Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T22:58:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo8826_1.pdf: 12204946 bytes, checksum: 665906fef9c56a692016da39f7c8727d (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / O presente trabalho de tese de doutorado oferece subsídios no sentido de mostrar que as dificuldades inerentes ao processo de ensino e aprendizagem de noções referentes a limites, no âmbito do ensino superior de matemática (disciplina de cálculo), não estão associadas apenas à organização e elaboração dos conteúdos curriculares nesse nível de ensino, mas têm relação com outros aspectos. A análise de protocolos de resolução de problemas por estudantes de nível superior evidenciou três aspectos adicionais e interligados: (1) ausência ou a fragilidade do conhecimento de determinados conteúdos do ensino médio que são básicos para a disciplina referida; (2) inadequação de alguns dos modelos de representação que são usados pelos estudantes; (3) complexidade do campo conceitual abrangido pela noção matemática de limite, demandando integração com conceitos geométricos e a disponibilidade de uma metáfora conceitual adequada para a abordagem da referida noção. O presente trabalho de tese traz subsídios para a avaliação da importância de tais aspectos, de forma a contribuir para uma melhor clarificação dos obstáculos ao ensino e aprendizagem do conteúdo em tela, e propor encaminhamentos eficazes para a evolução de propostas didáticas para a sua abordagem.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Carrasco Altemani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T00:25:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrade_AntonioCarlosde_D.pdf: 4367988 bytes, checksum: 3ec23027b5c7c219ec7dd0b558ee8381 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: O objetivo principal desse trabalho foi a determinação numérica e experimental do fator de atrito e do número de Nusselt pata a região de escoamento completamente desenvolvido de um duto de seção retangular de pequenas dimensões. O canal de escoamento era constituído por uma base aquecida, por uma lateral de material isolante, adjacente à base e com as duas paredes restantes atuando como uma aleta dobrada. A razão de aspecto era igual a 0,675, sendo a base aquecida, um dos lados maiores. Externamente, as paredes eram isoladas, com exceção da lateral correspondente à base aquecida que foi submetida a um influxo uniforme de calor. Ar foi utilizado como fluidp de trabalho, com o perfil de velocidades desenvolvido na entrada do duto de testes. Os valores experimentais do fator de atrito e do número de Nusselt foram obtidos e comparados com correlações da literatura, para Números de Reynolds entre 3900 e 22500. O fator de atrito do escoamento completamente desenvolvido foi obtido e comparado para a condição de duto aquecido e não aquecido. As distribuições -axiais de Nusselt foram obtidas experimentalmente, ao longo de todo o duto, em função de Reynolds, para a condição de escoamento desenvolvido na entrada, com e sem uma perturbação na entraria do duto de lestes. Uma simulação do problema com um modelo algébrico de turbulência, permitiu a comparação dos valores numéricos com os valores experimentais do fator de atrito e do número de Nusselt, para a região completamente desenvolvida. Os desvios entre os valores experimentais e da simulação foram compatíveis com os valores citados na literatura. / Abstract: The main objective of this work was the numerical and experimental determination of the friction factor and Nusselt number in the developed How region of a rectangular duct with small dimensions. Three walls were made with conducting material, forming one heated base and a bent fin. The fourth wall, adjacent to the base, was made with insulating material. The heated base was one of the wider sides, giving the channel an aspect ratio equal to 0,675. Externally, the duct was insulated, except the wall corresponding to the base, under uniform heat influx. Air was the working fluid. The friction factor and Nusselt number were obtained experimentally for fully developed flow imposed at the entrance of the duct and compared with literature correlations for Reynolds Numbers in the range between 3900 and 22500. The friction factor in the fully developed hydrodynamic region was obtained and compared for both conditions: unhealed and heated channel. The experimental distributions of Nusselt number were obtained experimentally, along the whole duct, as a function of *Reynolds number. The fully developed flow was obtained with and without a turbulence source in the entrance of the heated channel. A numerical simulation was carried out at the fully developed region, with an algebraic turbulence model, to compare numerical and experimental values of friction factor and Nusselt number. Deviation between experimental and numerical values, obtained from the simulation, was comparable with those reported in literature. / Doutorado / Termica e Fluidos / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

