El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / The wholesale trading companies are facing new challenges in terms of the level of service, which is an important factor which determines the level of sales and profitability of companies. Thus, currently, companies are aimed to deliver orders to their respective customers on time, in good condition and complete. This file focuses on the importance of warehouse management for mass consumption distributors, since it's the warehouses that determine the operation and productivity costs of these. Thus, some innovative techniques such as the lean warehouse and allocation tools improve working conditions with the aim of reducing downtime and distances. A pilot programme of implementation of the tools mentioned in the warehouse of a wholesale distributor was carried out. As a result of the research, the distance traveled in the warehouse was reduced by 22%, the reduction of times in the picking process, achieving the optimal delivery time and generating an increase in the sales made of 215,720.22 soles. These results prove to be decisive in the performance of the supply chain (inventory, cost, delay and risk), since the key to success for this industry is to satisfy the needs of customers in the shortest possible time.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-04-25T12:34:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 4349364 bytes, checksum: 9b939db3d884b7753a38ff0fdc4a8ab7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T12:34:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 4349364 bytes, checksum: 9b939db3d884b7753a38ff0fdc4a8ab7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / closely related to the operational complexity of the market requirements. In this scenario, measure and control the logistic costs represent a source for competitive advantage and cost reductions. The company studied in this work is part of the passenger transport sector and, although it is subsidized, it still requires operational and financial improvements to ensure its operational sustainability. To this end, it was decided to measure the costs based on the logistics perspective. In this way, a literature review was performed to identify the main factors that imply in logistic costs. The methods RKW and ABC were used to compute these costs, generating data coherent to the main objective, and tailoring its steps according to the company characteristics. Finally, it was verified that the logistic costs in the studied company represents 36,5% of total costs. Although the literature points out that logistic costs usually represent 10% of total costs, the obtained value is compatible, once the company is a service provider, and large portion of (labor) costs are related to the implementation of logistic activities. Conceptually, the methods applied were compatible with the primary objective of the study, allowing the identification and measurement of the logistic costs. The achievement of this objective simplify the activity of cost control, allowing better targeting the actions to reduce them. / A logística tem assumido uma posição de destaque no mercado. Essa importância está intimamente ligada à complexidade das operações frente aos requisitos de mercado. Diante deste cenário, mensurar e acompanhar os custos de natureza logística tem se mostrado fonte de vantagem competitiva e de redução de custos. A empresa estudada neste trabalho está inserida no setor de transporte de passageiros e embora seja subsidiada vem apresentando necessidades de melhorias operacionais e financeiras, no intuito de garantir a sustentabilidade das operações. Por este motivo definiu-se como objetivo mensurar os custos sob a perspectiva dos custos logísticos, no intuito de identificá-los. Para tanto, efetuou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica para rastrear os fatores geradores dos custos logísticos. Para o cálculo deste tipo de custo, utilizou-se a união de dois métodos de custeio, RKW e ABC, para promover a obtenção de dados coerente ao objetivo principal, adequando as etapas de sua implementação às características da empresa. Ao final, verificou-se que o custo logístico da companhia representou 36,5% dos custos totais. Embora a literatura indique que os custos logísticos normalmente representem 10% dos custos totais, o valor se mostrou compatível uma vez que a CBTU/JP é uma prestadora de serviço e a grande parcela de custos da empresa (custos de mão de obra) estão relacionados à execução das atividades logísticas. Em termos conceituais verificou-se compatibilidade dos métodos utilizados com o objetivo principal do trabalho, de mensurar os custos logísticos permitindo sua identificação. O atendimento deste objetivo facilita a atividade de controle dos custos e permite um melhor direcionamento das ações para sua redução.

