Dans cette thèse, nous traitons le problème de la reconnaissance des gestes dans un contexte d'interaction homme-robot. De nouvelles contributions sont apportées à ce sujet. Notre système consiste à reconnaitre les gestes humains en se basant sur une méthode d'analyse de mouvement qui décrit le geste humain d'une manière précise. Dans le cadre de cette étude, un module de niveau supérieur est intégré afin de reconnaître les émotions de la personne à travers le mouvement de son corps. Trois approches sont réalisées : la première porte sur la reconnaissance des gestes dynamiques en appliquant le modèle de Markov caché (MMC) comme méthode de classification.Un descripteur de mouvement local est implémenté basé sur une méthode d'analyse de mouvement,nommée LMA (Laban Movement Analysis) qui permet de décrire le mouvement de la personne dans ses différents aspects. Notre système est invariant aux positions et orientations initiales des personnes.Un algorithme d'échantillonnage a été développé afin de réduire la taille de notre descripteur et aussi adapter les données aux modèles de Markov cachés. Une contribution est réalisée aux MMCs pour analyser le mouvement dans deux sens (son sens naturel et le sens inverse) et ainsi améliorer la classification des gestes similaires. Plusieurs expériences sont faites en utilisant des bases de données d'actions publiques, ainsi que notre base de données composée de gestes de contrôle. Dans la seconde approche, un système de reconnaissance des gestes expressifs est mis en place afin de reconnaitre les émotions des personnes à travers leurs gestes. Une deuxième contribution consiste en le choix d'un descripteur de mouvement global basé sur les caractéristiques locales proposées dans la première approche afin de décrire l'entièreté du geste. La composante Effort de LMA est quantifiée afin de décrire l'expressivité du geste avec ses 4 facteurs (espace, temps, poids et flux). La classification des gestes expressifs est réalisée avec 4 méthodes d'apprentissage automatique réputées (les forêts d'arbres décisionnels, le perceptron multicouches, les machines à vecteurs de support : un-contre-un et un-contre-tous). Une étude comparative est faite entre ces 4 méthodes afin de choisir la meilleure. L'approche est validée avec des bases publiques et notre propre base des gestes expressifs.La troisième approche consiste en une étude statistique basée sur la perception humaine afin d'évaluer le système de reconnaissance ainsi que le descripteur de mouvement proposé. Cela permet d'estimer la capacité de notre système à pouvoir classifier et analyser les émotions comme un humain. Dans cette partie deux tâches sont réalisées avec les deux classifieurs (la méthode d'apprentissage RDF quia donné les meilleurs résultats dans la deuxième approche et le classifieur humain) : la classification des émotions et l'étude de l'importance des caractéristiques de mouvement pour discriminer chaque émotion. / In this thesis, we deal with the problem of gesture recognition in a human-robot interaction context. New contributions are being made on this subject. Our system consists in recognizing human gestures based on a motion analysis method that describes movement in a precise way.As part of this study, a higher level module is integrated to recognize the emotions of the person through the movement of her body. Three approaches are carried out: the first deals with the recognition of dynamic gestures by applying the hidden Markov model (HMM) as a classification method. A local motion descriptor is implemented based on a motion analysis method, called LMA(Laban Movement Analysis), which describes the movement of the person in its different aspects.Our system is invariant to the initial positions and orientations of people. A sampling algorithm has been developed in order to reduce the size of our descriptor and also adapt the data to hidden Markov models. A contribution is made to HMMs to analyze the movement in two directions (its natural and opposite directions) and thus improve the classification of similar gestures. Severalexperiments are done using public action databases, as well as our database composed of controlgestures. In the second approach, an expressive gestures recognition system is set up to recognizethe emotions of people through their gestures. A second contribution consists of the choice of a global motion descriptor based on the local characteristics proposed in the first approach to describethe entire gesture. The LMA Effort component is quantified to describe the expressiveness of the gesture with its four factors (space, time, weight and flow). The classification of expressive gesturesis carried out with four well-known machine learning methods (random decision forests, multilayerperceptron, support vector machines: one-against-one and one-against-all. A comparative study is made between these 4 methods in order to choose the best one. The approach is validated with public databases and our database of expressive gestures. The third approach is a statistical studybased on human perception to evaluate the recognition system as well as the proposed motiondescriptor. This allows us to estimate the ability of our system to classify and analyze emotionsas a human. In this part, two tasks are carried out with the two classifiers (the RDF learning method that gave the best results in the second approach and the human classifier): the classification of emotions and the study of the importance of our motion features to discriminate each emotion.