L'étude effectuée au cours de cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte du contrôle des écoulements en turbomachines. Suite à l'intérêt avéré de l'aspiration de la couche limite en compresseurs axiaux pour en améliorer les performances, elle vise à évaluer si cette méthodologie de contrôle est pertinente en géométrie radiale. Elle s'appuie pour cela sur un compresseur centrifuge transsonique Turbomeca. Le fonctionnement du compresseur est d'abord analysé sur la base de simulations numériques stationnaires et instationnaires chorochroniques, réalisées grâce au code de calcul elsA développé par l'Onera et en utilisant le modèle de turbulence k-l de Smith. La validité des résultats numériques est vérifiée par comparaison avec les données expérimentales disponibles : performances mono-dimensionnelles et signaux de pressions instationnaires. Ces données sont issues à la fois de la caractérisation expérimentale du compresseur effectuée par Turbomeca et de campagnes de mesures menées a l'ISAE, ou le compresseur est monté sur un banc de recherche dédié à l'étude des interactions entre le rouet et le diffuseur radial. L'analyse détaillée des résultats numériques révèle le développement d'un décollement de coin dans le diffuseur, entre la paroi moyeu et la face en dépression des aubages, lorsque le point de fonctionnement se rapproche du pompage. L'étude topologique du spectre du frottement pariétal permet d'en préciser le lieu et la structure, et de localiser les points singuliers ainsi que la ligne de séparation principale. En stationnaire, la croissance du décollement aboutit au décrochage du diffuseur, et compromet les performances de l'étage de compression et finalement la stabilité numérique. L'exploitation des résultats instationnaires permet de préciser le comportement temporel de l'écoulement : l'étendue du décollement fluctue sous l'effet du défilement des ondes de pression générées par l'interaction rouet-diffuseur, mais les trajectoires des particules fluides impliquées dans le décollement sont en accord avec les lignes de courant du champ de l'écoulement moyenné temporellement. Le décollement instationnaire est fixe, et sa topologie correspond à celle prévue par les simulations stationnaires. En particulier, le lieu du décollement est prévu de façon similaire par les modèles stationnaires et instationnaires. Une stratégie d'aspiration est ensuite développée sur la base de ces observations : une fente de prélèvement est positionnée au voisinage du col de séparation principal, dont le lieu correspond à celui du maximum du gradient de pression adverse stationnaire. Cette stratégie est implémentée au sein des modèles numériques stationnaires et instationnaires. En stationnaire, un prélèvement de 1 % de la valeur totale du débit traversant le rouet permet un contrôle total du décollement dans le diffuseur, et conduit à une augmentation significative de la plage de stabilité numérique. La réduction du débit de prélèvement à 0,3 % du débit total permet un contrôle partiel du décollement, et conduit également à une augmentation de la plage de stabilité numérique. En instationnaire, le décollement de coin initial est contrôlé. Mais les résultats mettent en évidence le rôle majeur joue par le défilement des ondes de pression le long des aubages du diffuseur. Celles-ci se renforcent au passage du col du diffuseur, et engendrent l'existence d'un important gradient de pression adverse instantané. Ce maximum du gradient de pression instantané conduit au développement d'un nouveau décollement de coin, en aval de la fente de prélèvement, et la plage de stabilité des calculs instationnaires n'est pas augmentée. Ces résultats mettent en évidence la possibilité d'agir sur les décollements se produisant dans les diffuseurs radiaux à l'aide de la technique d'aspiration de la couche limite. […] / The