The fatigue of materials and structures is a phenomenon in which surface condition plays an important role; specially in initiating the micro-cracks. Moreover, the structural components are also subjected to aggressive environments and hence are susceptible to corrosion phenomenon. Therefore, it is necessary to protect them against the corrosion phenomenon. For aluminium alloys used in aeronautical applications, anodization is widely used surface treatment to increase the corrosion resistance. Despite the benefits obtained in terms of enhanced corrosion resistance, the anodizing process has a damaging effect on the fatigue performance of the base material. One of the reasons for this decrease in fatigue life is associated to the degradation of surface condition during the anodizing process. In this work, we have studied the influence of machining and anodization on fatigue behaviour of aluminium alloys 2214 and 7050. We showed experimentally that for 2214 alloy the process of anodization-sealing reduced the fatigue life considerably while for 7050 alloy the process of pickling is the major cause in decreasing the fatigue life. We have also developed life prediction model for anodized alloys. The model is based on determination of concentration of stress ‘Kt’ generated by the surface condition. The developed model integrates the aspects of multi-site initiation, coalescence and regime of short crack propagation.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre des problèmes de fissuration par fatigue, détectéesnotamment dans des structures nucléaires et se situe dans la continuité de travaux déjà réalisésau laboratoire. L’objectif de cette étude est la réalisation d’un outil numérique de prédictiondu phénomène de fermeture induite par plasticité, au cours de la propagation d’une fissure defatigue dans une éprouvette CT, dans un acier inoxydable 304L, en prenant en comptel’influence simultanée de la forme des fronts et de la longueur de fissure. Celle-ci a d’abordété considérée par le biais de modèles numérique tridimensionnels sous ABAQUS, avec desgéométries pré-imposées des fronts de fissure. Les évolutions des facteurs d’intensité effectifs(FIC) locaux le long des fronts et au cours de la propagation ont été comparées. Ensuite, unoutil numérique, utilisant le code ABAQUS et le langage de programmation PYTHON a étédéveloppé pour la prédiction automatique de la forme de la fissure en fonction des donnéesd’entrée (géométrie, charge, conditions aux limites, définition du contact au cours de lapropagation, maillage), à partir d’un entaille droite de longueur égale à 0.1mm. La variationeffective du FIC ΔK l eff local a été supposée étant la force motrice de la propagation. Lesessais de fatigue ciblés réalisés ont permis une comparaison critique avec le numérique, enterme de formes finales du front de fissure dans les différentes conditions de chargementimposées. / This PhD thesis deals with the problems of fatigue cracking, particularly detected in nuclearstructures, and is a continuation of work already carried out in the laboratory. The objective ofthis study is to provide a numerical prediction tool of the phenomenon of plasticity-inducedcrack closure, during the propagation of a fatigue crack in a CT specimen and in a 304Lstainless steel, taking into account the simultaneous influences of the crack shape and cracklength. This has been first considered through three-dimensional numerical models withABAQUS, through pre-imposed crack fronts geometries. The local stress intensity factors(FIC) evolutions along the crack fronts and over the whole propagation have been compared.Then, a numerical tool, using the ABAQUS code and the programming language PYTHONhas been developed in order to automatically predict the crack shape evolution, depending ondifferent input data (geometry, loads, boundary conditions, contact definition duringpropagation, mesh), starting from a 0.1mm straight notch. The local effective evolution of theSIF ΔK l eff has been supposed to be the driving force for the whole propagation. Fatiguetargeted tests have been carried out in order to allow a critical comparison with the numericalresults, in terms of final crack front shapes under different imposed loading conditions.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19709号 / 工博第4164号 / 新制||工||1642(附属図書館) / 32745 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 辻 伸泰, 教授 乾 晴行, 教授 安田 秀幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

For many materials and components like in high speed trains and airplanes fatigue failures occur in the range of over 107 load cycles which is called the high cycle fatigue range. A modern version of the springs was invented which are applied in a certain application. Ultrasonic fatigue testing (20 kHz machine) was conducted for evaluating the steel of the springs. This research explores the fundamental understanding of high cycle fatigue testing of strip steel and assesses a stainless martensitic chromium steel at the high cycle fatigue range. Finite element modeling was conducted to gain knowledge about the effect of various parameters. Significant attention was devoted to the fatigue failure initiations by SEM/EDS. The work demonstrated that the method of investigation for high cycle fatigue test is reliable. Fatigue failure at this range was initiated by internal defects which all included non-metallic inclusion. A critical distance was defined Within the strip fatigue specimen where all the fatigue failure initiated. The 3D stress field in the specimen was determined by FEM modeling and the local applied stress at the whole of the flat part of specimen and critical distance was estimated. FEM was also employed to give additional information about the effect of parameters. It was established that damping had the largest influence. The local applied stress of the fatigue test was calculated by means of FEM and SEM analysis. It was used to adjust the S-N curve which resulted in 15% lower values than the nominal applied stress.