Submitted by Andre Moraes Queiroz (andre.moraesqueiroz@ufpe.br) on 2015-04-14T13:40:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Aleide Lima.pdf: 1775977 bytes, checksum: 02788df7796db55323f52a980da5d08a (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:40:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Aleide Lima.pdf: 1775977 bytes, checksum: 02788df7796db55323f52a980da5d08a (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Marcadores moleculares, como mutações nos genes FLT3 e NPM1, são ferramentas úteis para a avaliação prognóstica de pacientes com leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) e, até o momento, não tinham sido estudadas em pacientes com LMA no Estado de Pernambuco. Dessa forma, esse trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar pacientes adultos com LMA diagnosticados na Fundação HEMOPE de acordo com achados clínico-laboratoriais e as mutações nos genes FLT3 e NPM1. Foram incluídos 115 pacientes com LMA de novo (15 com leucemia promielocítica aguda (LPA) e 100 com outros subtipos LMA). As frequências das mutações FLT3/ITD, FLT3/TKD e NPM1 nos pacientes não-LPA foram de 22%, 2% e 24%, respectivamente. Nos pacientes com LPA, a frequência foi de 40% e 6,7% para as mutações FLT3/ITD e NPM1, respectivamente, não sendo diagnosticado nenhum caso com mutação FLT3/TKD. As mutações FLT3/ITD e no NPM1 foram relacionadas com alta contagem de leucócitos (p=0,021; p=0,012) e mutações no NPM1 foram mais frequentes em pacientes com mais de 60 anos (p=0,01) e no grupo de cariótipo normal (p=0,008). Não foi observada diferença nas sobrevidas global (SG) e livre de doença (SLD) e nas taxas de remissão completa (TRC) e de recaída (TR) entre os grupos com e sem mutação FLT3/ITD e no NPM1 quando avaliados os pacientes não-LPA; entretanto, pacientes LPA com mutação FLT3/ITD apresentaram menores TRC, SG e SLD. Os resultados comprovam o valor preditivo da mutação FLT3/ITD para um curso clínico desfavorável na LPA do adulto, enquanto que, para os pacientes não-LPA, as mutações FLT3/ITD e no NPM1, aparentemente, não apresentaram o mesmo impacto prognóstico.

A leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) compreende um grupo heterogêneo de doenças hematológicas caracterizadas pela expansão clonal de células mieloides imaturas que apresentam diferentes tipos de alterações genéticas e epigenéticas. O diagnóstico requer a identificação de infiltração da medula óssea e/ou sangue por blastos mieloides leucêmicos em frequência igual ou superior a 20% das células nucleadas. Os tratamentos mais frequentemente empregados para a LMA englobam o uso de quimioterapia convencional com uso de citarabina e antraciclinas, bem como agentes imunoterápicos. Embora a pesquisa da biologia da LMA tenha levado ao desenvolvimento de novos agentes direcionados a alvos específicos como as mutações em FLT3, faltam avanços para os pacientes com outras leucemias que não a leucemia promielocítica aguda (LPA). A halofuginona (HF) é um derivado halogenado de febrifugina, que possui propriedades antifibróticas, anticancerígenas, antiinflamatórias e pró-apoptóticas. No presente estudo, avaliamos a indução de apoptose pela HF nas linhagens de LMA Kasumi-1,THP-1, MV4-11, U937 e OCI-AML3, verificando a sensibilidade ao tratamento. Verificamos que a linhagem Kasumi-1 foi sensível à atividade pró-apoptótica da HF exibindo dose efetiva 50 DE50 de 125,58 ng/ml, e que as células THP-1 foram resistentes exibindo DE50 de 786,15 ng/ml. As células Kasumi-1 sofreram diminuição significativa da percentagem de células na fase S do ciclo celular, enquanto que as percentagens de células THP-1 em qualquer das fases analisadas não se alterou em comparação às amostras controles tratadas com veículo. Usando a metodologia de Western Blot, foi detectada a ativação da via das caspases com aumento da clivagem de caspase 3 após 3 horas de incubação com HF nas amostras de células Kasumi-1 e após 12 horas para as células THP-1. Bandas correspondentes a forma clivada de PARP foram identificadas em amostras de células Kasumi-1 após 12 horas de tratamento e nas amostras de células THP-1 após 3 horas de tratamento. Usando a metodologia de Proteome Profiler TM Array - HumanPhospho-Kinase Array para rastreio de proteinas fosforiladas pelo tratamento com HF, detectamos que houve modulação de 3 proteínas diferencialmente para as duas linhagens, 9 proteínas moduladas exclusivamente nas células