study presented in this manuscript takes place in the context of flow control within tur - bomachinery. Following the demonstration of the effectiveness of the boundary layer suction technique in axial compressors for improving their performance, the present work aims at determining if this same technique may be relevant in radial compressors. Boundary layer suction is then applied on a centrifugal compressor stage, designed and built by Turbomeca, Safran group. The working of the compressor is first analyzed thanks to steady-state and unsteady numerical simulations, performed using the elsA solver developed by Onera, the French Aerospace Laboratory. The turbulence is modeled with the two equations k-l model of Smith. The validity of the numerical results is ensured by comparison with available experimental measurements results: one-dimensional performance coefficients and time-dependent pressure signals. This data were obtained by both Turbomeca, during the characterization of the compressor, and the fluid mechanics laboratory of ISAE, Université de Toulouse, were the compressor is mounted in an experimental test rig dedicated for studying the impeller-diffuser interactions. The detailed analysis of the numerical results reveals the growth of a corner separation within the diffuser between the hub endwall and the vane suction side when the operating point moves toward surge. The precise location and the internal structure of that boundary layer separation are then elucidated thanks to a topological study, which allows to identify the singular points and the separating lines of the skin-friction pattern. In steady-state numerical simulations, the development of that corner separation leads to the stall of the diffuser, which compromises the compressor stage performance and finally the stability of the numerical model. Unsteady numerical simulations results allow to specify the temporal behavior of the corner separation: the extent of the separated zone is modulated by the scrolling of pressure waves created by the impeller-diffuser interaction, but the trajectories of fluid particles within the separation match with the streamlines of the time-averaged flow field. The unsteady separation is then fixed, and its topology is in agreement with the prediction of the steady-state numerical simulations. In particular, the location of the separation is predicted similarly by the steady-state and the unsteady numerical models. Afterward, a control strategy using suction technique is developed thanks to the previous conclusions. The suction slot is set in the neighborhood of the main saddle of the separation, which corresponds to the location of the maximum of the time-averaged adverse pressure gradient. This strategy is implemented within both the steady-state and unsteady numerical models. The steady-state numerical model predicts the complete control of the separated zone with a removal of 1% of the total massflow through the compressor. This leads to a significant increase of the numerical stable range. With a removal of 0.3% of the compressor total massflow, the numerical model predicts only a partial control of the corner separation, but it also leads to a significant increase of the numerical stable range. With the unsteady numerical model, the initial hub corner separation is again controlled thanks to aspiration. But the results also highlight the major role played by the scrolling of pressure waves. They reinforce when crossing the diffuser throat, and generates a strong instantaneous adverse pressure gradient. This maximum provokes a new boundary layer separation, further downstream of the suction slot. The stable range of the unsteady numerical model is not increased. These results put into evidence the possibility to act on boundary layer separation that occur in radial diffusers thanks to the boundary layer suction technique. [...]