Diploma thesis deals with analysis of the packaging system of a company with focus on beverages industry. Retrunable and non-returnable packaging is a frequently discussed topic at present, especially in connection with beverages industry -- this work reflects a new phenomenon of beer being bottled into PET bottles and glass returnable bottles, which are not interchangeable among breweries any more. First part presents theoretical background for analysis of logistic costs; there are identified packaging functions, basic materials and legislation. Second part inspects logistic costs with focus on transportation, warehousing, packaging and reverse logistics costs.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how an efficient freight flow and a surface utilization of a warehouse layout can be achieved in non-manufacturing third party logistics companies. In addition to that the aim is to provide an analysis of how logistics costs are affected by existing wastes. Based on this three research questions have been formulated:   1. What factors are decisive for how efficient a freight flow can be in a nonmanufacturing business?  2. How can the layout of a terminal be streamlined based on prioritizations of freight?   3. What logistics costs arise in a non-manufacturing business and how can these be linked to specific processes and activities?  Methodology: In order to answer the study´s research questions and fulfill the purpose a case study and a literature review were used as the method. Identification of waste, layout prioritization and logistics costs are the investigated areas in the literature review. The case study was conducted at a company where interviews, observations and data collection have taken place in order to answer the research questions and provide a clear picture of the problem area. The collected data is subsequently analyzed against the processed theory in the selected areas.     Findings: By applying the processed theory several wastes have been identified which underpin potential improvements. Among others the layout prioritization and the retrieval process of the case company have been identified as wastes and focused on in this study. The layout prioritizations have resulted in two restructured layout proposals in which the case company´s delivery destinations were relocated based on factors such as physical proximity and zone division. Through the proposal the efficiency of the internal freight flow of the case company can be increased and thereby cost and complexity be reduced. The retrieval process has been analyzed with the aim to identify all the affected activities and processes. By doing this each activity can be linked to the arising logistics cost. The result of this part of the study is an established calculation of the cost generated by the retrieval process.    Recommendations: For further studies in the selected area, an extended analysis of the entire freight flow from vendor to end customer is recommended to provide a deeper understanding of the entire work process. Also further studies in the logistics costs area in a non-manufacturing business is recommended. / Syfte: Studiens syfte är att studera hur ett effektivt godsflöde och ett ökat ytutnyttjande av lagerlayouten i en icke-producerande tredjepartslogistiks verksamhet kan uppnås. Dessutom är målet att ge en analys av hur logistikkostnader påverkas av slöseri. Baserad på detta har tre forskningsfrågor formulerats:   1. Vilka faktorer är avgörande för hur effektivt ett godsflöde i en icke-tillverkande verksamhet kan vara?  2. Hur kan layouten i en terminal effektiviseras baserat på prioritering av gods?  3. Vilka logistikkostnader uppstår i en icke-tillverkande verksamhet och hur kan dessa kopplas till specifika processer och aktiviteter?  Metod och genomförande: För att kunna besvara studiens forskningsfrågor och uppfylla studiens syfte användes en fallstudie och en litteraturstudie som metod. Till litteraturstudien har teori inom områdena identifiering av slöseri, layoutprioriteringar och logistikkostnader studerats. En fallstudie hos ett fallföretag genomfördes där intervjuer, observationer och insamling av data har skett för att kunna besvara studiens forskningsfrågor och ge en tydlig bild av problemområdet. Den insamlade datan analyseras senare mot vad den befintliga teorin säger inom området.   Studiens resultat: Genom tillämpning av den behandlade teorin har slöseri kunnat identifieras vilket ligger till grund för potentiella förbättringar. Bland annat har layoutprioriteringen och återtagsprocessen hos fallföretaget identifierats som slöseri och fokuserats på i studien. Layoutprioritering har resulterat i ett framtagande av förbättringsförslag där fallföretagets leveransdestinationer omsorterats baserad på faktorer som fysisk närhet och zonindelning. Genom förslagen kan effektiviteten av det interna godsflödet på fallföretags terminal ökas och därmed kostnader och komplexitet minskas. Återtagsprocessen har analyserats med mål att identifiera alla aktiviteter och processer som inverkar. Detta med mål att kunna analysera varje aktivitet och sedan kunna göra en koppling till kostnaderna som uppstår. Genom detta har en beräkning av logistikkostnaderna för återtagsprocessen etablerats i studien.  Rekommendationer: För vidare studier inom det valda området rekommenderas en utvidgad analys av hela godsflödet från försäljare till slutkunden för att ge en ännu djupare förståelse av arbetsprocesserna. Även en fördjupning av de logistikkostnader bundna till en icke- tillverkande verksamhet rekommenderas som ett område att studera vidare.

