Apesar dos habitats de restinga representarem aproximadamente 5.000 km da costa brasileira, o conhecimento disponível sobre a composição da fauna de anuros nestes habitats ainda é restrito a poucas áreas. Estes habitats encontram-se sob intensa pressão imobiliária, com uma densidade demográfica cinco vezes maior do que a média do país, levando a uma ocupação descomedida, degradação e eventual perda destes importantes habitats. Isso é especialmente preocupante para as populações de vertebrados terrestres endêmicos e ameaçados de extinção, devido à dificuldade de recuperação da vegetação das restingas. Atualmente, os remanescentes de restinga ao longo da costa brasileira são representados por fragmentos completamente isolados. Esta é a primeira aproximação da lista de anfíbios da restinga de Grumari, inserida no Parque Natural Municipal de Grumari (PNMG), município do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil. É também a primeira pesquisa a analisar a comunidade de anuros de folhiço, e a obter dados de densidade, para as restingas brasileiras. A área está situada no Domínio da Mata Atlântica. O estudo foi conduzido de maio de 2009 a dezembro de 2010 utilizando dois métodos de amostragem: parcelas grandes ou plots de 16 m (4x4 m) e transecções visuais/acústicas. Registramos 22 espécies de anfíbios anuros distribuídas em seis famílias: Leptodactylidae (3), Craugastoridae (1), Bufonidae (1), Strabomantidae (1), Microhylidae (2) e Hylidae (14). Ocorreram dez espécies de anuros de folhiço em 2560 m de chão de floresta amostrados com a metodologia de parcelas grandes durante o estudo. Na zona fechada de pós-praia ocorreram apenas sete espécies de anuros de folhiço, enquanto na mata de restinga ocorreram as dez espécies registradas para a restinga. A densidade geral estimada de anuros de folhiço para a restinga de Grumari foi de 13,1 indivíduos por 100m, superior a cinco de seis estudos publicados com dados de densidade de anuros de folhiço na Mata Atlântica. A biomassa total estimada foi de 13131 g/ha, podendo ser considerada a maior biomassa de anurofauna de folhiço globalmente. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as zonas quanto aos parâmetros da comunidade (riqueza, densidade e biomassa), mesmo havendo diferença entre os parâmetros ambientais mensurados nas duas zonas. Os fatores que melhor explicaram a riqueza, a densidade e a biomassa na restinga de Grumari durante a estação chuvosa foram, respectivamente, a temperatura, o diâmetro das árvores/arbustos e o número de árvores/arbustos. A presença de espécies ameaçadas de extinção e endêmicas para o estado do Rio de Janeiro e Mata Atlântica evidencia que a restinga de Grumari é uma área essencial para a conservação da anurofauna dos remanescentes deste habitat no Brasil. Além disso, Grumari é a restinga com maior riqueza de espécies do estado e a segunda maior entre todas as áreas de restinga estudadas até o momento, quanto à anurofauna. / Although restinga habitats represent approximately 5000 km of the Brazilian coast, the information available about the composition of the anuran fauna present on those habitats are restricted to relatively few areas. Nowadays restinga habitats are under intense set of pressures as result of a demographic density five times higher than the average for the country leading to the occupation, degradation and eventual loss of such habitats. This is especially alarming for the threatened endemic populations of terrestrial vertebrates due to the difficulty of vegetation recovery after clearings. Presently, the remnants of these habitats along much of the eastern Brazilian coast are represented by completely isolated fragments. Herein we present the first approximation to the list of the amphibians from the restinga of Grumari, inserted in the Parque Natural Municipal de Grumari (PNMG), municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil. The area is situated in the Atlantic Rainforest Biome. Its also the first study on the community of litter anuran fauna, obtaining density data, for the Brazilian restinga. The study was carried out from May 2009 to December 2010 using two sampling methods: quadrant plots (4x4 m) and acoustic/visual transects. We recorded 22 species of anuran amphibians distributed in six families: Leptodactylidae (3), Craugastoridae (1), Bufonidae (1), Strabomantidae (1), Microhylidae (2) and Hylidae (14). We found ten species of litter frogs in 2560 m of sampled forest floor with the methodology of large plots. In the closed post-beach zone, there were only seven species of anuran leaf litter, while the restinga forest zone present the ten species recorded for the restinga. The overall density of litter frogs at the restinga of Grumari was 13.1 individuals per 100m, more than five of six published studies on the density of litter frogs in the Atlantic Rainforest. The estimated total biomass was 13131 g/100m, being currently the area with highest litter frog biomass on the planet. There was no statistically significant difference between the zones regarding community parameters (richness, density and biomass), even though there is difference between the environmental parameters measured in both zones. The factors that best explained the richness, density and biomass in the restinga of Grumari during the rainy season were, respectively, temperature, diameter of the trees/shrubs and the number of trees/shrubs. The presence of endangered and endemic species indicates that the restinga of Grumari is an important area for conservation of the anuran fauna in remnants of these habitats in the Rio de Janeiro state, being currently the richest known area in terms of amphibian species of all restinga areas in the state, and the second richest of the Brazilian restingas studied up to now.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pinto_zv_dr_botfca.pdf: 894968 bytes, checksum: 522dc825bbc64c7631c86fa63430a259 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A murcha de Fusarium spp. em crisântemo é responsável por sérios prejuízos à cultura no Brasil. Uma alternativa para o seu controle é o uso de substrato supressivo, o qual pode ser obtido pela adição de fontes de matérias orgânicas. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um substrato supressivo à murcha do Fusarium em crisântemo com a introdução de matéria orgânica em substratos comerciais. Para tanto, lodo de esgoto e lodo de esgoto compostado; torta de mamona; esterco suíno; cama aviária; compostos comerciais Lanzi®; casca de camarão, biofertilizante e hidrolisado de peixe foram incorporados a substratos à base de casca de Pinus e de turfa em diferentes concentrações e combinações. Os experimentos foram realizados em propriedade produtora de crisântemo Bola-belga com problemas de Fusarium. Em todos os experimentos o número mínimo de repetições foi de 20 vasos por tratamento. Transcorridas 8, 12, 15 e 20 semanas do transplantio foi avaliada a severidade da doença por uma escala de notas de 0 para planta sadia a 5 para planta morta. Com os dados foram calculadas as áreas abaixo da curva de progresso da severidade da murcha de Fusarium. Além disso, foram realizadas análises dos atributos químicos e da atividade microbiana dos substratos bem como do desenvolvimento das plantas. O lodo de esgoto, lodo de esgoto compostado, cama aviária, casca de camarão e o composto Lanzi® induziram a supressividade do substrato à base de casca se Pinus e/ou de turfa, controlando a murcha de Fusarium. Por outro lado, esterco suíno, torta de mamona, hidrolisado de peixe, quitosana e Trichoderma asperellum não interferiram na supressividade à doença. Substratos obtidos com lodo de esgoto e cama aviária, em mistura ou não, nas concentrações de 10, 20 e 30% (v/v) foram os mais adequados do ponto de vista de indução de supressividade... / Fusarium spp. wilt causes serious damages to chrysanthemum crops in Brazil. An alternative for its control is the use of suppressive plant growth media, which can be obtained by the addition of organic matter to container media. The objective of the present work was to develop a plant growth media suppressive to the Fusarium spp. in chrysanthemum with the introduction of organic matter to commercial container media. Sewage sludge and sewage sludge compost; castorbean presscake, swine manure; poultry litter; shrimp peel, biofertilizer, chitosan and fish hydrolyzed were incorporated to pine-bark and turf container media in different concentrations and combinations. The experiments were conducted in a Belgianchrysanthemum variety producing property with a Fusarium problem. In all experiments the minimum number of repetitions was 20 containers per treatment. Eight, 12, 15 and 20 weeks following transplanting the severity of the disease was evaluated according to a progressive scale from 0 (healthy plant) to 5 (dead plant). Areas under the disease progress curve for disease severity of Fusarium wilt were calculated. Chemical and microbiological attributes of container media and plant development were analyzed. The sewage sludge, sewage sludge compost, poultry litter, shrimp peel and the Lanzi® compost induced the suppressiveness of pine bark and/or turf container media, controlling the wilt. On the other hand, swine manure, castorbean presscake, fish hydrolyzed, chitosan and Trichoderma asperellum did not affect the suppressiveness to the disease. Plant growth media with sewage sludge and poultry litter, in mixture or alone, in the concentrations of 10, 20 and 30% (v/v) were the most appropriate from the point of view of induction of suppressiveness and product quality, being the plant growth media recommended... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-08T14:08:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS17MA161.pdf: 277204 bytes, checksum: 295ae0923cdfa15e00efc516619613f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-08T14:08:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS17MA161.pdf: 277204 bytes, checksum: 295ae0923cdfa15e00efc516619613f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-21 / Capes / The revegetation of degraded areas is a fundamental recovery strategy to improve the physical and chemical attributes of the soils, besides providing through the vegetation cover, the necessary protection to reduce the loss of sediments due to water erosion. The present work had the objective of evaluating the revegetation of a degraded area that originated a slope with soil de - tailing within the CAV / UDESC Agroveterinary Sciences Center, from isolated and intercropping of summer forage species in association with organic / mineral fertilization And mineral fertilization. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with subdivided plots, with 9 treatments and 4 replications. The main treatments were arranged in the subplots, being: isolated cultivation of Brachiaria decumbens, isolated Crotalaria spectabilis cultivation, and intercropped Brachiaria + Crotalaria intercrop. The secondary treatments were arranged in the plots, and they refer to fertilization, they are: fertilization with bed of aviary supplemented with mineral fertilization, mineral fertilization (N-P-K) and without fertilization (control). At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, soil samples were collected to verify the changes in their chemical attributes. In the chemical analyzes were determined the pH and the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Organic matter and organic C. The soil was previously scarified and the pH corrected in all plots, as a result of soil chemical analysis. The fertilizations followed the recommendations of the CQFS (2004) and were applied in the subplots. The sowing was in line with spacing of 20cm between rows, totaling 5 rows per subplot. Plant samples were collected from the three central lines of each subplot. The accumulation of fresh and dry mass of the aerial part and the nutrient contents were determined: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) present in the dry matter. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and comparison of means by Fisher DMS test, at a significance level of 5%. The isolated cultivation of brachiaria and consortium showed the highest production of biomass and dry mass of aerial part. Crotalaria presented the highest concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg in plant tissue. The contents of K in the plant tissue showed interaction between fertilization and species, and the fertilization effect was significant for brachiaria and consortium, which accumulated the highest levels in the plots without fertilization (control). Crotalaria and consortium presented the highest concentrations of K in the fertilized plots with bed of birds and crotalaria had the highest concentration in the plots fertilized with mineral fertilizer (N-P-K). It was verified that the revegetation of the degraded area, associated to liming and fertilization, improved some soil chemical attributes, such as: elevation of pH, increase of Mg, K, P, organic matter and organic carbon; And Al reduction. However, it was not possible to determine differences in terms of improvement of soil chemical conditions related to organic fertilization / A revegetação de áreas degradadas é uma estratégia de recuperação fundamental para melhorar os atributos físicos e químicos dos solos, além de fornecer através da cobertura vegetal, a proteção necessária para diminuir a perda de sedimentos por erosão hídrica. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a revegetação de uma área degradada que originou um talude com solo decapeado dentro do Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias CAV/UDESC, a partir do cultivo isolado e consorciado de espécies forrageiras de verão, em associação com adubação orgânica/mineral e adubação mineral. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, com 9 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os tratamentos principais foram dispostos nas subparcelas, sendo eles: cultivo isolado de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens), cultivo isolado de crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis) e cultivo consorciado capim-braquiária + crotalária. Os tratamentos secundários foram dispostos nas parcelas, e referem-se à adubação, são eles: adubação com cama de aviário complementada com adubação mineral, adubação mineral (N-P-K) e sem adubação (testemunha). No início e ao final do experimento foram efetuadas coletas de solo para verificar as alterações ocorridas nos seus atributos químicos. Nas análises químicas foram determinados o pH e os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Matéria orgânica e C orgânico. O solo foi previamente escarificado e o pH corrigido em todas as parcelas, conforme resultado da análise química do solo. As adubações seguiram as recomendações do CQFS (2004) e foram aplicadas nas subparcelas. A semeadura foi em linha com espaçamento de 20cm entrelinhas, totalizando 5 linhas por subparcela. As amostras de plantas foram coletadas das três linhas centrais de cada subparcela. Foi determinado o acúmulo de massas fresca e seca da parte aérea e os teores de nutrientes: nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio (N, P, K, Ca e Mg) presentes na matéria seca. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparação de médias por teste de DMS de Fisher, ao nível de significância de 5%. O cultivo isolado de braquiária e consórcio apresentaram a maior produção de biomassa e de massa seca de parte aérea. A crotalária apresentou as maiores concentrações de N, P, Ca, e Mg no tecido vegetal. Os teores de K no tecido vegetal apresentaram interação entre adubação x espécie, sendo que o efeito adubação foi significativo para braquiária e consórcio que acumularam os maiores teores nas parcelas sem adubação (testemunha). Crotalária e consórcio apresentaram as maiores concentrações de K nas parcelas adubadas com cama de aves e crotalária teve a maior concentração nas parcelas adubadas com fertilizante mineral (N-P-K). Verificou-se que a revegetação da área degradada, associada a calagem e a adubação, melhorou alguns atributos químicos do solo, como: elevação do pH, aumento dos teores de Mg, K, P, matéria orgânica e carbono orgânico; e redução Al. Contudo, não foi possível determinar diferenças em termo de melhoria das condições químicas do solo, relativas a adubação orgânica

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of phenolics content and inoculation with soil extract on microbial respiration, on the phenoloxidase (PhOx), peroxidase (PerOx) and newly Mn-peroxidase (MnP) activity in two dominating litter samples (Calamagrostis villosa and Picea abies) differing in phenolics content from Plešné and Čertovo lake watersheds. At PhOx and PerOx activity, the dependence on incubation temperature with L-DOPA was estimated. PhOx and MnP activities significantly increased with higher content of hardly decomposable phenolics, but decreased with water extractable phenolics content. Inoculation with soil extract had no influence on microbial respiration, enzyme activity, nor on decomposition of phenolics. Microbial respiration was significantly higher at 10°C, but average enzyme activity was comparable at 0 and 10°C. PhOx activities had temperature optimum higher than 22°C, while PerOx activities had temperature optimum at 0 - 15°C.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O desenvolvimento de tÃcnicas exploratÃrias que respeitem as limitaÃÃes edafoclimÃticas, atravÃs de manejos de conservaÃÃo dos recursos naturais solo-Ãgua-planta à hoje objeto de estudo nas diferentes Ãreas do conhecimento. O objetivo desta investigaÃÃo foi definir um modelo de recuperaÃÃo das Ãreas degradadas no semiÃrido brasileiro pelo emprego da serapilheira produzida pelo bioma Caatinga, como tambÃm avaliar as mudanÃas nos atributos biolÃgicos, quÃmicos e fÃsicos ocorridas nos solos das Ãreas de retirada e deposiÃÃo da serapilheira. AlÃm de investigar a dinÃmica do regime pluviomÃtrico na produÃÃo e taxa de decomposiÃÃo da serapilheira do bioma caatinga. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no municÃpio de General Sampaio, CearÃ, Brasil. Sendo composto por duas Ãreas experimentais, prÃximas e distintas, Ãrea 1 â RPPN Elias Andrade e Ãrea 2 â solo degradado. Os tratamentos foram definidos atravÃs de percentuais de cobertura do solo com a serapilheira, sendo estes: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100% de cobertura, o que corresponde a 0, 17, 34, 50, 67 e 83 kg, respectivamente, em parcelas de 25 m2. Em cada Ãrea de estudo foram aplicados seis tratamentos com quatro repetiÃÃes, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdivididas (Ãrea 1) e delineamento em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas (Ãrea 2), nas camadas de solo 0-5, 5-10 e 5-20 cm. Avaliou-se a produÃÃo anual de serapilheira correspondente aos anos de 2009/2010, como tambÃm a dinÃmica de forma espacial e temporal de alguns atributos edÃficos: atributos biolÃgicos (RBS, CBM e qCO2), quÃmicos (Ca, Mg, Na, K, MO e P) e fÃsicos (densidade do solo, umidade, porosidade total, macroporos e microporos), com amostras indeformadas e deformadas (compostas). Observou-se nesta investigaÃÃo que a produtividade mensal de serapilheira em RegiÃes semiÃridas apresenta relaÃÃo inversa com a precipitaÃÃo. Como tambÃm, o tempo de estudo foi considerado pequeno quando se refere ao processo evolutivo dos atributos do solo. O que se pÃde constatar foram tendÃncias de alguns atributos, relacionadas diretamente aos fatores edafoclimÃticos. / The development of exploratory techniques that respect the limitations edaphoclimatic through managements conservation of natural soil-water-plant is now the object of study in different fields of knowledge. The objective of this investigation was to define a model of recovery of degraded areas in the Brazilian semiarid region by the use of litter produced by the Caatinga biome, but also assess changes in attributes biological, chemical and physical soil occurred in the soil occurred in the areas of removal and disposal of litter. Besides investigating the dynamics of rainfall in the production and decomposition rate of litter in the Caatinga biome. This study was conducted in the municipality of General Sampaio, CearÃ, Brazil. Comprised of two experimental areas, near