We use molecular mechanics (MM) simulations with the tight-binding (TB) potential to study local and global instabilities in initially defect-free finite specimens of gold crystals deformed in shear, simple shear, tension/compression, simple tension/compression, and triaxial tension/compression. The criteria used to delineate local instabilities in a system include the following: (i) a second order spatial derivative of the displacement field having large values relative to its average value in the body, (ii) the minimum eigenvalue of the Hessian of the potential energy of an atom becoming nonpositive, (iii) and structural changes represented by a high value of the common neighborhood parameter. A specimen becomes globally unstable when its potential energy decreases significantly with a small increase in its deformations. It is found that the three criteria for local instability are satisfied essentially simultaneously at the same atomic position. Deformations of a specimen are quite different when it is deformed with some bounding surfaces free from external forces as opposed to essential boundary conditions prescribed on all bounding surfaces. It is found that the initial unloaded configuration (or the reference configuration) of the minimum potential energy has significant in-plane stresses on the bounding surfaces and nonzero normal stresses at interior points. In tensile/compressive deformations of a rectangular prismatic nanobar the yield stress defined as the average axial stress when the average axial stress vs. the average axial strain curve exhibits a sharp discontinuity depends upon the specimen size; a similar result holds for simulations of shear deformations. Specimens deformed with essential boundary conditions on all bounding surfaces experience instabilities at a higher value of the average strain than identical specimens deformed similarly but with one or more pairs of opposite bounding surfaces traction free. For the former set of deformations, the response of a specimen prior to the onset of instability is the same as that of a hyperelastic body with the strain energy derived from the TB potential and deformations obeying the Cauchy-Born rule. Specimens with some traction free bounding surfaces experience local instabilities prior to the onset of a global instability but the two instabilities occur simultaneously in specimens with essential boundary conditions prescribed on all bounding surfaces. It is believed that because of residual stresses in the reference configuration, the average axial stress at yield in compression is nearly one-half of that in tension. / Ph. D.