Kasumi-1 e 6 exclusivamente nas células THP-1 . Entre as alterações mais relevantes, destacamos a diminuição da fosforilação de Stat3 e Stat5 nas células Kasumi-1 e a diminuição das formas fosforiladas de p53 nas células THP-1. Nossos achados confirmam o efeito pró-apoptótico da HF, sobretudo nas células Kasumi-1, e sugerem que este efeito envolva a diminuição das fosforilações de Stat3 e de Stat5. / Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematological disorder characterized by the clonal expansion of immature myeloid cells exhibiting different types of genetic and epigenetic alterations. A diagnosis is established when a patient presents >= 20% of blast in the bone marrow or in the peripheral blood. The WHO classifies AML in seven subtypes depending on the morphology, immunophenotype, genetics and clinical presentation of the cells. The most common treatment until nowadays is chemotherapy in combination with cytarabine and anthracycline and furthermore also the application of immunotherapeutic agents. Although researchers have attempted to develop new agents targeting directly specific mutations such as FLT3, further studies are necessary to find new therapeutic approaches for other leukemic subtypes aside from acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Halofuginone (HF) is a halogenated derivate of Febrifugine, which is a molecule isolated from the plant Dichroa febrifuga. It has been demonstrated that Halofuginone exhibits antifibrotic, anti-cancerogenic, anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic properties. We evaluated the induction of apoptosis of HF in the AML cell lines Kasumi-1,THP-1, MV4-11, U937 e OCIAML3, we verified the sensitivity and resistance of these cell lines after treatment, performed a cell cycle analysis, analyzed the activation of proteins associated with apoptosis and the proteins associated with cell proliferation and survival. We established that the Kasumi-1 cell line was sensitive to the treatment of HF displaying a dose IC50 of 125, 58 ng/ml, while the THP-1 cell lines presented resistance displaying a dose IC50 of 786,15 ng/ml . When treated with HF, the Kasumi-1 cell line stopped in the S phase of the cell cycle displaying significant decrease of proliferation, while HF showed no significant on THP-1. Furthermore we performed a western blot and It was demonstrated that the cleavage of caspase 3 appeared after 3 hours of treatment in Kasumi-1 and after 12 hours of treatment in THP-1, while cleavage of caspase 9 appeared after 12 hours in both cell lines. PARP was cleaved in Kasumi-1 after 12 hours of HF treatment, whereas the cleavage of PARP in THP-1 remained the same after 3 hours of treatment. Performing the methodology of Proteome Profiler TM Array - HumanPhospho-Kinase Array we detected 3 proteins modulated in both cell lines, 9 proteins were modulated only in Kasumi-1 cells and 6 in THP-1 cells. Amongst the different tyrosine kinases and signaling pathways that were modulated, we observed that the phosphorylation of Stat3 and Stat5 was diminished in Kasumi-1, while THP-1 presented iii decreased phosphorylation of p53. Our findings confirm that HF exhibits pro-apoptotic effect on Kasumi-1 and is capable of modulating the various proteins important for cell survival.

A leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) compreende um grupo heterogêneo de doenças hematológicas caracterizadas pela expansão clonal de células mieloides imaturas que apresentam diferentes tipos de alterações genéticas e epigenéticas. O diagnóstico requer a identificação de infiltração da medula óssea e/ou sangue por blastos mieloides leucêmicos em frequência igual ou superior a 20% das células nucleadas. Os tratamentos mais frequentemente empregados para a LMA englobam o uso de quimioterapia convencional com uso de citarabina e antraciclinas, bem como agentes imunoterápicos. Embora a pesquisa da biologia da LMA tenha levado ao desenvolvimento de novos agentes direcionados a alvos específicos como as mutações em FLT3, faltam avanços para os pacientes com outras leucemias que não a leucemia promielocítica aguda (LPA). A halofuginona (HF) é um derivado halogenado de febrifugina, que possui propriedades antifibróticas, anticancerígenas, antiinflamatórias e pró-apoptóticas. No presente estudo, avaliamos a indução de apoptose pela HF nas linhagens de LMA Kasumi-1,THP-1, MV4-11, U937 e OCI-AML3, verificando a sensibilidade ao