<p>Students who have disabilities often face many difficulties throughout their lives and are not always given the same opportunities to learn important daily living skills as their peers. Most research in this area does not account for the need to teach daily living skills to students with mild disabilities, and instead is focused on teaching these skills to students with severe disabilities. In this study, the methods for teaching daily living skills are examined and skills that should be taught to middle school students with mild disabilities are discovered. Key findings from this study indicate that there are many daily living skills that are not being taught to students with mild disabilities, teachers do not often have the time to teach these skills, and there is a lack of resources for teaching daily living skills to middle school students with mild disabilities. The handbook created from this study aims to fill part of the gap by sharing suitable methods for teaching daily living skills and providing a checklist of daily living skills to teach to the students.</p>

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Pastaraisiais metais dėmesys vaiko sveikatai bei jo ugdymui yra tikrai didelis. Rengiamos įvairios labdaros akcijos, visuomenė skatinama pažvelgti į vaikus per kitokią prizmę, keičiasi požiūris į vaiką kaip į socialinę būtybę. Tačiau šiame technologijų ir informacijos amžiuje, vaikų sveikatos problemos išlieka tiek pat aktualios bei svarbios. Remiantis PSO (1995), protinis atsilikimas – dalinis ar nepakankamas protinių galių išsivystymas. Jis apibūdinamas įgūdžių, sudarančių tam tikrą intelekto lygį (pažintinių, kalbos, motorinių ir socialinių), formavimosi sutrikimu įvairiuose raidos etapuose. Darbo tikslas: įvertinti vaikų, turinčių protinį atsilikimą, savarankiškumo įgūdžius. 2008 m. balandžio – lapkričio mėnesiais Klaipėdos 2-oje internatinėje mokykloje buvo vykdomas ergoterapinis vertinimas, naudojant specialiai šiam tyrimui sudarytu vertinimo instrumentu. Moksleivių savarankiškumo įgūdžiai buvo vertinami vieną kartą. Tyrime dalyvavo 72 internatinės mokyklos moksleiviai, turintys nežymų, vidutinį ir žymų protinio atsilikimo lygį. Tiriamieji buvo vertinami 6 savarankiškos veiklos srityse, tų įgūdžių atlikimo metu. Ergoterapinis tyrimas parodė, kad ergoterapeutas yra reikalingas šioje internatinėje mokykloje visiems vaikams. Nebuvo nei vieno moksleivio, kurio visų sričių savarankiškumas galėtų būti vertinamas aukščiausiu balu. Todėl būtų džiugu, jog protinį atsilikimą turinčių moksleivių ugdymo įstaigose atsirastų vieta ergoterapeutui, jis galėtų bendradarbiauti ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of the research is to evaluate daily living skills of children with mental retardation. The occupational therapy assessment was carried out in the 2nd boarding school in Klaipėda, during the period of 2008 April and November. To perform the research was made a special assessment tool. Students daily living skills were evaluated one time. 72 boarding school students with mild, moderate and severe mental retardation participated in the study. Children were evaluated in 6 different ranges of daily living skills, during functional performance. Occupational therapy assessment showed, that occupational therapist is necessary for all boarding school students. There was not a student, whose independence from all areas can be seen at the highest score. It would be wonderful if the occupational therapist could help student with mental retardation in all educational institutions. He could collaborate and work with other educational team members.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience difficulties with learning age-appropriate daily living skills (DLS) at their homes, schools, and in the community. Such skills are significant for independent life, post-school education, employment, and overall quality of life. Video prompting (VP) is a teaching practice that has demonstrated positive outcomes in teaching a variety of DLS to individuals with ASD. The overarching purpose of this collected papers dissertation was to investigate the effects of VP interventions on improving DLS of individuals with ASD. This dissertation included two separate papers. The first paper was a meta-analysis that examined the overall effect of VP when teaching DLS to individuals with ASD across single-case research design (SCRD) studies. An analysis of potential moderators was also examined: VP intervention types, participants’ ages, and participants’ disabilities. There were 54 participantsacross17 studies meeting the study’s inclusion criteria. The results demonstrated a high-moderate effect size (ES) for VP on the acquisition of DLS across 17 studies including 54 participants. The analysis of potential moderators showed no significant differences across all moderator variables. Limitations and implications for research and practices are provided in Chapter II. The second paper was a SCRD study comparing the effects of VP alone to least-to-most prompting alone on improving three office-related tasks to secondary-aged children with developmental disabilities. An adapted alternating treatment design (AATD), including baseline, comparison, best treatment, and final treatment phases was used to examine the interventions. Data related to the effects, efficiency, and social validity of both interventions were collected to address the research questions. Video prompting was effective for all participants, while least-to-most promoting was effective for two participants. Also, VP was more efficient than least-to-most prompting in terms of sessions-to-criterion and percent of errors for all participants. Least-to-most prompting was more efficient than VP in terms of the total duration of teaching time for all participants. Finally, all participants and their teachers reported positive perspectives regarding the study’s procedures and outcomes. Limitations, future research, and implications for practices are discussed in Chapter III. Lastly, the summary of the entire dissertation and extended discussions of both papers are presented in Chapter IV.

The purpose of the present study was to prepare a Stress Management Program for the mothers of children with autism and to evaluate the effects of the program on depression, anxiety, and suicidal probability. It was hypothesized that the mothers of children with autism who attended the Stress Management Program would have lower depression, anxiety and suicidal probability whereas there would be no change in the depression, anxiety, and suicidal probability of mothers of children withautism who did not get any treatment. The participants of the study were 44 mothers of children with autism from Uyum Special Education Center and Ilgi Special Education Center. The data were gathered by administering four instruments / Beck Depression Inventory, Back Anxiety Inventory, Suicidal Probability Scale, and Demographic Information Form. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance Technique was used to analyze the data. The findings of the study indicated that there was a significant decrease in depression levels of mothers of children with autism after the Stress Management Program whereas anxiety and suicidal probability did not change significantly as a function of the Stress Management Program. For the mothers of children with autism who did not get any treatment, it was indicated that there were no difference in depression, anxiety and suicidal probability. The results were discussed within the context of the relevant literature.

This study aims to examine the role of television in rural women&rsquo / s everyday life experiences in terms of information, socialization, identification and entertainment. The focus is on rural women&rsquo / s experiences with a feminist perspective conducting an ethnographic study using the methods of in-depth-interviews, survey, participant observation and group discussions in Topakli village. The findings of the study is the role of television as an information source for rural women and it&rsquo / s role on rural women&rsquo / s socialization process.

Independent living skills are extremely important for individuals with developmental disabilities as these skills aide in autonomy, lessen the burden on caregivers, and assist with integration into the community. An important skill that should be targeted is purchasing skills. Teaching purchasing skills can bring individuals into contact with new environments and access to items that would not have been available for them to access independently before learning the skill. Traditional purchasing skills often target teaching money and math skills. However, as technology advances, these skills are not only hard to teach to various individuals but may be outdated. There have been a few studies that targeted teaching purchasing skills to individuals using forms other than cash. This study taught debit card purchasing skills using a multiple baseline across participants design to individuals with developmental disabilities and evaluated the effects of using multiple exemplar training on generalization to novel settings. All three study participants showed improved performance after training by demonstrating 87% or more of the steps accurately in the natural setting during post-training generalization probes to the trained stores (average across the three participants and three stores was 90%). Two out of three participants generalized the skill to a novel store with at least 90% accuracy. The third participant generalized the skill to a novel store with 83% accuracy. Maintenance probes were conducted for two of the three participants and those two participants were able to maintain the skill well above baseline accuracy.

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