This thesis apply High Resolution Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (HR-EBSD) technique to a variety of microstructure features and their interactions in pure h.c.p polycrystals. By correlating high quality Kikuchi patterns with a reference pattern, the relative state and distribution of strain, stress, and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density can be obtained with high strain sensitivity (10^-4) and angular resolution (10<sup-4</sup> radian). This technique is companied by a further investigation of subsurface features using Differential Aperture X-ray Micro-diffraction (DAXM) technique. The two technique have shown excellent agreement in capturing the magnitude and distribution of stress and GND. Stress field and GND distribution induced by slip band and grain boundary interactions, including blocked slip band with no observable slip transfer in SEM and slip transfer, were characterised. It was found that some blocked slip bands lead to high and localised stress concentration in the neighbouring grain while others did not, and no stress concentration were correlated with transferred slip bands. These three categories of interactions were rationalised using a slip transfer criteria (called LRB criteria) by investigating the geometric alignments between the impinging slip system and all possible slip systems in the neighbouring grain. The level of stress concentration were quantified into a stress intensity factor K, following the Frank, Eshelby, and Nabarro (FEN) model. It was found that the level of stress intensity correlates well with the number of dislocations within the pile up plane. The slip band and grain boundary interaction case that led to the highest magnitude of stress intensity factor was further investigated using DAXM experiments. The 3D data set informed us additional information hidden below the sample surface. The distribution of stress concentration in 3D is a ribbon conforming to the line of intersection between slip plane and grain boundary. Stress intensity factor calculation along this ribbon have shown large variations which led to a concern that sometimes 2D results might not be conclusive. For example, if damage is observed in sample surface, there is a possibility that large populations of damage already exist below sample surface as a result of the stress fluctuations. The level of stress concentration and distribution measured by both HR-EBSD and DAXM agree with each other and 3D lattice rotation gradient used in DAXM GND calculation was found to affect the range of GND distribution and how fast it decays away from grain boundary. Twinning is a deformation mechanism in HCP metal that is equally important as dislocation slip. The stress concentrations associated with twin propagation, approaching grain boundary, and thickening were characterised using HR-EBSD, from which the calculated stress tensor were used to generate a local Schmid factor (LSF) map. It was found that during twin propagation, local positive shear provides a favourable LSF condition that promote twin tip extension while supress it from thicken. When twin tip is approaching the grain boundary, the positive shear stress field no longer favour twin propagation, a narrow positive LSF field still exist at the tip of twin, promoting it to grow thick. During propagation and thickening process, the LSF seem to only affect the tip of twins and therefore these processes are possibly tip controlled.

Pressverbindungen gehören zu den klassischen Maschinenelementen und werden insbesondere in der Antriebstechnik häufig eingesetzt. Zur sicheren und zugleich wirtschaftlichen Auslegung derartiger Verbindungen unter zyklischen Lasten fehlen generell gültige sowie abgesicherte normative Vorgaben bzw. Richtlinien für den Anwender. Insbesondere ist dies dann zutreffend, wenn Geometrien vorkommen, für welche keine Tabellen- bzw. Erfahrungswerte existieren. In dieser Arbeit werden ausführliche experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Pressverbindungen einer Standardgeometrie vorgestellt. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen steht die Dauer-, Zeit- und Betriebsfestigkeit der biege- sowie torsionsbelasteten Verbindung. Auf Basis der erzielten Festigkeiten und Lebensdauerwerte erfolgt die Ableitung normspezifischer Kennwerte für die Praxis. Weiterhin steht die Übertragung der erzielten Ergebnisse auf andere Pressverbindungs-Geometrien, wie beispielsweise die Verbindung mit Wellenabsatz, im Vordergrund. Hierbei wird das Verhalten hinsichtlich der Kerbwirkung im Vergleich zu gekerbten Wellen sowie zu anderen reibdauerbeanspruchten Verbindungen untersucht. Zudem erfolgt eine ausführliche Analyse simulationsspezifischer Einflussgrößen auf die Beanspruchungshöhe der Pressverbindung. Auf Grundlage dieser Erkenntnisse wird ein neues Auslegungskonzept erarbeitet und an Ergebnissen aus der Literatur gespiegelt.