tratamento. Verificamos que a linhagem Kasumi-1 foi sensível à atividade pró-apoptótica da HF exibindo dose efetiva 50 DE50 de 125,58 ng/ml, e que as células THP-1 foram resistentes exibindo DE50 de 786,15 ng/ml. As células Kasumi-1 sofreram diminuição significativa da percentagem de células na fase S do ciclo celular, enquanto que as percentagens de células THP-1 em qualquer das fases analisadas não se alterou em comparação às amostras controles tratadas com veículo. Usando a metodologia de Western Blot, foi detectada a ativação da via das caspases com aumento da clivagem de caspase 3 após 3 horas de incubação com HF nas amostras de células Kasumi-1 e após 12 horas para as células THP-1. Bandas correspondentes a forma clivada de PARP foram identificadas em amostras de células Kasumi-1 após 12 horas de tratamento e nas amostras de células THP-1 após 3 horas de tratamento. Usando a metodologia de Proteome Profiler TM Array - HumanPhospho-Kinase Array para rastreio de proteinas fosforiladas pelo tratamento com HF, detectamos que houve modulação de 3 proteínas diferencialmente para as duas linhagens, 9 proteínas moduladas exclusivamente nas células Kasumi-1 e 6 exclusivamente nas células THP-1 . Entre as alterações mais relevantes, destacamos a diminuição da fosforilação de Stat3 e Stat5 nas células Kasumi-1 e a diminuição das formas fosforiladas de p53 nas células THP-1. Nossos achados confirmam o efeito pró-apoptótico da HF, sobretudo nas células Kasumi-1, e sugerem que este efeito envolva a diminuição das fosforilações de Stat3 e de Stat5. / Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematological disorder characterized by the clonal expansion of immature myeloid cells exhibiting different types of genetic and epigenetic alterations. A diagnosis is established when a patient presents >= 20% of blast in the bone marrow or in the peripheral blood. The WHO classifies AML in seven subtypes depending on the morphology, immunophenotype, genetics and clinical presentation of the cells. The most common treatment until nowadays is chemotherapy in combination with cytarabine and anthracycline and furthermore also the application of immunotherapeutic agents. Although researchers have attempted to develop new agents targeting directly specific mutations such as FLT3, further studies are necessary to find new therapeutic approaches for other leukemic subtypes aside from acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Halofuginone (HF) is a halogenated derivate of Febrifugine, which is a molecule isolated from the plant Dichroa febrifuga. It has been demonstrated that Halofuginone exhibits antifibrotic, anti-cancerogenic, anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic properties. We evaluated the induction of apoptosis of HF in the AML cell lines Kasumi-1,THP-1, MV4-11, U937 e OCIAML3, we verified the sensitivity and resistance of these cell lines after treatment, performed a cell cycle analysis, analyzed the activation of proteins associated with apoptosis and the proteins associated with cell proliferation and survival. We established that the Kasumi-1 cell line was sensitive to the treatment of HF displaying a dose IC50 of 125, 58 ng/ml, while the THP-1 cell lines presented resistance displaying a dose IC50 of 786,15 ng/ml . When treated with HF, the Kasumi-1 cell line stopped in the S phase of the cell cycle displaying significant decrease of proliferation, while HF showed no significant on THP-1. Furthermore we performed a western blot and It was demonstrated that the cleavage of caspase 3 appeared after 3 hours of treatment in Kasumi-1 and after 12 hours of treatment in THP-1, while cleavage of caspase 9 appeared after 12 hours in both cell lines. PARP was cleaved in Kasumi-1 after 12 hours of HF treatment, whereas the cleavage of PARP in THP-1 remained the same after 3 hours of treatment. Performing the methodology of Proteome Profiler TM Array - HumanPhospho-Kinase Array we detected 3 proteins modulated in both cell lines, 9 proteins were modulated only in Kasumi-1 cells and 6 in THP-1 cells. Amongst the different tyrosine kinases and signaling pathways that were modulated, we observed that the phosphorylation of Stat3 and Stat5 was diminished in Kasumi-1, while THP-1 presented iii decreased phosphorylation of p53. Our findings confirm that HF exhibits pro-apoptotic effect on Kasumi-1 and is capable of modulating the various proteins important for cell survival.