O processo de crescimento da produção da soja e a necessidade de eficiência em seu escoamento, atrelado a um menor custo logístico total, demanda a elaboração de um planejamento operacional que delimite as áreas de influências dos portos, as hinterlands; e mantenha a estabilidade do mercado. Entretanto, o menor custo logístico total para escoamento da produção não é respeitado em alguns fluxos por conta de restrições de transporte multimodal. Em consonância a isso, os projetos futuros de implantação de novas rotas para o escoamento da produção, delimitadas por investimentos em transporte multimodal, instalação de novos portos e terminais de transbordo de carga, vem interferindo nessas áreas de influência aumentando a dinâmica do negócio. Este estudo possui como objetivo caracterizar a dinâmica das rotas de escoamento da produção, listar as suas interferências, mapear a discussão a respeito do conceito de hinterlands e apresentar metodologias para sua delimitação. O modelo proposto será aplicado a todos os portos que participaram do comércio exterior da soja em 2011, com destaque para o Píer 3, da Vale S/A. Como resultados esperados, deverão ser respondidos dois questionamentos fundamentais: 1) qual a importância do Píer 3, da Vale S/A, no que tange ao escoamento da safra agrícola brasileira, e na sua competitividade de custo logístico total? 2) O terminal será necessário no futuro? / The growth process of soybean production and the need for efficiency in its flow, coupled to a lower total logistics costs, demand the development of an operational plan that demarcates the areas of influence of the ports, the Hinterlands, and maintain market stability. However, the lowest total logistics costs for production flow are not respected in some scenarios due to restrictions of the multimodal transportation. Correspondingly, future projects to implement new routes for the production flow, bounded by investments in multimodal transport, installation of new ports and terminals cargo transshipment, are interfering in these areas of influence increasing business dynamics. This study aims to characterize the dynamics of the flow of production routes, list their interference, map the discussion about the concept of hinterlands and present methodologies for its delimitation. The proposed model will be applied to all ports participating in the foreign trade of soybeans in 2011, with emphasis on the VALE S/A Pier 3. The expected results should answer two fundamental questions: 1) what is the importance of VALE S/A Pier 3 regarding the distribution of the Brazilian harvest, and the competitiveness of total logistics costs? 2) The terminal will be needed in the future?

Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-06-12T21:02:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Sâmia R P de Jesus.pdf: 1496109 bytes, checksum: 39f7de05bedc950f76b531552785b161 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-15T18:21:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Sâmia R P de Jesus.pdf: 1496109 bytes, checksum: 39f7de05bedc950f76b531552785b161 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-15T18:23:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Sâmia R P de Jesus.pdf: 1496109 bytes, checksum: 39f7de05bedc950f76b531552785b161 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-15T18:23:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Sâmia R P de Jesus.pdf: 1496109 bytes, checksum: 39f7de05bedc950f76b531552785b161 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-22 / Não Informada / Logistics has become a very important primary activity, assigning a key factor of competitiveness to the logistics costs. The search for a sustainable competitive advantage has become a concern of organizations toward the market actualities. This research assessed the competitiveness related to the costs of logistics processes of the air transportation for the watches industry at the Manaus Industrial Hub - Polo Industrial de Manaus (PIM). This survey was conducted through qualitative, exploratory, documental and sampling (accessibility and convenience) methods, where 80% of the population answered questionnaires, with a confidence interval of 99%. Two questionnaires were used: the first collected data regarding logistics costs of participating companies and the second collected data regarding the perception of the same population regarding the avaliation of competitiveness related to the logistics costs. Logistical factors, identified through the existing relationship between suppliers and customers, were based on the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model, through the movements between inputs and outputs of finished goods, identified in logistics processes of transport, handling, storage and clearance, being the calculation done through activity-based costs method (ABC). More than 70% of companies bring their supplies using domestic air transportation. For international supplies, 42% of companies use the sea and air multimodality and 32% use only air transportation. For transportation of finished products in the domestic market, 99.7% of companies use air transportation. The months of October and November were considered as the “high season”. The seasonality of the retail sector directly impacts the purchase of watches, mainly on special celebrations as the Mother's Day, Valentine's Day and Christmas. Regarding costs, the shipping cost is the most important one, accounting for more than 85% of the total cost, followed by 6.7% at warehouse processes, 4.8% for local transportation and 2.4% of customs clearance. Thus the total logistics costs in “high season” is R$ 6.1 million, which represents 7.7% of revenues in the sector. Conclude that logistics costs in 2013 affected the competitiveness of these companies, because in the most part of the respondents opinion, watches companies located at PIM has no competitive logistics costs, considering the reality of each company, the economic scenario at PIM and national and international economic scenario as well. The reduction of logistics costs, reduction of tax burden, mainly related to