Assimilées à des fronts arbitraires, les frontières politiques sont devenues à notre époque le signe et le modèle de la limite brutale et injuste. A ne plus vouloir distinguer les groupes humains nous continuons pourtant à les séparer, mais différemment et selon des formes renouvelées du rapport de domination. En supprimant la dimension politique des frontières, ainsi, nous les démultiplions tout en créant des murs et des barrières aux proportions inédites. Notre travail tâche de comprendre comment bien séparer afin de pouvoir mieux unifier. Cela implique de poser certaines questions préalables. Y a-t-il un sens universel et initial au traçage de toute limite dans le sol ? Par quel type d’évolution les limites traditionnelles devinrent-elles des frontières modernes ? Qu’est-ce qu’une frontière au sens pleinement démocratique du terme ? Une frontière n’est pas une limite, car leur légitimité respective n’a pas la même source : une limite se fonde sur une transcendance, tandis que la frontière est auto-référentielle. La raison formelle, en Occident, aura fini par s’imposer à la nature et à la divinité. Il s’agit alors de comprendre le passage historique de l’une à l’autre en suivant les rapports successifs des hommes au symbole, au territoire et au pouvoir. Plus profondément encore, les diverses manières de clore la communauté sociale engagèrent à chaque fois, jusqu’aux prémisses théoriques contemporaines du cosmopolitisme politique, une compréhension renouvelée de son ouverture possible vers les formes diverses de la liberté. Enquêter sur les fondements et les origines de toute séparation politique, en ce sens, revient à retrouver sur le plan historique et normatif à la fois les traces de l’universel concret, celui qui ouvre par la clôture et dont l’idéal est rendu sensible par sa matérialisation dans l’espace. / Considered as arbitrary lines, political borders are today the sign and the model for a brutal and unfair limit. While refusing to distinguish between human groups, we however continue to separate them but on a different manner and according to renewed forms of domination. By suppressing the political dimension of borders, we in fact increase them while creating unprecedented walls and barriers. Our study intends to understand how separating well allows for a better unification. This raises some questions beforehand. Is there a universal and initial meaning to the drawing of any limit on land? Which type of evolution do traditional limits undergo in order to turn into modern borders? What is a border in the fully democratic sense of the term? A border is not a limit because their respective legitimacy does not have the same origin: a limit is based on transcendence whereas a border is self-referential. In the West, formal reason has definitely imposed itself on nature and on the divine. It is then necessary to understand the historical switch from one to the other while studying the successive relations of men to symbol, land and power. On a deeper level, the different ways of containing a social community has always led to a renewed understanding of its possible opening to various forms of freedom, and this up to the theoretical contemporary premises of political cosmopolitanism. Inquiring on the foundations and the origins of any political separation in that sense comes down to track, on an historical and normative level, signs of the concrete universal, the one that opens by closing, and whose ideal is made real by its materialization in space.

In Quebec, the way speed limits are managed is mainly not quite adapted to the urban environment. As a rule, to be effective, speed limits should instinctively be respected by most drivers. Studies that have been led to discover how exactly to achieve this goal have showed that drivers are more influenced by their environment than by the speed limit sign itself. The main objective of this study is to determine exactly what roadsides aspects of urban areas will influence the driver's chosen speed. This objective will be achieved by the following methodological steps: identification of roadside variables, development of a observations sheet, choice of the criteria for selecting study sites, collection of field data, description of studied sites, data analysis and linking of speed practiced with roadside variables. The study is conducted in urban sites located in cities of the province of Quebec whose posted speed limit does not exceed 60 km / h. Results of the study will help us to learn more about the influence of different roadsides constituents on driver's speed and discern which ones are most influential. According to the regression analysis, peripheral vision, occupancy rate of on-street parking, presence of institutional buildings or accesses, distance from street poles and the density of cyclists all have an influence on changes in average speeds. The identification of these variables is an advantage in determining appropriate speed limits on roads in urban areas in Quebec.