La question de la prévision des évènements fortement précipitants se produisant sur le bassin Méditerranéen est au coeur du programme international HyMeX (Hydrological cycle in Mediterranean EXperiment, http://www.hymex.org/) dont l'un des objectifs est d'améliorer la prévision et la prévention des risques hydrométéorologiques du bassin méditerranéen dans le contexte du changement climatique. Durant l'automne 2012, une campagne de mesures de deux mois dite "Période d'Observation Spéciale" (SOP1) a été menée afin de documenter les conditions propices à la formation et au développement des évènements convectifs de type cévenol souvent responsables de crues dévastatrices. Pendant cette SOP1 un dispositif instrumental sans précédent a été déployé avec notamment pour la première fois sur le sol français un imageur à haute résolution spatio-temporelle permettant d'observer les décharges électriques en trois dimensions : le Lightning Mapping Array (LMA). Cet instrument a été combiné aux radars du réseau ARAMIS de Météo-France, et plus précisément aux radars Doppler à diversité de polarisation dans le Sud-Est de la France qui offrent la possibilité d'obtenir des informations sur le type et la distribution des hydrométéores au sein des systèmes précipitants. La production d'éclairs étant le résultat d'une électrisation issue des interactions microphysiques (collisions entre graupels et cristaux de glace en suspension), une description détaillée des différents types d'hydrométéores présents dans les nuages convectifs est essentielle. Dans cette optique, les algorithmes d'identification des hydrométéores développés par Météo-France ont été évalués puis améliorés. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que les restitutions entre les différents radars étaient plutôt cohérentes, à condition que l'information sur l'altitude de l'isotherme 0°C soit correcte. Ce travail a ensuite été complété par la création, via une méthode originale, de composites 3D d'hydrométéores permettant de décrire la microphysique majoritairement présente dans les systèmes convectifs observés pendant la campagne HyMeX. La deuxième partie de ce travail s'est basée sur l'exploitation de la synergie radar-LMA sur une ligne de grain observée durant la SOP1 de HyMeX. Les principales informations déduites de ce couplage ont mis en exergue l'importance des processus microphysiques intervenant dans l'électrisation du nuage d'orage, ainsi que l'impact du relief sur l'activité électrique globale du système convectif. Sur les quatre heures de données analysées du 24 Septembre 2012, le déclenchement et la propagation des éclairs ont majoritairement été observés dans les espèces microphysiques que sont le graupel, les cristaux de glace et dans une moindre mesure la grêle. Cette étude souligne également le rôle important de la topographie sur l'activité électrique et montre que le passage d'un faible relief peut dramatiquement influencer la distribution et l'intensité des éclairs dans les régions convectives. / The Hydrological cycle in Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX, http://www.hymex.org/) is a 10-year research program focusing on the quantification and understanding of the water cycle in the Mediterranean at various time and spatial scales with particular emphasis on high-impact weather events. This study takes place within the framework of the first HyMeX field phase (HyMeX-SOP1), which was conducted in the autumn 2012. The unique and extensive dataset collected during this field campaign offers the possibility to further investigate the complex relationships between cloud microphysics and lightning at play within mesoscale convective systems observed in southern France. With this regard, the present study make the use of a Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) along with operational dual-polarization weather radar. The first instrument allows documenting the three-dimensional lightning activity, whereas the second has the ability to determine the type of hydrometeors within cloud systems. Since the production of lightning is the result of an electrification created by microphysical collisions between graupels and ice crystals in suspension, a highly detailed description of hydrometeor types within convective clouds is needed. With this respect, an improved version of Météo-France hydrometeor classification algorithm was developed and evaluated so as to be able to discriminate between a large number of microphysics species. Overall hydrometeor species retrieved from a pair of neighbouring radars within a common sampling area are consistent from one to another. This study has however pointed out the need to check the consistency related to the identification of 0°C isotherm derived from numerical weather prediction model outputs before to perform hydrometeor identification. As a follow up to this work, a novel interpolation method allowing the remapping of single-radar hydrometeor fields onto a common Cartesian grid was developed in order to get access the three-dimensional hydrometeor distribution within HyMeX convective systems. Another part of this work aims at combining LMA and polarimetric radar observations to infer relationships between the total lightning activity, microphysics, and kinematics within the intense bow-echo system observed above the complex terrain of southern France during HyMeX. Using the synergy between LMA and polarimetric radar data, it is underlined that microphysical processes involved in cloud electrification, along with the impact of the topography play at part onto the global lightning activity. Based on a 4h analysis on the 24 Setptember 2012, it is found that lighting initiation and propagation take preferentially place within graupel, ice and to a lesser extent hail regions. This study also highlights the important role of topography on lightning activity and shows that even a small hill can dramatically influence the distribution and intensity of lightning within convective areas.

The services that urban trees provide to human society and the natural environment are widely recognized, but urban trees are in jeopardy due to climate change and urban stressors. With drought as a major threat in many areas, it is important for the future of urban forestry to select species composition based upon performance under water stress. Certain leaf functional traits can help horticulturalists more accurately predict water usage of urban trees. Comprehension through rigorous experimentation is lacking, partly due to the thousands of mostly exotic species. Previous studies suggest that species whose leaves have a denser arrangement of smaller stomata and a higher leaf mass per area (LMA) are better adapted to low water availability. We sampled 70 urban tree species California and analyzed their stomatal length, stomatal density, and LMA. We compared the traits with water use data from the Water Use Classification of Landscape Species to assess possible correlations. All pairwise trait comparisons show significant correlation (P < 0.05), and LMA is significantly higher in low water use species compared to medium water use species (P= 0.0045). After using independent contrasts to incorporate phylogenetic relationships, significance was lost, implying that basal divergences are responsible for observed trends. Other potential explanations for differences in species water usage are foliar longevity (deciduous vs. evergreen) and stomatal distribution (amphistomatous vs. hypostomatous). Low water use species are more likely to be evergreen and amphistomatous compared to medium water use species. Consideration of all these traits in combination with good management practices can help ensure future success of urban forests.