and distinct, area 1-PRNP Elias Andrade and area 2-degraded soil. Treatments were defined by percentage of soil cover with litter, which are: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% coverage, which corresponds to 0, 17, 34, 50, 67 and 83kg, respectively, in plots of 25 m2. In each study area applied six treatments with four replications, with random block design with split plots (area 1) and random block design with split plots (area 2), the soil layers 0-5, 5-10 and 5-20cm. We evaluated the annual litter production corresponding to the years 2009/2010, as well as the spatial and temporal dynamics of some soil attributes: biological attributes (RBS, CBM and qCO2), chemical (Ca, Mg, Na, K, MO, P) and physical (bulk density, moisture content, porosity, macropores and micropores) in disturbed and undisturbed samples (composite). Observed in this investigation that productivity monthly litter in semiarid regions is inversely correlated with rainfall. As well, the study time was considered short when referring to the evolutionary process of the soil properties. What we could see some treds were attributes related directly to edaphoclimatic factors

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-05-09T13:09:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Vieira da Cunha.pdf: 268054 bytes, checksum: 4c968c79527a31867d221fe52ae60458 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-09T13:09:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Vieira da Cunha.pdf: 268054 bytes, checksum: 4c968c79527a31867d221fe52ae60458 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-21 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The experiment was carried out at the IPA Experimental Station, Itambé-PE, located in the Forest Zone of Pernambuco. The objective was study structural and morphologic characteristics and evaluate factors related the grazing efficiency in five Pennisetum sp. genotypes (IRI-381, Venezuela, HV-241, Elephant B and Hexaploid) during the dry period of the year. Genotypes were managed under rotational stocking (44 days of resting period and four days of grazing period). The experimental design was complete randomized blocks in split plot (genotypes represented the plots; grazing cycles, the subplots) and four replications. Six replications were used for total, green and dry pre-grazing leaf blade mass. The others variables (green leaf blade accumulation and grazing efficiency) were analyzed using a complete randomizedblocks design with four repetitions. There was variation in the structural and morphologic characteristics of the Pennisetum sp. genotypes. The IRI-381 and Elephant B presented high density of green leaf blade, low percentage of dead material and high density of remaining basal tillers and new aerial tillers, with averages of 5.0 kg DM/ha/cm, 33%, 22 and 146 tillers/m2, respectively. The same genotypes presented greater total and green pre-grazing leaf blade mass, and green leaf blade accumulation and grazing efficiency, with averages of 1374 and 737 kg DM/ha, 654 kg DM/ha/44 days and 80% of the green leaf blade accumulation, respectively. The HV-241 presented high participation of died material in its aerial biomass (55.6%) due to the high tiller mortality (19 and 114 basal and aerial dead tillers/m2, respectively). This genotype stillpresented high grazing efficiency (100% of the green leaf blade accumulation), however low green leaf blade accumulation (155 kg of MS/ha/44 days). Lesser grazing efficiencies were observed in the Hexaploid and Venezuela (59 and 36% of the green leaf blade accumulation, respectively), possibly due to the high losses by grazing (30 and 31% of the pre-grazing total leaf blade mass, respectively). The alterations in the structural and morphologic characteristics of the Pennisetum sp. genotypes suggest that the animal stoking will have to be adjusted to each grazing cycle aiming at the maintenance of forage stand and the quality of the animal diet. The genotypes IRI-381 and Elephant B presented potential to be used under rotational stocking in dry period of the year. There were indications that interspecific hybrid HV-241 was more affected bythe effect of the dry period of the year. / O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental do IPA, em Itambé-PE,objetivando estudar características estruturais e morfológicas, assim como os fatores relacionados à eficiência de pastejo em cinco genótipos de Pennisetum sp. (IRI-381,Venezuela, HV-241, Elefante B e Hexaplóide) no período seco do ano, da Zona da Mata de Pernambuco. Os genótipos foram manejados sob lotação rotacionada (44 dias de descanso e quatro dias de permanência) ao longo de dois ciclos de pastejo. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas (os genótipos representaram as parcelas; os ciclos de pastejo, as subparcelas) e quatro repetições. Para massa de lâmina foliar total, verde, e seca pré-pastejo foram utilizadas seis repetições. Para acúmulo de lâmina foliar verde e eficiência de pastejo foi utilizado delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Houve variação nas características estruturais e morfológicas de genótipos de Pennisetum sp. O IRI-381 e Elefante B apresentaram alta densidade de lâmina foliar verde, baixa porcentagem de material morto e alta densidade de perfilhos basais remanescentes e aéreos novos, com médias de 5,0 kg de MS/ha/cm, 33%, 22 e 146 perfilhos/m2, respectivamente. Estes mesmos genótipos apresentaram maior massa de lâmina foliar total, e verde pré-pastejo, acúmulo de lâmina foliar verde e eficiência de pastejo, com médias de 1374 e 737 kg de MS/ha, 654 kg de MS/ha/44 dias e 80% do acúmulo lâmina foliar verde, respectivamente. OHV-241 apresentou alta participação de material morto em sua biomassa aérea (55,6%) devido a alta mortalidade de perfilhos (19 e 114 perfilhos basais e aéreos mortos/m2,respectivamente). Este genótipo apresentou ainda alta eficiência de pastejo (100% do acúmulo lâmina foliar verde, porém baixo acúmulo de lâmina foliar verde (155 kg de MS/ha/44 dias). Menores eficiências de pastejo foram observadas no Hexaplóide e Venezuela (59 e 36% do acúmulo de lâmina foliar verde, respectivamente), possivelmente devido às altas perdas sob pastejo (30 e 31% da massa de lâmina foliar total pré-pastejo, respectivamente). As alterações nas características estruturais e morfológicas dos genótipos de Pennisetum sp. sugerem que a lotação animal deverá ser ajustada a cada ciclo de pastejo visando a manutenção do stand forrageiro e a qualidade da dieta animal. Os genótipos IRI-381 e Elefante B apresentam potencial para serem utilizados sob lotação rotacionada no período seco do ano. Houve indicações que o híbrido interespecífico HV-241 foi mais afetado pelos efeitos do estresse hídrico noperíodo seco do ano.

