan på bostäder. Bostäder idag utformas utefter regelverken SIS och BBR vilket i innerstäder kan få komplikationer. Målet med arbetet är därför att ifrågasätta vissa regler kring tillgänglighet, rumshöjd och ljusförhållanden i syfte att förenkla förtätning och skapa ett nytt förslag av en planerad infill-fastighet där en varierad lägenhetsstruktur uppnåtts tillsammans med en potentiell ekonomisk vinst.   Metod: Arbetets undersökningsmetoder är kvalitativa och består av litteraturundersökningar, dokumentanalyser och intervjuer. Dessa utfördes för att analysera dagens förtätning och resultera i en skissning där byggregler avskaffats för att förenkla viss förtätning.   Resultat: Arbetets skissning visar att en mångfaldig lägenhetsstruktur är uppnåbar via avskaffande av vissa BBR-krav som skapat olika lägenhetstyper, intressanta volymer, tvåvåningslägenheter och yteffektiva planlösningar. Avskaffandet av regler för att förenkla förtätning påverkar inblandade på ett eller annat sätt.   Konsekvenser: Att avskaffa byggkrav i förtätningssammanhang kan ta bort kvalitéer som dagsljus och tillgänglighet i bostäder. Kortsiktiga lösningar på parkeringsbristen finns men förtätning med levande bottenvåningar utförs för att lösa parkeringsbristen långsiktigt genom att skapa tillgångar geografiskt nära människor som minskar behovet av bil. Att avskaffa regler kan leda till enklare projektering och bidra med viss ekonomisk fördel, men dyr nybyggnation tillsammans med hög efterfrågan på centrala bostäder kan försvåra för låga budgetar och prissänkning av bostäder.   Begränsningar: Det generella resultatet av arbetet gällande regelavskaffande fungerar i förtätningssammanhang i andra täta städer men då undersökningen är baserade på Jönköpings innerstad och erfarenheter och åsikter kopplade dit kan generella giltigheten ifrågasättas. Skissningen är baserad på egna åsikter och endast lämplig i detta sammanhang.   Nyckelord: Förtätning, infill, flerbostadshus, urbanisering, byggregler, standard, tillgänglighet, rumshöjd, ljusförhållanden, stadskärna, innerstad. / Purpose: Today's urbanization requires densification of cities, which can lead to removal of parking lots, green areas and sunlight. To build and live in inner cities is expensive because of high land prices, complicated projects and a high demand for housing. Homes today are designed according to the regulations SIS and BBR, which in the inner cities leads to complications, especially regarding accessibility qualities and light conditions. The aim of this work is therefore to abolish certain rules regarding accessibility, room height and lighting conditions in order to simplify densification and create a new proposal of a planned infill property where a varied apartment structure has been achieved together with a potential financial gain.   Method: The research methods of this work are qualitative and consist of literature studies, document analyzes and interviews. These were performed to analyze today's densification and result in a sketch where building rules were abolished to simplify some densification.   Findings: The work outline shows that a multiple apartment structure is achievable via the abolition of certain BBR requirements that have created different types of apartments, interesting volumes, two-storey apartments and surface-efficient floor plans. Abolition of rules to simplify densification affects people in one way or another.   Implications: Abolishing construction requirements in densification contexts can remove qualities such as daylight and accessibility in homes. Short-term solutions to the parking  shortage exist but densification with living ground floors is performed to solve the parking shortage in the long term by creating assets geographically close to people which reduces the need for car. Removing rules can lead to simpler planning and contribute with some economic advantage, but expensive new construction together with a high demand for central housing can make it difficult for low budgets and price reductions in housing.   Limitations: The general result of this work on the elimination of rules works in densification contexts in other dense cities, but since the survey method is based on Jönköping's inner city and experiences and opinions linked to it, the general validity can be questioned. The sketch is based on one's own opinions and only suitable in this context.   Keywords: Densify cities, infill, apartment buildings, urbanization, building rules, standard, accessibility, room height, lighting conditions, city center, inner city.

There are numerous guidelines recommending that captive primates live in complex environments in which they have the opportunity to make choices and the ability to control aspects of the environment, despite the lack of quantitative evidence to suggest these qualities improve welfare. Complexity, choice and control (the ‘Three Cs’) are inter-related and therefore it is complicated to separate their effects. The main aim of this thesis was to examine how the ‘Three Cs’ affect welfare, using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a model. Behavioural measures and preference tests were used to determine the impact and significance of the ‘Three Cs’ on welfare. Experimental manipulations were natural (i.e. access to outside runs), or unnatural (e.g. pressing a button to control additional illumination). In a series of different studies, marmosets were moved to larger and more complex enclosures, were allowed to choose between indoor cages and outdoor complex enclosures and were able to control additional white light or coloured lights in their home enclosures. The results of these studies show that appropriate levels of each of the ‘Three Cs’ had a positive influence on the welfare of the marmosets, especially on youngsters. Although having control over light, and increased illumination itself improved welfare, providing a choice of access to outside runs (which were more complex and allowed the marmosets greater control over their activities) resulted in the greatest welfare improvement for marmosets of all ages. Loss of access, or control, did not appear to have a negative impact. The marmosets were housed in pairs or in family groups, in the different studies. A cross-study comparison shows that the composition of the groups affected the behavioural response of adult marmosets to environmental enrichment. Unexpectedly, it was also found that, when housed in standard laboratory conditions, adult marmosets were more relaxed when housed in pairs than when housed with their offspring. A secondary aim of the thesis was to quantify welfare indicators and activity budgets of common marmosets in a range of different social and physical contexts, and to compare this with the behaviour of wild marmosets, to increase our understanding of what is “normal” in captive situations. It is concluded that it is critical to sub-divide locomotion and inactivity into different levels to interpret these measures accurately. Levels of calm locomotion increased in enriched environments, while levels of relaxed inactivity and scent marking decreased. A number of recommendations for the care and housing of marmosets are made.

This paper is focused on realistic rendering of interior environments with varying lighting conditions. It proposes methods of setting properties of light sources to achieve a specific scene appearence. It mainly works with light comming from a sky and sun to the scene and describes this light in relation to weather conditions, time of day and overcast factor. The goal is creating easily configurable system in which a single parameter change leads to significant change of lighting conditions. All these changes should be presented in a short video.