O interesse sobre o mercado de produtos vegetarianos e veganos tem crescido muito na última década, sendo que novos produtos alimentícios fortificados são continuamente introduzidos nesse segmento. Como grande parte do público vegano possui deficiências na ingestão de vitaminas D3 e B12, torna-se interessante o desenvolvimento de produtos com adição dessas vitaminas como fortificantes de alimentos. O objetivo principal desta Dissertação foi produzir e caracterizar um gel de pectina carregado de emulsão, incorporando vitaminas D3 e B12. As emulsões foram produzidas com óleo de linhaça como fase dispersa e inulina associada à goma arábica como estabilizantes. A emulsão foi produzida por método de alto cisalhamento, em tampão citrato (pH 4,0) (devido à melhor estabilidade da vitamina B12 em tal pH) e em baixa temperatura (30 °C) para minimizar a degradação de vitamina D3. As emulsões foram avaliadas utilizando difração a laser, se apresentando estáveis ao longo de 30 dias de estocagem e com diâmetro médio de 2,75 &plusmn; 0,25 &micro;m. A vitamina D3 não sofreu degradação no período avaliado. Os géis foram produzidos com pectina de baixo grau de metoxilação amidada (pectina LMa) utilizando-se uma concentração de 4 % (g/g), a 60 °C, com 30 % (g/g) de sacarose, 0,1 % (g/g) de CaCl2.2H2O, em tampão citrato (pH 4,0). Substituiu-se 60 % (g/g) da água da matriz do gel pela emulsão e foram obtidos géis carregados firmes. Através de ensaios reológicos e de compressão uniaxial foi possível verificar que os géis carregados possuem uma rede estrutural mais forte do que o gel não-carregado, mostrando que as partículas são ativas. O gel carregado com 40 % de substituição da fase aquosa foi o gel mais forte, a ele adicionou-se as vitaminas. A vitamina B12 se mostrou estável, assim como os parâmetros colorimétricos dos géis carregados e dos géis nãocarregados após 30 dias. Assim, foi possível produzir géis de pectina carregados de emulsão, incorporando-se as vitaminas D3 e B12, que se mostraram estáveis ao longo do tempo de armazenamento. / Interest in the vegetarian and vegan product market has grown sharply over the past decade, with new fortified food products being continuously introduced into this market segment. As a large part of the vegan public has deficiencies in the intake of vitamins D3 and B12, it becomes interesting to develop products with addition of these vitamins as food fortifiers. The main objective of this research was to produce and characterize an emulsion-laden pectin gel incorporating vitamins D3 and B12. The emulsions were produced with flaxseed oil as dispersed phase and inulin associated with gum arabic as stabilizers. The emulsion was produced by the high shear method, in citrate buffer (pH 4.0) (due to the improved stability of vitamin B12 at such pH) and at low temperature (30 °C) to minimize vitamin D3 degradation. The emulsions were evaluated using laser diffraction, being stable over 30 days of storage and with an average diameter of 2.75 &plusmn; 0.25 &micro;m. Vitamin D3 was not degraded in the evaluated period. The gels were produced with low amidated methoxylation pectin (LMa pectin) using a concentration of 4% (w/w) at 60°C with 30% (w/w) sucrose, 0.1% (w/w) of CaCl2.2H2O in citrate buffer (pH 4.0). The emulsion replaced a percentage of 60% (w/w) of the gel matrix aqueous phase and strong emulsion-filled gels were obtained. Through rheological and uniaxial compression tests, it was possible to verify that the emulsion-filled gels have a stronger structural lattice than the uncharged gel, showing that the particles are active. The gel filled with 40% aqueous phase replacement was the strongest gel therein, and the vitamins were added to it. Vitamin B12 was shown to be stable, as were the colorimetric parameters of filled and unfilled gels after 30 days. Therefore, it was possible to produce emulsion-filled pectin gels and to incorporate vitamins D3 and B12, which were shown to be stable over the storage time.

