Pendant longtemps, malgré les enjeux, ni l'Assemblée Nationale ni le Sénat ne réglementaient l'exercice de la représentation d'intérêts en leur sein. Cette absence de réglementation ne signifiait pas pour autant que le lobbying s’exerçait en dehors de tout cadre juridique. L'article 27 de la Constitution dispose que « tout mandat impératif est nul » tandis que le nouveau Code pénal sanctionne les atteintes à la probité. Parallèlement, des sociétés de relations publiques en quête d'une meilleure image ont décidé de rédiger leurs propres chartes déontologiques. Depuis, la situation a évolué. Désormais, l'Assemblée Nationale et le Sénat réglementent les activités de lobbying. Si ces réglementations ont le mérite d'exister, elles demeurent toutefois insuffisantes. En effet, les dispositifs en vigueur n'ont pas permis d'atteindre les objectifs escomptés. Dès lors, une évolution et une harmonisation de la réglementation semblent indispensables. L’objet de ma thèse serait l’élaboration d’un dispositif commun et d’un nouveau registre qui aurait un caractère obligatoire et présenterait une typologie plus détaillée des représentants d'intérêts aux deux chambres du Parlement, aux collectivités territoriales, aux administrations publiques, et aux ministères, où les possibilités d'influence demeurent importantes. / For a long time, despite the stakes, neither the National Assembly nor the Senate regulated the exercise of the representation of interests within them. This lack of regulation did not mean that lobbying was conducted outside of any legal framework. Article 27 of the Constitution provides that "any imperative mandate is void" while the new Penal Code sanctions breaches of probity. At the same time, public relations companies in search of a better image have decided to draft their own ethical charters. Since then, the situation has changed. From now on, the National Assembly and the Senate regulate the activities of lobbying. While these regulations have the merit of existing, they remain insufficient. Indeed, the mechanisms in force have not made it possible to achieve the expected objectives. Therefore, an evolution and a harmonization of the regulations seem essential. The subject of my thesis would be the elaboration of a common system and a new register which would be compulsory and would present a more detailed typology of the representatives of interests to the two chambers of Parliament, local authorities, public administrations and to departments where opportunities for influence remain important.

Diploma thesis "Interest Groups, lobbying and it's regulation in the Czech Republic" deals with the phenomenon of lobbying and it's role in democratic political processes. First part of this thesis is aimed at political theories of interest groups, various definitions of lobbying and methods of regulating lobbyists. The second part containes a comparison of lobbying regulations in various western states. The third part containes an analysis of the present state of lobbying regulation in the Czech Republic. In the final fourth part, certain methods of lobbying regulation are proposed to take place in the Czech Republic and scrutinized for compliance with the oppinion of Czech political elites and professional lobbyists.

This thesis studies attempts by Arab Gulf states to effectively lobby the US government. It explores aspects of their lobbying behaviour in order to identify the factors that lead to success and those that lead to failure from their lobbying endeavours. In this respect, the research utilizes two case studies: one in which Arab Gulf state lobbying was successful, and another in which lobbying failed. For each case study, the different elements involved in lobbying are analyzed and factors that lead to success as well as to failure are inferred. In tandem with an analysis of the strategies—or lack of them—behind Arab Gulf states’ lobbying, the research examines additional relevant factors such as the organization and activism of the US Arab American community, the strategic value of the Arab Gulf to the US, and the negative image of Arabs in America. The research then considers the hurdles and obstacles facing the establishment of an effective Arab Gulf lobby in the US. As a conclusion, the research evaluates the prospects of an effective Arab Gulf lobby, and highlights the research areas that should be tackled in the future.

Dans une interview de 2007, Michael Spence, lauréat du prix Nobel d'économie en 2001, à la question " existe-t-il un leader du logiciel de gestion de risque ? " répond : " La place est à prendre ". Nous souhaitons démontrer qu'une méthodologie de recherche d'information basée sur la déclaration de " liaisons de connaissances ", " pensée " sous la forme d'hypothèse de recherche, est capable de contribuer à anticiper une crise dans le domaine pharmaceutique. Le concept est d'anticiper les possibles dangers pour la poursuite des travaux scientifiques sur la transgénèse animale, en surveillant l'environnement de cette discipline. Pour cela nous avons identifié 8 risques potentiels, et identifié les leviers des phénomènes d'influences. Lorsqu'une des hypothèses de recherche se renforce, alors une actualisation des connaissances sur une thématique est émise, un peu à la manière des signaux d'alertes précoces. Une information qualifiée en connaissances est alors proposée aux décideurs. Le challenge à relever est de travailler simultanément sur des bases de données structurées et sur des données non structurées extraites d'Internet, de sorte de proposer un enrichissement en connaissances du document, sous la forme d'une métadonnée supplémentaire, s'affranchissant de la maîtrise des langages d'indexation, et optimisant la recherche d'information en adéquation avec les besoins, les attentes, et les liaisons de connaissances du décideur explicitées dans le profil de veille. Ce profil de veille personnalisé, qui détecte qu'une hypothèse de recherche émise devient forte, intègre le phénomène d'interprétation. Par analogie, citons la méthodologie des chercheurs lors de leurs travaux de bibliographie papier : en feuilletant des revues, ils mettent instantanément en relief l'information parce que des connexions de connaissances intuitives se sont construites. Pour transposer cette opération et l'automatiser, le profil de veille concentre un ensemble de connaissances implicites et explicites, autant d'informations, support du processus d'interprétation. Ainsi, on glisse de la veille vers l'intelligence économique, un environnement dans lequel un documentaliste peut se révéler l'acteur clé de cette méthodologie