In tropical forests, ants are numerous, diversified and ecologically important, being present from forest floor to upper canopy and exploiting a wide variety of diets. Nearly half of the ant species are directly in contact with the ground stratum, including the leaf-litter and the underlying soil, for nesting or foraging. The main factors known to influence ant distribution and abundance can be environmental (e.g. heterogeneous distribution of microhabitat size, nutrient availability, microclimate, soil properties) or biotic (e.g. inter- and intraspecific competition, prey availability). Some of these factors, such as leaf-litter volume or prey availability, may also vary seasonally. Also, the Ecuadorian Andes are known as being a hotspot of biodiversity for a large array of organisms, but it was not documented until now if this is also the case for ants.<p><p>The general aim of the PhD project was to identify, by both descriptive and experimental approaches, the factors determining the structure of a ground-dwelling ant assemblage at a small-spatial scale and its temporal variation in an evergreen premontane tropical forest of the Ecuadorian Andes.<p><p>In the descriptive part of the project, we studied both horizontal (along a transect) and vertical (across ground layers) species diversity and distribution of ground-dwelling ants. To attempt to explain the observed patterns, we measured a series of environmental factors varying at small spatial scale and/or seasonally: canopy openness, leaf-litter quantity, slope, and a series of soil physico-chemical properties (e.g. texture). The ant assemblage richness appeared to be at least as high as in the Amazonian Basin, with up to 33 species per m². The heterogeneity of species spatial distribution at small spatial scale was high, with distinct species composition (average Jaccard index = 0.2 ± 0.08 SD) and abundance (up to 40 fold) in contiguous plots. We observed a strong seasonal effect on the ant assemblage structure. The higher ant diversity and abundance found at the surface and in the mineral soil during the dry season suggested a seasonal peak of activity on the ground surface and the seasonal migration of drought-sensitive species downwards in the soil. Ant diversity was related to distinct environmental factors according to the ground layer considered. We found strong correlations between litter amount and dominant ant distribution in the leaf-litter layer, while we found no correlation with any factor in the soil layer. The low amount of negative association between dominant species suggested a low interspecific competition.<p><p>In the experimental part of the project, our aim was to identify experimentally the relative importance of habitat size vs. prey availability in structuring the leaf-litter ant assemblage. We studied the response of various ant trophic groups to an increased nutrient availability which boosted the decomposition of their leaf-litter habitat and enhanced the abundance of their prey. Bottom-up effect on the ant fauna (and other predaceous arthropods) regarding species composition and dominance was also studied. Stable isotope analysis was used to distinguish trophic groups among ants and mesofauna. Ants responded differentially according to their trophic group: despite increased prey availability, predatory species were negatively affected by nutrient supply, while other ant trophic group densities did not change. Our results showed that predatory ants are limited by habitat size rather than by prey availability, and that these ants are more affected by habitat loss than their prey, other ant trophic groups and other macrofauna taxa. Furthermore, a taxonomic shift occurred within each ant trophic group, leading to the replacement of dominant genera in fertilized plots.<p><p>As a conclusion, our results emphasize the importance of distinguishing layers among the ground matrix, since both ant faunas and their response to environmental factors vary vertically and seasonally. The distribution of ground-dwelling ants was only weakly explained by both the environmental factors measured and by biotic interactions, at a small spatial scale. Also, our results emphasize the importance of distinguishing trophic groups among the ant assemblage, since the response of these groups under changing conditions was different. In this regard, stable isotope analysis was a useful tool for investigating the trophic ecology of various leaf-litter taxa, and it was successfully used for the first time to assess the diet of leaf-litter ants and their position in the Brown Food Web relative to other taxa. Also, the isotopic approach allowed us to increase the knowledge about the biology of a rare and cryptic ant species, by revealing its top-predatory position. The outstanding local species richness that we observed confirms that the Ecuadorian Andes are also a biodiversity hotspot for ants. / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The effects of reafforestation with seedlings of spruce, birch, mountain-ash, beech and larch, partially in combination with liming and removal of the topsoil layer before planting, on the community of saprophagous invertebrates (lumbricids, enchytraeids, oribatids, collembolans) were examined. The study area was located on plateau sites of the eastern Ore Mountains (Saxonia, Germany). Investigations were carried out on study sites exposed to high sulphur dioxide immissions and reforested 3 respectively 10 years ago. Invertebrates were sampled by the extraction of soil cores and by the ?electro-octett-method? (lumbricids). Additionally, the ?minicontainer method? was used to investigate decomposition rates of different types of litter. On the control area, a diedback spruce stand, the decomposer community showed high adaptations to the acidic soil substrate and was dominated by few enchytraeid species. Long-termed loss of tree shelter, liming and topsoil removal before planting resulted in a severe decline of most saprophagous species. However, changes in invertebrate community pattern due to different plantations were not found. A comparison of leaf and needle litter decomposition rates resulted in the following order: birch (k = 0.50) &amp;gt; mountain-ash (0.40) &amp;gt; spruce (0.30) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; larch (0.12). Considering all investigated taxa, the metabolic decomposing capacity of the larch litter reached 39 %, that the spruce litter 54 % of the foliage litter results. / Anläßlich des kompletten Ausfalls der Fichte in den extrem immissionsbelasteten Kammlagen des Osterzgebirges (Sachsen) wurden im Rahmen eines interdisziplinären Verbundprojektes verschiedene Waldbaukonzepte hinsichtlich ihrer Einflüsse auf die saprophage Invertebratenfauna (Enchytraeidae, Lumbricidae, Oribatida, Collembola) untersucht. Zur Disposition standen Verfahren zur Waldneugründung (Kulturparzellen mit Reihenpflanzung von Birke, Eberesche oder Fichte; zusätzlich waldbaulich unbeeinflußte Sukzessionsparzellen) und zum Waldumbau (Kulturparzellen mit Reihenpflanzung von Buche oder Lärche nach Abtrieb und flächigem Oberbodenabschub). Ein absterbender Fichtenreinbestand in fortgeschrittener Auflösung diente als Referenz- bzw. Korrelationsmaßstab. Die Erfassung der Mesofauna erfolgte über die Extraktion von Stechrohrproben. Lumbriciden wurden mit der Elektrooktett-Methode aufgenommen. Neben der flächenbezogenen Datenerfassung wurden 1.200 mit Blattstreu von Birke, Eberesche, Fichte und Lärche befüllte Minicontainer über 19 Monate auf einer Sukzessionsparzelle exponiert, um substratspezifische Abbaugeschwindigkeiten zu ermitteln und faunistische Sukzessionsverläufe zu studieren. Die Referenzfläche zeichnete sich durch eine stark enchytraeendominierte Zersetzergemeinschaft aus, die deutliche Anzeichen einer kalkungsbedingten Überprägung erkennen ließ. Der Enchytraeenanteil an den potentiellen Umsatzleistungen der untersuchten Destruententaxa (berechnet über metabolische Äquivalenzwerte) lag bei über 90 %. Hiervon ausgehend zeigten die Zersetzergemeinschaften der Versuchsanlagen &amp;quot;Waldneugründung&amp;quot; und &amp;quot;Waldumbau&amp;quot; stark divergierende Entwicklungsrichtungen. Als ausschlaggebende Faktoren konnten Schirmverlust, Kalkung und Oberbodenbeseitigung wahrscheinlich gemacht werden. Dagegen waren Einflüsse der unterschiedlichen Kulturbaumarten kaum nachzuweisen. Die streuspezifischen Dekompositionsgeschwindigkeiten unterschieden sich wie folgt: Birke (k = 0,50) &amp;gt; Eberesche (0,40) &amp;gt; Fichte (0,30) &amp;gt;&amp;gt; Lärche (0,12). Diese vergleichsweise geringen Abbauraten stehen überwiegend mit dem rauhen Montanklima in Zusammenhang. Enchytraeen besiedelten alle Streutypen zügig, während Collembolen vor allem die Ebereschenstreu verzögert aufsuchten und mit geringster Dichte bevölkerten. Oribatiden zeigten die geringste Besiedlungsgeschwindigkeit und hatten wie die Enchytaeen in der Laubstreu signifikant höhere Wohndichten. Nur Steganacarus spinosus zeigte eine besondere Affinität für Nadelstreu. Das metabolische Leistungspotential des Destruentenbesatzes der Lärchenstreu erreichte 39 %, das der Fichtenstreu 54 % der Laubstreuresultate.