Dans le cadre de la micromécanique des milieux poreux ductiles, l’Analyse Limite a été appliquée avec succès par Gurson (1977) à l’étude de la résistance des métaux dont la matrice obéit au modèle de Von Mises. Bien que de grand intérêt, les extensions récentes de cette approche, par divers auteurs, aux matériaux poreux ductiles à matrice plastiquement compressible (polymères, bétons et roches) ne permet pas de traiter le cas de nombreux géomatériaux pour lesquels la règle d’écoulement plastique de la matrice présente un caractère non associé. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de combler cette lacune en proposant un cadre d’étude des milieux poreux ductiles à lois non associées. A cette fin, on s’appuie sur l’Analyse Limite étendue, basée sur la théorie du bipotentiel, une fonction de deux variables duales (contrainte et vitesse de déformation plastique), séparément convexe et représentant physiquement la dissipation. A titre de contribution préliminaire, nous proposons d’abord une méthode variationnelle en contraintes (approche statique) des milieux poreux avec règle d’écoulement associé. Puis nous développons, pour les milieux poreux ductiles à matrice non associée, une méthodologie variationnelle générale, basée sur le choix judicieux de deux champs d'essai, ceux de contrainte et de vitesse. Celle-ci débouche sur la formulation d’une bifonctionnelle macroscopique dont dérive le critère et la règle d’écoulement macroscopiques recherchés… L’ensemble des résultats obtenus a été validé par confrontation à des résultats de nombreuses simulations numériques (par Eléments finis) réalisées lors de cette thèse. / In the framework of the micromechanics of ductile porous media, Limit Analysis theory was successfully applied by Gurson (1977) to the study of metals for which the matrix obeys von Mises criterion. Despite their great interest, the recent extensions by several authors of this approach to ductile porous materials with plastically compressible matrix (polymers, concretes and rocks) do not allow to investigate the mechanical behavior of geomaterials having matrix obeying to a non associated plastic flow rule.The main objective of this thesis is to fill this gap by providing a new framework for the study of ductile porous media with non-associated laws. This is done by means of the extended limit analysis based on the theory of bipotential, a dual function of two variables ( stress and plastic strain rate ), separately convex and representing the mechanical dissipation. As a preliminary contribution, we first proposed a stress variational method ( static approach ) of porous media with an associated flow rule. Then, we develop, for ductile porous media with a non-associated matrix, a general variational method based on an appropriate choice of two trial fields, namely the stress and velocity ones. This leads to the formulation of a macroscopic bifunctional from which the macroscopic criterion and the flow rule are derived. The results are validated by comparison with numerical data obtained from Finite Elements computations carried out during this thesis.

Orientador : Eugenio Spano Rosa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T20:25:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mazza_RicardoAugusto_D.pdf: 21197910 bytes, checksum: 7bea24930b5b7ce2b444b7e41ecbab6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Resumo: O escoamento entre dois discos em co-rotação é investigado numericamente visando explorar suas características turbulentas. O escoamento é caracterizado pelas duas componentes de velocidade principais, uma na direção radial e outra na direção tangencial aos discos. O escoamento, em regime permanente, isotérmico e incompressível, é modelado utilizando-se as equações de Navier-Stokes para os termos médios e a equação da massa. O tensor de Reynolds é determinado utilizando-se do modelo k-e padrão e também do modelo de duas camadas. A solução numérica é obtida utilizando-se da técnica de volumes mitos implementada no pacote comercial Phoenics (V 2.1 de 1994). Neste estudo a vazão entre os discos e sua rotação são dados de entrada do modelo. Um estudo paramétrico da variação da vazão e da rotação é conduzido visando obter sua influência no campo médio das velocidades, pressão bem como nas propriedades turbulentas. O estudo paramétrico mostra que a vazão e a rotação imprimem comportamentos distintos nos campos médios de velocidade e pressão. Para rotações elevadas a velocidade radial próxima à parede aumenta e diminui próximo ao meio do canal. A pressão neste caso crescer proporcional com o quadrado da distância radial. Este tipo de comportamento é característico de bombas centrífugas. Com vazões elevadas, o sistema tende a se comportar como um difusor radial com a pressão tendendo a aumentar com o inverso do quadrado do raio. A velocidade radial apresenta um máximo no centro do canal. A componente tangencial da velocidade do fluido se comporta com rotação de corpo rígido somente na parede dos discos, devido a condição de não-deslizamento imposta. Ela atinge aproximadamente 40% da velocidade rotacional dos discos no centro do canal / Abstract: Turbulent through flow between two finite parallel co-rotating disks is investigated numerically. For this finite geometry the solutions were developed to a steady, isothermal and incompressible