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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Mechanisms of Fatty Acid Induced Decrease in β-cell Function

Oprescu, Andrei Ioan 25 September 2009 (has links)
An important mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is elevation of plasma free fatty acids which induce insulin resistance and may impair both β-cell function and mass (β-cell lipotoxicity). The objective of my thesis was to investigate the role of oxidative stress in β-cell lipotoxicity, using in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models. I used in vivo models of 48h i.v. oleate or olive oil infusion in Wistar rats followed by hyperglycemic clamps, or islet secretion studies ex vivo, and in vitro models of 48h exposure to oleate in isolated islets. My first study showed that 48h oleate infusion decreased the insulin response to a hyperglycemic clamp, an effect prevented by coinfusion of the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and taurine. Similar to the findings in vivo, 48h infusion of oleate decreased glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) ex vivo, and induced oxidative stress in isolated islets, effects prevented by coinfusion of the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine, taurine, or tempol. Islets exposed to oleate or palmitate showed a decreased insulin response to high glucose and increased levels of oxidative stress, effects prevented by taurine. Therefore, my data are the first demonstration that oxidative stress plays a role in the decrease in β-cell secretory function induced by prolonged exposure to FFA, in vitro and in vivo. My second study addressed downstream effects of oxidative stress involving inflammation. A 48h infusion of oleate or olive oil decreased β-cell function during a hyperglycemic clamp, an effect prevented by coinfusion of the IKKβ inhibitor salicylate. GSIS in isolated islets was impaired by olive oil or oleate and restored by salicylate. These results suggest a potential role for both oxidative stress and inflammation in lipid-induced β-cell dysfunction. My third study addressed downstream effects of oxidative stress involving β-cell insulin signalling. A 48h infusion of oleate or olive oil decreased β-cell function during a hyperglycemic clamp, an effect prevented by coinfusion of the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor bisperoxovanadate. GSIS in isolated islets was impaired by olive oil or oleate and restored by bisperoxovanadate, suggesting a role of FFA in decreasing β-cell function by induction of β-cell insulin resistance.
12

Caractérisation du métabolisme protéique musculaire au cours de l'obésité et lors de la perte de poids