External post-tensioning is an attractive technique for strengthening reinforced concrete structures because of its ability to actively control stresses and deflections, speed of installation, minimum interruption for the existing structure, and ease of inspection under service conditions. However, external prestressing implies exposing the tendons to the environment outside the concrete section, which may lead to corrosion in steel tendons. Therefore, the interest in using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tendons, which are corrosion resistant, has increased. The present work investigated, experimentally and analytically, the flexural performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with externally post-tensioned Carbon FRP (CFRP) tendons, under monotonic and fatigue loadings. Initially, tensile fatigue tests were carried out on CFRP tendon-anchor assemblies to assess their response under repeated cyclic loads, before implementing them in the beam tests. New wedge-type anchors (Waterloo anchors) were used in gripping the CFRP specimens. The assemblies exhibited excellent fatigue performance with no premature failure occurring at the anchorage zone. The fatigue tests suggested a fatigue limit of a stress range of 10% of the tendon ultimate capacity (approximately 216 MPa). Monotonic and fatigue experiments on twenty-eight beams (152x254x3500 mm) were then undertaken. Test parameters included the tendon profile (straight and double draped), the initial loading condition of the beam prior to post-tensioning (in-service and overloading), the partial prestressing ratio (0.36 and 0.46), and the load ranges applied to the beam during the fatigue life (39% to 76% of the yield load). The CFRP tendons were post-tensioned at 40% of their ultimate capacity. The monotonic tests of the post-tensioned beams suggested that overloading the beam prior to post-tensioning increased the beam deflections and the strains developed in the steel reinforcing bars at any stage of loading. However, overloading had no significant effect on the yield load of the strengthened beam and the mode of failure at ultimate. It also had no discernable effect on the increase in the tendon stress at yielding. The maximum increase in the CFRP stress at yield load was approximately 20% of the initial post-tensioning stress, for the in-service and overloaded beams. A very good performance of the strengthened beams was observed under fatigue loading. The fatigue life of the beams was mainly governed by the fatigue fracture of the internal steel reinforcing bars at a flexural crack location. Fracture of the bars occurred at the root of a rib where high stress concentration was likely to occur. No evidence of wear or stress concentration were observed at the deviated points of the CFRP tendons due to fatigue. The enhancement in the fatigue life of the strengthened beams was noticeable at all load ranges applied. Post-tensioning considerably decreased the stresses in the steel reinforcing bars and, consequently, increased the fatigue life of the beams. The increase in the fatigue life was slightly affected by the loading history of the beams. At the same load range applied to the beam, increasing the amount of the steel reinforcing bars for the same post-tensioning level decreased the stress range in the bars and significantly increased the fatigue life of the strengthened beams. In the analytical study, a monotonic model that predicts the non-linear flexural response of the CFRP post-tensioned beams was developed and implemented into a computer program. The model takes into account the loading history of the strengthened beams prior to post-tensioning (in-service and overloading). Good agreement was obtained between the measured and the predicted monotonic results. A strain-life based fatigue model was proposed to predict the fatigue life of the CFRP post-tensioned beams. The model takes into consideration the stress-strain history at the stress raisers in the steel bars. It accounts for the inelastic deformation occurring at the ribs during cycling and the resulting changes in the local mean stresses induced. Good agreement between the experimental and predicted fatigue results was observed. A step-by-step fatigue design approach is proposed for the CFRP externally post-tensioned beams. General conclusions of the study and recommendations of future work are given.

Pressverbindungen gehören zu den klassischen Maschinenelementen und werden insbesondere in der Antriebstechnik häufig eingesetzt. Zur sicheren und zugleich wirtschaftlichen Auslegung derartiger Verbindungen unter zyklischen Lasten fehlen generell gültige sowie abgesicherte normative Vorgaben bzw. Richtlinien für den Anwender. Insbesondere ist dies dann zutreffend, wenn Geometrien vorkommen, für welche keine Tabellen- bzw. Erfahrungswerte existieren. In dieser Arbeit werden ausführliche experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Pressverbindungen einer Standardgeometrie vorgestellt. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen steht die Dauer-, Zeit- und Betriebsfestigkeit der biege- sowie torsionsbelasteten Verbindung. Auf Basis der erzielten Festigkeiten und Lebensdauerwerte erfolgt die Ableitung normspezifischer Kennwerte für die Praxis. Weiterhin steht die Übertragung der erzielten Ergebnisse auf andere Pressverbindungs-Geometrien, wie beispielsweise die Verbindung mit Wellenabsatz, im Vordergrund. Hierbei wird das Verhalten hinsichtlich der Kerbwirkung im Vergleich zu gekerbten Wellen sowie zu anderen reibdauerbeanspruchten Verbindungen untersucht. Zudem erfolgt eine ausführliche Analyse simulationsspezifischer Einflussgrößen auf die Beanspruchungshöhe der Pressverbindung. Auf Grundlage dieser Erkenntnisse wird ein neues Auslegungskonzept erarbeitet und an Ergebnissen aus der Literatur gespiegelt.