Einleitung: Ausgangspunkt für die Untersuchungen sind Projektergebnisse aus der Mastphase, nach denen Fußballen von 45 % der in Deutschland gehaltenen Mastputen in der 6. Lebenswoche Epithelnekrosen aufweisen. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist Teil eines Folgeprojekts für die Aufzuchtphase und leitet aus den gewonnenen Ergebnissen Tierschutzindikatoren für die ersten Wochen ab. Ziele der Untersuchungen: Ziel der Arbeit war die Erhebung der Prävalenz von Fußballenentzündungen in der Aufzuchtphase von in Deutschland gehaltenen Mastputen des Hybrids B.U.T. 6 und die Messung der Einstreufeuchtigkeit in diesem Zeitraum. Tiere, Material und Methoden: Am Folgeprojekt nahmen bundesweit 46 Herden von 24 Betrieben teil. Aus jeder Herde wurden jeweils 60 Einzeltiere in der 1. Woche, dem ersten Untersuchungszeitpunkt (U1), und innerhalb der 4. und 5. Woche, dem zweiten Untersuchungszeitpunkt (U2), klinisch untersucht. Insgesamt wurden 5.531 Mastputen erfasst, davon 3.131 Hähne und 2.400 Hennen. Die Fußballen wurden mit Hilfe eines 5-stufigen Bewertungssystems beurteilt. Parallel zur klinischen Untersuchung wurden Einstreuproben aus dem Tränke-, Futter- und Ruhebereich sowie Vergleichsproben vor der Einstallung gezogen, insgesamt 625 Proben, und die Feuchtigkeit mit einem thermogravimetrischen Verfahren bestimmt. Die Tierhalter/-innen wurden zu den Haltungsbedingungen, zum Stallmanagement und zur Herkunft der Herde mit Hilfe von standardisierten Bögen befragt. Die biometrische Auswertung erfolgte mit Methoden der explorativen Datenanalyse, Hypothesentests und logistischen Regressionsmodellen. Die Betriebe wurden anschließend miteinander verglichen anhand der Parameter Fußballenscore, Einstreufeuchtigkeit, Mortalität sowie Gewichtsdifferenz zwischen Ist- und Sollwert. Ergebnisse: Die Aufzuchtställe waren am häufigsten mit Holzspänen eingestreut, aber auch Stroh, Strohpellets, Lignocellulose, Dinkelspelzen und Maisspindelgranulat wurden verwendet. Die Einstreufeuchtigkeit betrug im Stall 11 % vor Einstallung, 29 % zum U1 und 40 % zum U2. Unterschiede in der Einstreufeuchtigkeit zeigten sich in Abhängigkeit von der Lokalisation (am höchsten im Tränkebereich), dem Aufzuchtsystem, der Art der Einstreu und dem Tränkesystem (am höchsten um Rundtränken). Zum U1 hatten nach dem Bewertungssystem 27,3 % der Küken Veränderungen am rechten Fußballen. Die Veränderungen bestanden vor allem aus Hyperkeratosen, lediglich 0,1 % der Tiere hatte Epithelnekrosen. An den Fußballen wurden zusätzlich Rötungen und oberflächliche Hautrisse festgestellt, die nicht Teil des Bewertungssystems waren. Mehr Tiere waren von Veränderungen betroffen, wenn, statt des rechten, der stärker geschädigte Fußballen in die Beurteilung einbezogen wurde. Die Zahl betroffener Tiere stieg unter Berücksichtigung von allen Veränderungen an beiden Fußballen auf 48,9 %. Zum U2 hatten gemäß Bewertungsschema 63,3 % der Jungputen Veränderungen am rechten Fußballen. Hyperkeratosen unterschiedlichen Schweregrads zum Teil mit nicht ohne Substanzverlust lösbaren Schmutzanhaftungen prägten das Bild hauptsächlich, aber 12,1 % der Tiere hatten Epithelnekrosen und 0,2 % der Tiere wiesen eine Ballenläsion auf. Unter Berücksichtigung aller Schäden und beider Fußballen stieg die Zahl betroffener Tiere auf 77,0 %. Die Mortalität betrug 0,5 % zum U1 und 2,1 % zum U2. Die Körpergewichte blieben 6 % zum U1 und 9 % zum U2 unterhalb der vom Zuchtunternehmen empfohlenen Werte für das jeweilige Alter. Zum U1 wurden die Küken in klassischen Kükenringen, in „Großringen“ sowie in ringfreier Aufzucht gehalten mit durchschnittlichen Besatzdichten von 27, 16 und 10 Küken/m². Nach Auflösung der Ringe lag zum U2 die Besatzdichte durchschnittlich bei 9 Jungputen/m². Die statistische Analyse ergab, dass eine feuchtere Einstreu sich negativ auf die Fußballengesundheit auswirkt. Der Zustand der Fußballen zum U2 war auf Strohpellets besser als auf Holzspänen und Stroh. Ein Anstieg des Alters der Tiere, des Körpergewichts und der Verweildauer auf der Einstreu wirkte sich ebenfalls negativ auf die Fußballengesundheit aus. Diese drei Parameter ließen sich statistisch nicht voneinander trennen. Zum U1 führte eine höhere Besatzdichte auf Holzspänen signifikant zu einer feuchteren Einstreu, für die anderen Einstreuarten war die Stichprobe zu klein. Schlussfolgerungen: „Großringe“ erwiesen sich in Kombination mit weiteren Haltungsbedingungen als vorteilhaft für die Tiergesundheit. In Bezug auf die Flächenbelegung können zu Beginn und am Ende der Aufzuchtphase Besatzdichten wie in der Endmast erreicht werden. Das in der Praxis angewendete Einstreumanagement verhindert weder das Ansteigen der Einstreufeuchtigkeit noch eine Zunahme an Fußballenentzündungen während der Aufzuchtphase. Die Betriebe unterscheiden sich in der Fußballengesundheit während der Aufzuchtphase. Eine von 46 Herden ist kurz vor Umstallung frei von Fußballenveränderungen. Aus den vorliegenden Ergebnissen lassen sich drei Tierschutzindikatoren mit Grenzwerten für ein 3-stufiges Ampelsystem ableiten. Für die Mortalität werden Grenzwerte für Stufe 1 von 1,5 und für Stufe 2 von 2,5 % empfohlen. Der Fußballenscore wird auf 0,5 und 1,0 bei maximaler Kategorie von I des Bewertungssystems begrenzt. Die Einstreuqualität ist in Stufe 1 trocken und locker oder in Stufe 2 trocken und locker mit feuchtem nicht mit Kot verklebtem Tränkebereich, wobei trocken mit einer Einstreufeuchtigkeit von unter 30 % definiert wird. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht für Tierschutzindikatoren, die Wohlbefinden und Angst charakterisieren; und im Einfluss der Besatzdichte auf die Tiergesundheit und das Verhalten.:1. Einleitung 2. Literaturübersicht 2.1 Aufzucht 2.2 Tränke 2.3 Einstreu 2.3.1 Einstreumaterial 2.3.2 Feuchtigkeitsursachen 2.3.3 Einstreumanagement 2.3.4 Krankheitsursache Einstreu 2.4 Fußballenentzündung 2.4.1 Klinik und Pathologie 2.4.2 Epidemiologie 2.4.3 Beurteilung der Fußballen 2.5 Tierschutzindikatoren 3. Tiere, Material und Methoden 3.1 Bestände und Untersuchungszeitraum 3.2 Datenerhebung 3.3 Besatzdichte 3.4 Untersuchung der Einstreu 3.4.1 Probennahme und -vorbereitung 3.4.2 Bestimmen der Einstreufeuchtigkeit 3.5 Beurteilung der Fußballen 3.6 Statistik 3.6.1 Fallzahlplanung 3.6.2 Deskriptive Statistik und Hypothesentests 3.6.3 Modelle 3.6.4 Vergleiche 4. Ergebnisse 4.1 Erhebung konstanter Daten 4.1.1 Betriebsdaten 4.1.2 Personal 4.1.3 Stallart und -einrichtung 4.1.4 Fütterungstechnik 4.1.5 Tränketechnik 4.2 Erhebung variabler Daten 4.2.1 Ablauf der Aufzuchtphase 4.2.2 Mortalität 4.2.3 Besatzdichte 4.2.4 Einstreubeschaffenheit 4.3 Einstreu 4.3.1 Feuchtigkeit 4.3.2 Management 4.4 Klinische Untersuchung 4.4.1 Ernährungs- und Entwicklungszustand 4.4.2 Kot 4.4.3 Fußballen 4.5 Weiterführende Statistik 4.5.1 Beginn von Fußballenveränderungen 4.5.2 Modelle 4.5.3 Betriebsvergleiche 4.5.3.1 Mortalität 4.5.3.2 Körpermassedifferenz 4.5.3.3 Einstreufeuchtigkeit 4.5.3.4 Fußballengesundheit 5. Diskussion 5.1 Methodenkritik 5.2 Einzelne Aspekte zu den Haltungsbedingungen 5.3 Mortalität 5.4 Besatzdichte 5.5 Einstreu 5.6 Einstreufeuchtigkeit 5.7 Fußballenveränderungen 5.7.1 Beurteilung der Fußballen 5.7.2 Fußballenergebnisse 5.7.3 Ursachen 5.7.3.1 Einstreufeuchtigkeit 5.7.3.2 Körpermasse 5.7.3.3 Geschlecht 5.7.3.4 Alter 5.7.3.5 Verweildauer 5.7.3.6 Art der Einstreu 5.7.3.7 Einstreumanagement 5.7.4 Grenzwert für die Einstreufeuchtigkeit 5.7.5 Vergleich von Aufzuchtphase und Beginn der Mastphase 5.8 Vergleichsparameter 5.9 Beurteilung von Betrieben 5.10 Indikatoren für die Aufzuchtphase 5.11 Schlussfolgerungen 5.12 Empfehlungen und Forschungsbedarf 6. Zusammenfassung 7. Summary 8. Literaturverzeichnis 9. Anhang 9.1 Rohdaten und ergänzende Übersichten 9.2 Fragebögen 9.3 Fotos 10. Danksagung / Introduction: The starting point for the examinations are project results from the fattening phase, according to which at the age of 6 weeks footpads with epithelial necrosis are common in 45% of fattening turkeys kept in Germany. The present study is part of a follow-up project for the rearing period and deduces animal welfare indicators for the first weeks from the results obtained. Aim of this study: The aim of this study was to survey the prevalence of footpad dermatitis in the rearing period of B.U.T. 6 fattening turkeys and the measurement of litter moisture in this period. Animals, material and methods: At total number of 46 flocks from 24 farms nationwide were part of the follow-up project. From each flock, 60 individual animals were examined clinically at examination time point 1 (U1) during the first week, and at examination time point 2 (U2) during week 4 and 5. A total of 5,531 fattening turkeys were recorded, including 3,131 gobblers and 2,400 turkey hens. The footpads were assessed with the aid of a 5-stage evaluation scheme. Parallel to the clinical examination, litter samples were taken from the drinking, feeding, and resting areas as well as comparison samples before birds entered the barn, a total of 625 litter samples. The moisture was determined by a thermogravimetric method. The livestock owners were surveyed on the husbandry conditions, the barn management, and the origin of the flock, using standardized questionnaires. The biometric evaluation was carried out using exploratory data analysis, hypothesis tests and logistic regression models. The farms were then compared with each other by means of the parameter of scoring of footpads, litter moisture, as well as mortality and weight difference between actual value and setpoint. Results: The most commonly used litter found in the rearing barns were wood shavings, but also straw, straw pellets, lignocelluloses, spelt husks, and corncob granules utilized. The litter moisture was 11% before birds entered the barn, 29% at U1, and 40% at U2. Differences in the litter moisture were found depending on the location (highest in the drinking area), the rearing system, the type of litter, as well as the watering system (highest near round drinkers). Using the evaluation scheme, at U1 27.3% of the poults had changes to the right footpad. The changes consisted mainly of hyperkeratosis, only 0.1% of the animals had epithelial necrosis. Outside of the scheme, redness and superficial skin cracks were found on the footpads. In addition, more animals were affected by changes when, instead of the right one, the more severely damaged footpad was included in the assessment. Taking into account all changes in both footpads, the number of affected animals increased to 48.9%. According to the evaluation scheme, 63.3% of the young turkeys had changes on the right footpad at U2. Hyperkeratosis of different severity degrees partially with dirt adhesions not removable without loss of substance, mainly characterized the picture, but 12.1% of the animals had epithelial necrosis and 0.2% of the animals had deep lesions. Taking into account all the damages and both footpads, the number of affected animals increased to 77.0%. The mortality was 0.5% at U1 and 2.1% at U2. The body weights remained at 6% (U1) and 9% (U2) below the recommended values for the respective