Masgrau, Aurélie 03 July 2012 (has links)
L'obésité - caractérisée par l'accumulation de lipides dans le tissu adipeux, puis dans les tissus périphériques tels que le foie et les muscles squelettiques - entraine des dysfonctionnements métaboliques de ces tissus. Sur le long terme, même s'il est fréquemment rapporté une augmentation de la masse maigre, l'obésité s'accompagne d'une perte de masse musculaire. La perte de poids a un impact positif sur les comorbidités associées à l'obésité. Toutefois, lorsqu'elle est induite par une restriction alimentaire, elle peut être associée à une perte demasse musculaire. L'association d'une activité physique à la restriction alimentaire peut limiter la perte de muscles. Sur le plan métabolique, la masse musculaire dépend essentiellement du renouvellement des protéines qui le composent. Aussi, l'objectif du travail de thèse a été de caractériser les modifications du métabolisme protéique musculaire, et particulièrement les modifications de la protéosynthèse, au cours du développement de l'obésité et pendant une perte de poids induite par un régime hypolipidique associé ou non à un exercice d'endurance. La première étude a permis de montrer qu'il existe deux phases distinctes lors du développement de l'obésité chez le rat. La première est associée à un gain de poids et de masse musculaire, associée à une augmentation de la vitesse de synthèse (FSR) des protéines myofibrillaires et mitochondriales spécifiquement dans le muscle glycolytique tibialis anterior, en postabsorptif. La seconde est associée à une stabilisation du poids, une réduction de la masse musculaire et à une diminution du FSR des protéines mitochondriales dans le tibialis anterior, alors même qu'une accumulation lipidique se produit dans ce muscle. Le muscle oxydatif soleus n'est pas affecté. La deuxième étude a montré qu'une restrictionlipidique isocalorique ou que la pratique d'un exercice en endurance régulier ne préviennent pas la perte de masse musculaire induite par l'obésité, contrairement à l'association des deux traitements. L'exercice seul ou associé au régime hyperlipidique stimule le FSR des protéinesmyofibrillaires dans le tibialis anterior, mais l'exercice ne stimule le FSR des protéines myofibrillaires et mitochondriales dans le muscle oxydatif soleus que lorsqu'il est associé à la restriction lipidique. En conclusion, ce travail a mis en évidence, d'une part, que la synthèseprotéique musculaire en postabsorptif et la masse musculaire sont différemment affectées en fonction du stade de développement de l'obésité et que, d'autre part, la synthèse protéique musculaire en postabsorptif est différemment affectée en fonction de la typologie musculaire. D'autre part, l'exercice a un impact bénéfique sur la masse musculaire et sur la protéosynthèse, mais cet effet "anabolisant" est limité par le régime hyperlipidiquehypersucré. Pour transposer ces données chez l'homme, une étude clinique qui porte sur l'effet de la perte de poids induite par chirurgie bariatrique sur le métabolisme protéique musculaire a été mise en place et est actuellement en cours. / Obesity - characterized by lipid accumulation in adipose tissue and in peripheral tissues such as liver and skeletal muscles - leads to metabolic dysfunction of these tissues. In the long term, although it is frequently reported an increase in lean mass, obesity is accompanied by a loss of muscle mass. Weight loss has a positive impact on comorbidities associated with obesity. However, when it was induced by dietary restriction, it may be associated with muscle mass loss. The association of physical activity to food restriction may limit muscle mass loss. Metabolically, muscle mass depends essentially on proteins turnover, i.e. protein synthesis and breakdown. Therefore, the aim of the thesis work was to characterize changes in muscle protein metabolism, especially changes in protein synthesis, during obesity development and weight loss induced by a low-fat-diet with or without endurance exercise. The first study has shown that there are two distinct phases in the development of obesity in rats. The first is associated with body weight and muscle mass gains and an increase in myofibrillar and mitochondrial proteins synthesis rate (FSR), specifically in glycolytic muscle tibialis anterior, in postabsorptive state. Oxidative muscle soleus was not affected. The second phase is associated with body weight stabilization, reduced muscle mass and a decrease in the mitochondrial proteins FSR in the tibialis anterior. The second study has shown that isocaloric low-fat-diet or the practice of regular endurance exercise do not prevent muscle mass loss induced by obesity, unlike the combination of both treatments. Exercise alone or associated with high-fat diet stimulates the FSR of myofibrillar proteins actin in tibialis anterior muscle, but exercise stimulates the FSR of myofibrillar and mitochondrial proteins in the oxidative muscle soleus only when it is associated with lipid restriction. In conclusion, this study has shown firstly that muscle protein synthesis in postabsorptive state and muscle mass are differently affected depending on the stage of obesity development, and, secondly that muscle protein synthesis in postabsorptive state is differently affected depending on muscle typology. On the other hand, exercise has a beneficial effect on muscle mass and protein synthesis, but this "anabolic" effect is limited by the high-fat, high-sucrose diet. To transpose these data in humans, a clinical study that examines the effect of weight loss induced by bariatric surgery on muscle protein metabolism has been established and is currently underway.
13

L’étude du rôle de l’interleukine 6 dans le métabolisme lipidique de la cardiomyopathie diabétique

Yahi, Ourdia 03 1900 (has links)
No description available.
14

Cellular Mechanisms by which Alcohol Promotes HIV Protease Inhibitor-induced Hepatotoxicity