flow. The flow field is modeled using the averaged Navier Stokes equation and the mass conservation equation. The Reynolds stress are determined using the two turbulence models: the standard k-e model and the two layers model. The numerical solutions were obtained using the finite volume technique embodied on the commercial software Phoenics (V 2.1 of 1994). In this study the disk speed and through flow rate the fluid flow are taken as input data for the computacional model. A parametric study of different rotational speeds and through flow rates is conducted to analyze the influence of these variables on the mean velocity and pressure fields, as well as on the turbulent flow properties. The parametric study showed that the through flow rate and the rotational disk speed give different behavior on the mean velocity and pressure fields. For high rotational disk speed, the radial velocity exhibits a peak near the wall and then decays towards the center. The pressure grows proportional with the square of the radial distance, typical of centrifugal pumps behavior. High through flow rate imparts a radial diffuser behavior on the flow field, despite of the disks rotational speed. The pressure increases proportional to the inverse of the square radial distance as if the flow where inviscid. The radial velocity profile is likely to present a maximum at the channel center. The fluid rotational speed has a solid body behavior only at the disks surfaces due to the non-slip condition. At the center of the channel it decays to approximately 40% of the disks rotational speed. / Doutorado / Termica e Fluidos / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Claudio Gomes Pessoa / Banca: Claudio Aguinaldo Buzzi / Banca: Regilene Delazari dos Santos Oliveira / Resumo: Neste trabalho, estudamos o Problema do Centro-Foco para sistemas planares e sua extensão para sistemas tridimensionais apresentando alguns dos resultados mais recentes da literatura. Nosso enfoque envolve duas abordagens principais: o estudo da aplicação de Poincaré e o Segundo Método de Lyapunov. Destes métodos, surgem dois conjuntos de expressões algébricas denominadas coeficientes de Lyapunov e coeficientes focais. Mostramos a equivalência existente entre estes coeficientes e sua relação com outro importante problema da Teoria Qualitativa das E.D.O.: a bifurcação de ciclos limite a partir de um ponto de Hopf. Além disso, apresentamos o Método da Paralelização, utilizado para obter os coeficientes focais de modo eficiente, e ao final do texto, discutimos alguns exemplos que ilustram os resultados / Abstract: In this work, we study the Center-Focus Problem for planar systems and its extension to three-dimensional systems presenting some of the most recent results in the literature. We focus on two approaches: the study of the Poincaré map and Lyapunov's Second Method. These methods give rise to two sets of algebraic expressions, namely: Lyapunov coefficients and focal coefficients. We show that there is an equivalence between these coefficients and their relation to another important problem in the QualitativeTheory of ODEs: the bifurcation of limit cycles from a Hopf singularity. Moreover, we present the Paralelization Method, used to obtain the focal coefficients in an efficient way, and in the end of the text, we discuss some examples illustrating the results / Mestre

No description available.

Les personnes présentant un trouble de la personnalité limite (TPL) ont souvent recours à l'hospitalisation, mais il y a pourtant peu d'écrits sur leur problème d'intégration sociale. En 2000, à Québec, un programme original et novateur a été créé par une clinique spécialisée dans le traitement et la réadaptation des personnes TPL et cible le suivi de la clientèle sévère. Afin de documenter le processus clinique projeté par ce programme, une approche par focus group et entrevue individuelle auprès de quatre groupes d'acteurs a permis d'examiner leurs intentions, les actions du programme et les retombées perçues au regard de l'intégration sociale. L'analyse du Verbatim a été réalisée à l'aide d'une version adaptée du Modèle de l'intégration communautaire et de la théorie de la structuration. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que les conséquences correspondent bien aux intentions, mais que les actions instaurées sont généralement peu spécifiques. / People with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are known to be abusive of hospitalization. However, studies pertaining to their social integration problem are missing. In 2000, a new and original program was created in Québec City. This program focuses on the treatment and rehabilitation of people with severe BPD. In order to understand the process put in place by this program which targets social integration, an approach using focus group and individual interview is selected. The goal of this study is to analyze the process brought forth by this program within the intentions, actions of the program and consequences regarding social integration of four groups of actors. The analysis of the Verbatim has been realized with an adapted version of the Community integration model and the theory of structuration. The results show that there is a good correspondence between intentions and consequences, however the actions were revealed to be generally unspecific.