O interesse sobre o mercado de produtos vegetarianos e veganos tem crescido muito na última década, sendo que novos produtos alimentícios fortificados são continuamente introduzidos nesse segmento. Como grande parte do público vegano possui deficiências na ingestão de vitaminas D3 e B12, torna-se interessante o desenvolvimento de produtos com adição dessas vitaminas como fortificantes de alimentos. O objetivo principal desta Dissertação foi produzir e caracterizar um gel de pectina carregado de emulsão, incorporando vitaminas D3 e B12. As emulsões foram produzidas com óleo de linhaça como fase dispersa e inulina associada à goma arábica como estabilizantes. A emulsão foi produzida por método de alto cisalhamento, em tampão citrato (pH 4,0) (devido à melhor estabilidade da vitamina B12 em tal pH) e em baixa temperatura (30 °C) para minimizar a degradação de vitamina D3. As emulsões foram avaliadas utilizando difração a laser, se apresentando estáveis ao longo de 30 dias de estocagem e com diâmetro médio de 2,75 &plusmn; 0,25 &micro;m. A vitamina D3 não sofreu degradação no período avaliado. Os géis foram produzidos com pectina de baixo grau de metoxilação amidada (pectina LMa) utilizando-se uma concentração de 4 % (g/g), a 60 °C, com 30 % (g/g) de sacarose, 0,1 % (g/g) de CaCl2.2H2O, em tampão citrato (pH 4,0). Substituiu-se 60 % (g/g) da água da matriz do gel pela emulsão e foram obtidos géis carregados firmes. Através de ensaios reológicos e de compressão uniaxial foi possível verificar que os géis carregados possuem uma rede estrutural mais forte do que o gel não-carregado, mostrando que as partículas são ativas. O gel carregado com 40 % de substituição da fase aquosa foi o gel mais forte, a ele adicionou-se as vitaminas. A vitamina B12 se mostrou estável, assim como os parâmetros colorimétricos dos géis carregados e dos géis nãocarregados após 30 dias. Assim, foi possível produzir géis de pectina carregados de emulsão, incorporando-se as vitaminas D3 e B12, que se mostraram estáveis ao longo do tempo de armazenamento. / Interest in the vegetarian and vegan product market has grown sharply over the past decade, with new fortified food products being continuously introduced into this market segment. As a large part of the vegan public has deficiencies in the intake of vitamins D3 and B12, it becomes interesting to develop products with addition of these vitamins as food fortifiers. The main objective of this research was to produce and characterize an emulsion-laden pectin gel incorporating vitamins D3 and B12. The emulsions were produced with flaxseed oil as dispersed phase and inulin associated with gum arabic as stabilizers. The emulsion was produced by the high shear method, in citrate buffer (pH 4.0) (due to the improved stability of vitamin B12 at such pH) and at low temperature (30 °C) to minimize vitamin D3 degradation. The emulsions were evaluated using laser diffraction, being stable over 30 days of storage and with an average diameter of 2.75 &plusmn; 0.25 &micro;m. Vitamin D3 was not degraded in the evaluated period. The gels were produced with low amidated methoxylation pectin (LMa pectin) using a concentration of 4% (w/w) at 60°C with 30% (w/w) sucrose, 0.1% (w/w) of CaCl2.2H2O in citrate buffer (pH 4.0). The emulsion replaced a percentage of 60% (w/w) of the gel matrix aqueous phase and strong emulsion-filled gels were obtained. Through rheological and uniaxial compression tests, it was possible to verify that the emulsion-filled gels have a stronger structural lattice than the uncharged gel, showing that the particles are active. The gel filled with 40% aqueous phase replacement was the strongest gel therein, and the vitamins were added to it. Vitamin B12 was shown to be stable, as were the colorimetric parameters of filled and unfilled gels after 30 days. Therefore, it was possible to produce emulsion-filled pectin gels and to incorporate vitamins D3 and B12, which were shown to be stable over the storage time.