Hinton, Michael 01 January 2019 (has links)
CELLULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH ALCOHOL PROMOTES HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY Michael Hinton, B.S. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2019 Major Director: Huiping Zhou Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology The development of highly-active-antiretroviral therapy(HAART) has allowed management of HIV and extended the lives of those infected. Alcohol abuse, which is very common in HIV-1 infected patients, is one of the most important co-morbid risk factors for liver injury and has been associated with the occurrence of serious metabolic syndrome and subsequent discontinuation of HAART in HIV patients. We have identified endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced proapoptotic factor CCAAT-element-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) as an important mechanism underlying HIV PI-induced inflammation and hepatic lipotoxicity. However, little is known about the mechanistic pathways by which alcohol promotes HIV PI-induced hepatic lipotoxicity. The aim of this study was to determine if inhibition of CHOP expression prevents alcohol- and HIV PI-induced apoptosis and dysregulation of lipid metabolism. We demonstrated that co-administration of alcohol and HIV PIs induced unfolded protein response (UPR) activation, ER stress, and CHOP upregulation in rodent hepatocytes. Both alcohol and HIV PI-induced lipid accumulation and apoptosis were significantly reduced in CHOP-/- hepatocytes. Also, CHOP-/- hepatocytes treated with alcohol and HIV PIs showed inflammation.. Activation of the ER stress-induced proapoptotic factor CHOP is a key cellular mechanism underlying alcohol and HIV PI-induced hepatotoxicity. CHOP expression is key for alcohol and HIV PI-induced dysregulation of key genes involved in lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. Limitations of the study include the usage of global CHOP-/- in lieu of tissue-specific conditional knockout mouse models, nonobservance of the effects of alcohol and HIV PIs on extra-hepatic tissues, and incomplete investigation of the interplay of hepatocytes and resident macrophages.
15

Le rôle protecteur de la périlipine 2 dans la cardiomyopathie diabétique

Akoumi, Ali 05 1900 (has links)
No description available.
16

Genetic and lipotoxic endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic β cells: a critical process in common and rare forms of diabetes