age. At U1 the poults were kept in classical poult rings, “large poult rings”, and ringless rearing with average stocking densities of 27, 16 and 10 poults/m². After dismantling at U2 the stocking density averaged 9 young turkeys/m². The statistical analysis showed that a moister litter has a negative impact on the footpad health. In addition, the condition of the footpads during U2 on straw pellets was better than on wood shavings and straw. An increase in the age of the animals, the body weight and the length of stay on the litter also had a negative effect on the footpads. These three parameters cannot be separated statistically. During U1 a higher stocking density on wood shavings resulted in a moister litter significantly. For the other litter types the sample was too small to draw a comparison. Conclusions: “Large poult rings” proved to be beneficial for animal health in combination with other housing conditions. At the beginning and end of the rearing period, finishing period resembling stocking densities can be achieved in relation to the area occupation. stocking densities can be achieved in the same way as in the finishing period in relation to the area occupation. The litter management used in practice prevents neither the increase in litter moisture nor an increase in footpad dermatitis during the rearing period. Farms differ in footpad health during the rearing period. One out of 46 flocks is free of footpad changes at the end of the rearing period. From the present results three animal welfare indicators with limits for a 3-level traffic light system can be derived. For mortality, limits for stage 1 of 1.5% and stage 2 of 2.5% are recommended. The footpad score is limited respectively 0.5 and 1.0 at the maximum category of I of the evaluation scheme. The litter is dry and loose (stage 1) or dry and loose with a moist, non faeces clotted drinking area (stage 2), whereby dry is defined as a litter moisture of less than 30%. Further research is needed for animal welfare indicators that characterize well-being and fear, and in the influence of stocking density on animal health and behavior.:1. Einleitung 2. Literaturübersicht 2.1 Aufzucht 2.2 Tränke 2.3 Einstreu 2.3.1 Einstreumaterial 2.3.2 Feuchtigkeitsursachen 2.3.3 Einstreumanagement 2.3.4 Krankheitsursache Einstreu 2.4 Fußballenentzündung 2.4.1 Klinik und Pathologie 2.4.2 Epidemiologie 2.4.3 Beurteilung der Fußballen 2.5 Tierschutzindikatoren 3. Tiere, Material und Methoden 3.1 Bestände und Untersuchungszeitraum 3.2 Datenerhebung 3.3 Besatzdichte 3.4 Untersuchung der Einstreu 3.4.1 Probennahme und -vorbereitung 3.4.2 Bestimmen der Einstreufeuchtigkeit 3.5 Beurteilung der Fußballen 3.6 Statistik 3.6.1 Fallzahlplanung 3.6.2 Deskriptive Statistik und Hypothesentests 3.6.3 Modelle 3.6.4 Vergleiche 4. Ergebnisse 4.1 Erhebung konstanter Daten 4.1.1 Betriebsdaten 4.1.2 Personal 4.1.3 Stallart und -einrichtung 4.1.4 Fütterungstechnik 4.1.5 Tränketechnik 4.2 Erhebung variabler Daten 4.2.1 Ablauf der Aufzuchtphase 4.2.2 Mortalität 4.2.3 Besatzdichte 4.2.4 Einstreubeschaffenheit 4.3 Einstreu 4.3.1 Feuchtigkeit 4.3.2 Management 4.4 Klinische Untersuchung 4.4.1 Ernährungs- und Entwicklungszustand 4.4.2 Kot 4.4.3 Fußballen 4.5 Weiterführende Statistik 4.5.1 Beginn von Fußballenveränderungen 4.5.2 Modelle 4.5.3 Betriebsvergleiche 4.5.3.1 Mortalität 4.5.3.2 Körpermassedifferenz 4.5.3.3 Einstreufeuchtigkeit 4.5.3.4 Fußballengesundheit 5. Diskussion 5.1 Methodenkritik 5.2 Einzelne Aspekte zu den Haltungsbedingungen 5.3 Mortalität 5.4 Besatzdichte 5.5 Einstreu 5.6 Einstreufeuchtigkeit 5.7 Fußballenveränderungen 5.7.1 Beurteilung der Fußballen 5.7.2 Fußballenergebnisse 5.7.3 Ursachen 5.7.3.1 Einstreufeuchtigkeit 5.7.3.2 Körpermasse 5.7.3.3 Geschlecht 5.7.3.4 Alter 5.7.3.5 Verweildauer 5.7.3.6 Art der Einstreu 5.7.3.7 Einstreumanagement 5.7.4 Grenzwert für die Einstreufeuchtigkeit 5.7.5 Vergleich von Aufzuchtphase und Beginn der Mastphase 5.8 Vergleichsparameter 5.9 Beurteilung von Betrieben 5.10 Indikatoren für die Aufzuchtphase 5.11 Schlussfolgerungen 5.12 Empfehlungen und Forschungsbedarf 6. Zusammenfassung 7. Summary 8. Literaturverzeichnis 9. Anhang 9.1 Rohdaten und ergänzende Übersichten 9.2 Fragebögen 9.3 Fotos 10. Danksagung

Both testate amoebae and fungi are common inhabitants of coniferous litter. Their interactions in this environment were rarely studied, although they reach high biodiversity and can play a significant role in nutrient cycling in this environment. In this study, a cultivation of litter needles in the damp chambers was used to investigate interactions between fungi and testate amoebae. Observation of spruce litter needles in environmental scanning electron microscope was used to better characterize testate amoebae communities directly on the needles. Additionally, two experiments changing the biotic conditions in the microcosm were used to follow a principle of the interactions. Three species of testate amoebae from litter needles were able to colonize the filter paper on the bottom of the damp chambers. Occurrence of Phryganella acropodia and Assulina muscorum on the filter paper was significantly fuelled by the presence of mycelium. Assulina muscorum was associated with the fungal spores and Arcella discoides was attracted by sporulating colonies of Cladosporium spp. in the damp chambers. By contrast, no association of putatively mycophagous Phryganella acropodia with fungal spores was observed. Arcella discoides was attracted both by live and death mycelium in additional experiment. Interestingly, the...