External post-tensioning is an attractive technique for strengthening reinforced concrete structures because of its ability to actively control stresses and deflections, speed of installation, minimum interruption for the existing structure, and ease of inspection under service conditions. However, external prestressing implies exposing the tendons to the environment outside the concrete section, which may lead to corrosion in steel tendons. Therefore, the interest in using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) tendons, which are corrosion resistant, has increased. The present work investigated, experimentally and analytically, the flexural performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with externally post-tensioned Carbon FRP (CFRP) tendons, under monotonic and fatigue loadings. Initially, tensile fatigue tests were carried out on CFRP tendon-anchor assemblies to assess their response under repeated cyclic loads, before implementing them in the beam tests. New wedge-type anchors (Waterloo anchors) were used in gripping the CFRP specimens. The assemblies exhibited excellent fatigue performance with no premature failure occurring at the anchorage zone. The fatigue tests suggested a fatigue limit of a stress range of 10% of the tendon ultimate capacity (approximately 216 MPa). Monotonic and fatigue experiments on twenty-eight beams (152x254x3500 mm) were then undertaken. Test parameters included the tendon profile (straight and double draped), the initial loading condition of the beam prior to post-tensioning (in-service and overloading), the partial prestressing ratio (0.36 and 0.46), and the load ranges applied to the beam during the fatigue life (39% to 76% of the yield load). The CFRP tendons were post-tensioned at 40% of their ultimate capacity. The monotonic tests of the post-tensioned beams suggested that overloading the beam prior to post-tensioning increased the beam deflections and the strains developed in the steel reinforcing bars at any stage of loading. However, overloading had no significant effect on the yield load of the strengthened beam and the mode of failure at ultimate. It also had no discernable effect on the increase in the tendon stress at yielding. The maximum increase in the CFRP stress at yield load was approximately 20% of the initial post-tensioning stress, for the in-service and overloaded beams. A very good performance of the strengthened beams was observed under fatigue loading. The fatigue life of the beams was mainly governed by the fatigue fracture of the internal steel reinforcing bars at a flexural crack location. Fracture of the bars occurred at the root of a rib where high stress concentration was likely to occur. No evidence of wear or stress concentration were observed at the deviated points of the CFRP tendons due to fatigue. The enhancement in the fatigue life of the strengthened beams was noticeable at all load ranges applied. Post-tensioning considerably decreased the stresses in the steel reinforcing bars and, consequently, increased the fatigue life of the beams. The increase in the fatigue life was slightly affected by the loading history of the beams. At the same load range applied to the beam, increasing the amount of the steel reinforcing bars for the same post-tensioning level decreased the stress range in the bars and significantly increased the fatigue life of the strengthened beams. In the analytical study, a monotonic model that predicts the non-linear flexural response of the CFRP post-tensioned beams was developed and implemented into a computer program. The model takes into account the loading history of the strengthened beams prior to post-tensioning (in-service and overloading). Good agreement was obtained between the measured and the predicted monotonic results. A strain-life based fatigue model was proposed to predict the fatigue life of the CFRP post-tensioned beams. The model takes into consideration the stress-strain history at the stress raisers in the steel bars. It accounts for the inelastic deformation occurring at the ribs during cycling and the resulting changes in the local mean stresses induced. Good agreement between the experimental and predicted fatigue results was observed. A step-by-step fatigue design approach is proposed for the CFRP externally post-tensioned beams. General conclusions of the study and recommendations of future work are given.