Lytrivi, Maria 28 May 2020 (has links) (PDF)
ABSTRACTThe prevalence of diabetes is increasing dramatically, incurring a major health and socioeconomic burden. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), the most prevalent form of diabetes, results from a variable combination of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency, secondary to pancreatic β-cell failure. These defects are caused by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental/ lifestyle factors. Among the latter, poor dietary quality is a crucial driver of T2D development. Although adopting healthy dietary habits is considered as a mainstay for T2D prevention, what constitutes a healthy diet remains controversial. Epidemiological studies examining the association of dietary fat quality with T2D incidence have yielded equivocal results and may suffer from confounding. On the other hand, randomized trials assessing the impact of dietary fat saturation on glucose homeostasis have major methodological shortcomings, precluding reliable conclusions. In order to elucidate this question, we compared the effects of palm oil vs olive oil on glucose homeostasis and other relevant metabolic parameters, in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity. The saturated fatty acid-rich palm oil is the most abundantly used oil worldwide. Olive oil is a staple food of the Mediterranean diet, rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and widely regarded as healthful. In this model, palm oil was not more harmful than olive oil with regard to glucose/insulin homeostasis. However, palm oil was associated with increased visceral adiposity and triglyceridemia compared to olive oil. Circulating and tissue free fatty acid (FFA) concentration and composition are determined by dietary factors, as well as genetic and metabolic factors. There is accumulating evidence indicating that increased FFA levels and/or an unbalanced FFA composition with excess palmitate, induce β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis (lipotoxicity). To characterize the mechanisms underlying lipotoxicity, we combined RNA-sequencing with proteomics of β-cells exposed to palmitate, the most prevalent SFA in humans. This cross-omics study showed that palmitate altered lipid and amino-acid metabolism, and affected amplifying pathways of insulin secretion and exocytosis. Furthermore, palmitate induced stress pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress is triggered when protein folding demand exceeds ER folding capacity. This response aims to restore ER homeostasis but if unresolved, it can become deleterious. Islets from T2D patients display signs of ER stress, pointing to a potentially pathogenic role of the latter.Monogenic and neonatal diabetes are rare forms of diabetes caused by single gene mutations. These forms are of particular interest, as they can serve as ‘human knockout’ models of diabetes. Recent evidence shows that there is overlap in the genetic basis of monogenic diabetes and T2D, suggesting that they may be part of a pathologic continuum. To explore the role of ER stress in diabetes pathogenesis, we studied two different genetic syndromes involving neonatal or early-onset diabetes, caused by mutations in genes related to ER function (DNAJC3 and YIPF5). Using in vitro knockdown models, we showed that ER stress elicited by impaired chaperone function (DNAJC3) or by impaired ER-to-Golgi protein transport (YIFP5) causes β-cell apoptosis. Altogether, our findings support that lipotoxic and genetic ER stress contribute to diabetes pathogenesis. Preventing or modulating ER stress thus holds anti-diabetic therapeutic potential. Future research should focus on defining optimal strategies to restore a balanced FFA profile and enhance ER function, aiming to prevent ER-stress induced β-cell failure. RésuméLa prévalence du diabète progresse constamment, posant un défi sanitaire et socioéconomique majeur. Le diabète de type 2 (DT2), la forme la plus courante de diabète, résulte de la résistance à l’insuline, en association avec un déficit insulinique dû à la défaillance des cellules β pancréatiques. Ces anomalies découlent d’une interaction complexe entre des facteurs génétiques et des facteurs liés au mode de vie. Parmi ces derniers, la qualité du régime alimentaire est un facteur crucial pour le développement du DT2. Bien que le suivi d’un régime alimentaire sain est considéré comme le pilier pour la prévention du DT2, ce qui constitue un régime sain demeure un sujet de controverse.Les études épidémiologiques examinant l’association entre la qualité de la graisse alimentaire et l’incidence du DT2 ont donné des résultats équivoques, affectés éventuellement par des facteurs confondants. En outre, les études randomisées évaluant l’impact du degré de saturation de la graisse alimentaire sur l’homéostasie du glucose comportent des limitations méthodologiques majeures. Afin d’élucider cette question, on a comparé les effets de l’huile de palme aux effets de l’huile d’olive sur l’homéostasie du glucose et d’autres paramètres métaboliques pertinents. Dans ce but, on a utilisé un modèle murin d’obésité induite par un régime riche en graisse. L’huile de palme est riche en acides gras saturés et elle est l’huile la plus utilisée globalement. L’huile d’olive est un aliment phare du régime Méditerranéen, riche en acides gras monoinsaturés et généralement reconnu comme un aliment sain. Dans notre modèle murin, la consommation d’huile de palme n’était pas plus néfaste que celle de l’huile d’olive sur l’homéostasie du glucose, la sensibilité à l’insuline et l’insulinosécrétion. Par contre, l’huile de palme était associée à une adiposité viscérale et une triglycéridémie plus élevée comparée à l’huile d’olive.La concentration et la composition des acides gras libres (AGL) sont déterminées par des facteurs alimentaires, génétiques et métaboliques. Des données abondantes démontrent que la présence des niveaux élevés d’AGL et/ou d’une composition déséquilibrée d’AGL induit la dysfonction et l’apoptose des cellules β (lipotoxicité). Pour caractériser les mécanismes sous-jacents de la lipotoxicité, on a combiné un séquençage ARN à une étude protéomique des cellules β exposées au palmitate, l’AGL saturé le plus courant chez l’homme. Cette étude conjointe a montré que le palmitate altère le métabolisme des lipides et des acides aminés, les voies d’amplification de la sécrétion d’insuline et l’exocytose. Le palmitate induit également des voies de stress cellulaires, telles que la dysfonction mitochondriale, le stress oxydatif et le stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE). Le stress du RE est activé quand les besoins en sécrétion protéique dépassent les capacités de l’organite. Cette réponse a pour but de rétablir l’homéostasie du RE mais si le stress reste non résolu, ceci peut s’avérer délétère. Des îlots des patients avec un DT2 montrent des signes de stress du RE, évoquant un rôle potentiellement pathogénique de ce dernier.Le diabète monogénique et néonatal sont des formes rares de diabète causées par des mutations d’un seul gène. Ces formes sont particulièrement intéressantes sur le plan physiopathologique car elles représentent des ‘knockout’ humains. Des données récentes montrent que la base génétique du diabète monogénique n’est pas complètement distincte de celle du diabète de type 2 et les deux entités pourraient faire partie d’un continuum. Afin d’explorer le rôle du stress du RE dans la pathogénèse du diabète, on a étudié deux syndromes génétiques entraînant un diabète néonatal ou à début très précoce. Ces syndromes sont causés par des mutations dans des gènes impliqués dans la fonction du RE (DNAJC3 et YIPF5). En silençant ces gènes in vitro, on a montré que le stress du RE, déclenché soit par une dysfonction des chaperones (DNAJC3), soit par un retard du trafic de protéines du RE vers le Golgi (YIPF5), induit l’apoptose des cellules β.Ces résultats suggèrent que le stress du RE génétique et lipotoxique contribuent à la pathogénèse du diabète. La prévention ou modulation du stress du RE présente donc un potentiel thérapeutique anti-diabétique. Des études futures pourraient permettre de définir des stratégies optimales pour rétablir un profil d’AGL équilibré ou renforcer la fonction du RE, en vue de prévenir la défaillance des cellules β. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
17