INTRODUCCIÓN. La leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) es una enfermedad heterogénea desde el punto de vista clínico y biológico. En los últimos años se vienen reconociendo diversas alteraciones moleculares que definen entidades específicas. En este contexto, la LMA con translocación t(8;16)(p11;p13) y reordenamiento MYST3 (MOZ)/CREBBP (CBP) es una variedad infrecuente mal caracterizada desde el punto de vista biológico. HIPÓTESIS Y OBJETIVOS. La proteína quimérica MYST3-CREBBP, resultante de la translocación t(8;16)(p11;p13), podría conferir a este subtipo de LMA una individualidad biológica propia, con rasgos diferenciados respecto al resto de leucemias. Para confirmar esta hipótesis general los objetivos de la presente tesis doctoral fueron: 1) diseñar una técnica de PCR para el diagnóstico rápido y específico del reordenamiento MYST3-CREBBP; 2) caracterizar el punto de ruptura de los genes implicados en la translocación en una serie de pacientes y 3) estudiar el perfil de expresión génica de las LMA con reordenamiento MYST3-CREBBP y compararlo con el de otros subtipos bien definidos de LMA.PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS. Se estudió una serie de pacientes con LMA y reordenamiento MYST3-CREBBP (n=7) y se compararon sus características biológicas con otros casos de LMA. Para ello se diseñó una técnica de PCR nueva para la detección del reordenamiento MYST3-CREBBP, mientras que los puntos de ruptura de los genes implicados en la translocación se estudiaron mediante secuenciación directa. El estudio del perfil de expresión génica de la LMA con reordenamiento MYST3-CREBBP se abordó utilizando microarrays de oligonucleótidos (Affymetrix HU133A). La diferencia entre la expresión génica entre diferentes subtipos de leucemia se analizó con diversas técnicas estadísticas (ANOVA, t-test), utilizando diferentes programas informáticos. Los resultados de este análisis se validaron en una serie independiente de pacientes estudiados mediante RT-PCR cuantitativa utilizando arrays de baja densidad. RESULTADOS. Los pacientes afectos de LMA con reordenamiento MYST3-CREBBP presentaron un inmunofenotipo característico (CD34-, HLA-DR-, CD117-, CD56+, expresión de marcadores mielomonocíticos). Por otro lado, el análisis molecular reveló que el tránscrito tipo I del gen quimérico MYST3-CREBBP es el más común en estos pacientes. Por otra parte, el análisis sobre el perfil de expresión génica mostró una firma característica para las LMA con reordenamiento MYST3-CREBBP, consistente en la sobreexpresión de determinados genes HOX (HOXA9, HOXA10), de los oncogenes RET y PRL y la infraexpresión de genes como CCND2, STAT5 y WT1. Por otro lado, se observó una similitud en la expresión de algunos genes entre las leucemias MYST3-CREBBP y las LMA con reordenamiento de MLL, lo que sugiere un mecanismo de leucemogénesis parcialmente compartido por los dos tipos de leucemia.CONCLUSIONES. La técnica de RT-PCR implementada es útil para la detección rápida del reordenamiento MYST3-CREBBP. El denominado tránscrito tipo I del gen quimérico MYST3-CREBBP es el más común en la LMA con t(8;16). La LMA con reordenamiento MYST3-CREBBP posee un perfil de expresión característico, con sobreexpresión de diversos oncogenes como RET y PRL y la presencia de un patrón específico de expresión de los genes homeobox.

Denna studie undersökte om det var möjligt att applicera resultat från kroppsspråksstudier till stiliserade spelkaraktärer i syftet med att se om deltagare fortfarande kunde tolka vilka känslor som förmedlades genom kroppsspråket. Det undersöktes också om deltagarna ändrade sina åsikter när de stiliserade karaktärerna presenterades både i 2D och 3D via stillbilder och animerade klipp för att se hur detta påverkade deras tolkning. Ytterligare undersöktes det om deltagarna associerade olika kroppsspråk med en viss typ av spelkaraktärsroll. För att besvara frågeställningen animerades åtta olika karaktärer, och ur dessa animationer valdes också stillbilder ut. För studien skapades det fyra unika 2D karaktärer som hade liknande attribut som de fyra 3D karaktärerna, som var skapade av andra 3D grafiker och var gratis att ladda ner för användning. Animationerna baserades på rotoscope material som blev inspelat med hjälp av två skådespelare. Varje animation och stillbild representerade en förutbestämd känsla, vilket i denna studie var ilska, glädje, sorg och rädsla. All data om deltagarnas åsikter och upplevelser samlades in med hjälp av enkäter, och med påföljande intervjuer med ett mindre antal utvalda deltagare. Studien var tyvärr för liten för att kunna besvara frågeställningen helt. Studiens resultat visade dock att det går att implementera resultaten från kroppsspråksstudier till stiliserade karaktärer inom animation och spelutveckling och att deltagare fortfarande kunde tolka känslouttrycken. Det var däremot inte möjligt att validera hur effektiva dessa resultat och slutsatser var. Studien kunde stärka resultaten från flera tidigare kroppsspråksstudier, exempelvis att händerna påverkade deltagarnas uppfattning av en karaktärs presenterade känsla, och att ett mer överdrivet kroppsspråk tyder på en viktigare spelroll som till exempel protagonist. För fortsatt forskning behövs det betydligt mer data och en mångfald av deltagare för att kunna stärka denna studies resultat och slutsatser. / <p>Det finns övrigt digitalt material (t.ex. film-, bild- eller ljudfiler) eller modeller/artefakter tillhörande examensarbetet som ska skickas till arkivet.</p>