Brazil is renowned worldwide for its remarkable reforms in pharmaceutical regulation, which have enhanced access to essential medicines while lowering drug costs. As part of these reforms, the Generic Drug Act was introduced in 1999. This policy mandates that pharmaceutical products that are no longer protected by a patent must be interchangeable with an innovator (reference) drug. This thesis examines how and why Brazil promoted this large-scale regulatory policy. The literature on pharmaceutical policy often invokes international guidelines that inspire countries to reformulate their regulatory regimes or argues that regulations emerge in order to serve the interests of powerful interest groups. In contrast, this thesis examines how changes in the regulatory environment affect actors’ policy preferences. It argues that as actors adapt and respond to new regulatory environments, they also push the policy path further along the way. This historical qualitative case study relies on in-depth interviews and documentary research to trace the policy process of generic drug regulation in Brazil. It finds that Brazil’s generic drug reform can be attributed to a convergence of the evolution of pharmaceutical regulation, unexpected events (AIDS epidemic and scandal of fake medicines) and political activity of the Minister of Health. In turn, this study demonstrates that the new regulatory development altered the preferences of local pharmaceutical firms, who now support and uphold a policy they once opposed because of the high costs associated with adapting their industrial plants and processes. The regulation of generic drugs has also culminated in other unintended consequences. Public pharmaceutical factories were still unable to fully adjust to the new regulatory environment and patient groups slowly became aware of these limitations. Paradoxically, the generic drug regulation introduced in the name of patients and opposed by local pharmaceutical firms, is today opposed by important patient advocacy groups but solidified by the strong support of local and multinational pharmaceutical firms. These findings suggest although pharmaceutical firms strongly support the generic drug regulation today; they did not control the policy process that created it. Although Brazil’s norms resemble international guidelines, they were developed locally. Brazil’s case demonstrates that evolution of domestic political institutions were the most important determinant of the timing and direction of the regulatory policy. Thus, this thesis concludes that the state still matters for pharmaceutical regulation and that pharmaceutical regulation is only partially influenced by non-state actors.

Past work related to the private prison system has focused on direct comparisons between private and public facilities, including their respective quality, cost-effectiveness, and influence on recidivism. Using 2005 United States data compiled from a prison facility census, county census, and information on number of arrests by county, I examine the effect that the presence of private prisons has on the number of adult male arrests per county. Across four regression models, I initially find a significant effect of private prisons on arrests, but find that effect becomes insignificant once county and prison controls are accounted for. This suggests that the presence of a private prison in a particular county does not necessarily lead to a significant increase or decrease of arrests in that area.

Title: Protection against corruption and bribery and their prevention Abstract My diploma thesis should describe the contemporary issues of corruption and then it should show us the differences between corruption and lobbying. After that I would like to focus on the current legislation which mentions corruption. Finally, I would highlight the necessity of prevention. Initially, I would try to define corruption, describe the origin reasons of corruption and its dividing. The next part of the first chapter includes the methods of measurement, which are used for taking an imagination about the extent of the corruption in this age. The following chapter describes lobbying and the other terms which belong to it. The main goal is an effort to distinguish the situation when it is still lobbying and the situation when the legal line of lobbying is already broke. The next chapter includes current legislation which concerns the problem of corruption. Because of the quite extensive legislation I try to focus on the regulation in the criminal law and in the business law. One part of this chapter discusses the effective repentance, which could again appear in our legislation. The fourth chapter points to necessity of prevention in this issue. Corruption is a global problem and the solving of problem with corruption is...

The present thesis is an empirical analysis of lobbying in the United States. First, it analyses an added value of lobbyists' specialisation and connections to congressmen using a method of matching. Second, it extends the analysis by studying the impact of competition for access to congressmen on the added value of lobbyists. Third, it analyses lobbying from the point of view of congressmen by studying the impact of their specialisation on committee assignments on the amount of campaign financing they obtain from lobbyists. The analysis is done using data about lobbying reports as well as committee assignments of congressmen and campaign contributions they obtain from lobbyists in the 106th to 110th congress, corresponding to years 1999-2008. The present thesis also provides a brief summary of related literature analysing different aspects of lobbying.

The main topic of this diploma thesis is lobbying in the countries of the Visegrad Group. The thesis is structured into two parts: practical and theoretical. The theoretical part addresses topics such as connection between lobbying as a term and its forms, determination of lobbying against corruption, interest groups problematic, which are also closely related to lobbying. In addition, the ways of regulating lobbying are also discussed in this part. In the practical part, lobbying laws in Poland and Hungary are thoroughly analysed together with drafts of laws in the Slovak and the Czech Republic. Furthermore, a comparative analysis was conducted in order to find similarities and differences between those norms. The main aim of the thesis is to provide a closer look at the individual regulatory elements of legislative regulation of lobbying in the countries of the Visegrad Group, as well as to identify similarities and differences between laws and drafts of laws by comparison.

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