The unfolded protein response regulates hepatocellular injury during the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Willy, Jeffrey Allen 17 June 2016 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by the induction of hepatocellular death and inflammation, is associated with the activation of cellular stress pathways such as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), an adaptive response to disruptions in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. Because the role of the UPR in the progression of liver disease is not well understood, we established an in vitro model to evaluate the role of the UPR in NASH and translated results to clarify disease progression in human liver biopsy samples. Treating HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes with saturated, but not unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs), at physiologic concentrations induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting autophagic flux. Saturated FFA treatment activated the UPR, including the transcription factors CHOP (GADD153/DDIT3) and NF-κB, leading to increased expression and secretion of cytokines such as TNFα and IL-8 that contributed to hepatic cell death and inflammation. Depletion of either CHOP or the RELA subunit of NF-κB in hepatocytes alleviated autophagy and cytokine secretion, resulting in enhanced cell viability and lowered inflammatory responses during exposure to saturated FFAs. We carried out next generation sequencing on cells deleted for either CHOP or RELA and identified IBTKα as a novel UPR member directly regulated by CHOP and NF-κB. In response to saturated FFAs, loss of IBTKα increased cell survival through lowered phagophore formation and reduced cytokine secretion. We also identified binding partners of IBTKα by immunoprecipitation and LC/MS, indicating that that IBTKα is part of a protein complex which functions at ER exit sites to facilitate initiation of autophagy and protein secretion. Furthermore, we discovered that CHOP and RELA coordinately regulate proteasome activity through NRF2 as an adaptive response to an inhibition of autophagic flux following palmitate exposure. To validate our model, we utilized human liver biopsy samples and demonstrated up-regulation of the UPR coincident with accumulation of autophagy markers, as well as secretion of cytokines IL 8 and TNFα in serum of NASH patients. Our study provides a mechanistic understanding of the roles of the UPR and autophagy in regulating saturated FFA induced hepatotoxicity at the cellular level.
18

Glucolipotoxicité dans les cellules bêta pancréatiques / Glucotoxicity in pancreatic beta cells

Cassel, Roméo 21 November 2014 (has links)
Le diabète de type 2 est une pathologie chronique complexe associant une altération de sécrétion de l'insuline par le pancréas et une résistance à l'insuline au niveau des tissus périphériques, notamment au niveau du foie et du muscle squelettique. Son origine est multifactorielle, alliant des anomalies génétiques et environnementales, en particulier nutritionnelles. Un des mécanismes par lesquels les facteurs nutritionnels (comme les glucides et les lipides en excès) contribuent au développement du diabète et à son aggravation est la glucolipotoxicité. En effet, l'élévation de la glycémie et des lipides plasmatiques, ainsi que l'accumulation ectopique de lipides dans les tissus, participent au développement de l'insulinorésistance hépatique et musculaire et aux dysfonctions des cellules bêta, en partie via l'induction d'un stress métabolique, impliquant notamment le stress oxydant, le stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) et la perturbation de l'homéostasie calcique. Nous avons étudié les effets de la glucotoxicité et de la lipotoxicité dans les cellules bêta pancréatiques et les mécanismes impliqués. Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés à des traitements potentiellement protecteurs de la fonction bêta-pancréatique. Nous avons fait l'hypothèse que les effets bénéfiques de l'inhibition du système rénine-angiotensine sur l'incidence du diabète de type 2 chez l'homme étaient médiés par une action directe sur les cellules bêta. Nos résultats montrent que le glucose chronique à une dose élevée entraine une réduction de la sécrétion d'insuline des cellules bêta des îlots de Langerhans humains par une action conjointe sur le stress du RE, le stress oxydant et l'homéostasie calcique. L'inhibition du SRA a permis de restaurer cette fonction grâce notamment à une action inhibitrice sur la voie Phospholipase C-IP3-Calcium / This study addressed the hypothesis that inhibiting the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH)-mediated degradation of epoxy-fatty acids, notably epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, has an additional impact against cardiovascular damage in type 2 diabetes, beyond its previously demonstrated beneficial effect on glucose homeostasis. The cardiovascular and metabolic effects of the sEH inhibitor t- AUCB (10 mg/l in drinking water) were compared to those of the sulfonylurea glibenclamide (80 mg/l), both administered for 8 weeks in FVB mice subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% fat) for 16 weeks. Mice on control chow diet (10% fat) and non-treated HFD mice served as controls. Glibenclamide and t-AUCB similarly prevented the increased fasting glycemia in HFD mice but only t-AUCB improved glucose tolerance and decreased gluconeogenesis, without modifying weight gain. Moreover, t-AUCB reduced adipose tissue inflammation, plasma free fatty acids and LDL cholesterol, and prevented hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, only the sEH inhibitor improved endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine, assessed by myography in isolated coronary arteries. This improvement was related to a restoration of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid and nitric oxide pathways, as shown by the increased inhibitory effects of the NO-synthase and cytochrome P450 epoxygenase inhibitors, L-NA and MSPPOH, on these relaxations. Moreover, t-AUCB decreased cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and inflammation, and improved diastolic function, as demonstrated by the increased E/A ratio (echocardiography) and decreased slope of the enddiastolic pressure-volume relation (invasive hemodynamics). These results demonstrate that she inhibition improves coronary endothelial function and prevents cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in obese type 2 diabetic mice
19

Diabetes and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Pancreatic beta-cells: Effects on Insulin Biosynthesis and beta-cell Apoptosis

Lai, Elida Wing Shan 30 July 2008 (has links)
Chronic hyperlipidemia (lipotoxicity) and hyperglycemia (glucotoxicity) have recently been shown to induce Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress, which may contribute to pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. This thesis examined the involvement of ER stress in beta-cell lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity. Although chronic treatment with saturated free fatty acids (FFA) in vitro induced ER stress, altering ER stress by increasing or knocking-down GRP78 chaperone expression had no effect on apoptosis induction. Conversely, overexpression of ER chaperones rescued the reduction in proinsulin protein levels caused by chronic exposure to high glucose, although it had no effect on the decreased insulin mRNA levels and proinsulin translation rate. Thus, ER stress is likely not the main mechanism involved in saturated FFA-induced beta-cell apoptosis in vitro, but it may contribute to glucotoxic effects on proinsulin levels. These findings have increased our understanding of the link between ER stress and beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
20

Diabetes and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Pancreatic beta-cells: Effects on Insulin Biosynthesis and beta-cell Apoptosis

Lai, Elida Wing Shan 30 July 2008 (has links)
Chronic hyperlipidemia (lipotoxicity) and hyperglycemia (glucotoxicity) have recently been shown to induce Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress, which may contribute to pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. This thesis examined the involvement of ER stress in beta-cell lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity. Although chronic treatment with saturated free fatty acids (FFA) in vitro induced ER stress, altering ER stress by increasing or knocking-down GRP78 chaperone expression had no effect on apoptosis induction. Conversely, overexpression of ER chaperones rescued the reduction in proinsulin protein levels caused by chronic exposure to high glucose, although it had no effect on the decreased insulin mRNA levels and proinsulin translation rate. Thus, ER stress is likely not the main mechanism involved in saturated FFA-induced beta-cell apoptosis in vitro, but it may contribute to glucotoxic effects on proinsulin levels. These findings have increased our understanding of the link between ER stress and beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.

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