the cost of personnel could help to the reduction of this indicator. Another factor that would help to the reduction of logistics costs in air transportation would be the investments in infrastructure, with bigger volume of funds invested and more quality as well. As a practical contribution, it is proposed that the model might be used as a tool for assessing logistics costs of companies. The research can be justified as per interest of the academic community, in order to develop methods for verification and management of logistics costs related to the evaluation of the competitiveness of companies. / A logística tornou-se uma atividade primária de grande importância, atribuindo aos custos logísticos o fator chave de competitividade. A busca da vantagem competitiva sustentável tem se tornado uma preocupação das organizações perante as realidades do mercado. Esta pesquisa avaliou a competitividade em relação aos custos dos processos logísticos do modal aéreo para o setor produtor de relógios do Polo Industrial de Manaus (PIM). A pesquisa foi realizada por meio dos métodos qualitativos, exploratórios, documental e amostrais por acessibilidade e conveniência, onde 80% da população respondeu o questionário, com intervalo de confiança de 99%. Foram aplicados dois questionários, sendo que o primeiro consistiu na coleta de dados sobre os custos logísticos das empresas participantes e o segundo na coleta da percepção dos respondentes quanto a avaliação da competitividade em relação aos custos logísticos. Os fatores logísticos identificados por meio da relação existente entre fornecedores e clientes foram fundamentados no modelo de referência Modelo de Referência para Operações na Cadeia de Suprimentos (SCOR), através das movimentações de entradas e saídas de produtos acabados, identificados nos processos logísticos de transporte, movimentação, armazenagem e desembaraço, sendo o cálculo realizado por meio do método de custeio por atividades. Mais de 70% das empresas transportam os insumos nacionais pelo modal aéreo e nos insumos internacionais, 42% usam a multimodalidade marítimo e aéreo e 32% usam o aéreo. Para o transporte de produtos acabados no mercado nacional, 99,7% das empresas usam o modal aéreo. Os meses de outubro e novembro foram considerados os de maior movimentação. A sazonalidade do varejo impacta diretamente o setor de relógios, principalmente nas datas comemorativas, tais como: dia das mães, dia dos namorados e Natal. O custo de transporte é o mais relevante, correspondendo mais de 85% do custo total, seguido de 6,7% nos processos de armazenagens, 4,8% em movimentação e 2,4% de desembaraços aduaneiros. Assim, os custos logísticos totalizam no mês de maior movimentação R$ 6,1 milhões, representando 7,7% do faturamento do setor. Conclui-se que os custos logísticos de 2013 afetaram a competitividade destas empresas, pois na opinião da maioria dos respondentes, as empresas de relógio do PIM não possuem custos logísticos competitivos, considerando os cenários da própria empresa, do setor no PIM, nacional e internacional. A redução dos custos com logística e a desoneração da carga tributária, vinculada principalmente ao custo de pessoal poderiam contribuir na redução deste indicador. Outro fator que contribuiria para a redução dos custos com logística no modal aéreo seria a realização de investimentos em infraestrutura, com maior volume de recursos aplicados e mais qualidade. Como contribuição prática propõe-se que o modelo seja usado como instrumento de avaliação dos custos logísticos de empresas. A pesquisa pode ser justificada quanto ao interesse da comunidade acadêmica em desenvolver métodos sobre apuração e gestão de custos logísticos relacionados à avaliação da competitividade de empresas.

O processo de crescimento da produção da soja e a necessidade de eficiência em seu escoamento, atrelado a um menor custo logístico total, demanda a elaboração de um planejamento operacional que delimite as áreas de influências dos portos, as hinterlands; e mantenha a estabilidade do mercado. Entretanto, o menor custo logístico total para escoamento da produção não é respeitado em alguns fluxos por conta de restrições de transporte multimodal. Em consonância a isso, os projetos futuros de implantação de novas rotas para o escoamento da produção, delimitadas por investimentos em transporte multimodal, instalação de novos portos e terminais de transbordo de carga, vem interferindo nessas áreas de influência aumentando a dinâmica do negócio. Este estudo possui como objetivo caracterizar a dinâmica das rotas de escoamento da produção, listar as suas interferências, mapear a discussão a respeito do conceito de hinterlands e apresentar metodologias para sua delimitação. O modelo proposto será aplicado a todos os portos que participaram do comércio exterior da soja em 2011, com destaque para o Píer 3, da Vale S/A. Como resultados esperados, deverão ser respondidos dois questionamentos fundamentais: 1) qual a importância do Píer 3, da Vale S/A, no que tange ao escoamento da safra agrícola brasileira, e na sua competitividade de custo logístico total? 2) O terminal será necessário no futuro? / The growth process of soybean production and the need for efficiency in its flow, coupled to a lower total logistics costs, demand the development of an operational plan that demarcates the areas of influence of the ports, the Hinterlands, and maintain market stability. However, the lowest total logistics costs for production flow are not respected in some scenarios due to restrictions of the multimodal transportation. Correspondingly, future projects to implement new routes for the production flow, bounded by investments in multimodal transport, installation of new ports and terminals cargo transshipment, are interfering in these areas of influence increasing business dynamics. This study aims to characterize the dynamics of the flow of production routes, list their interference, map the discussion about the concept of hinterlands and present methodologies for its delimitation. The proposed model will be applied to all ports participating in the foreign trade of soybeans in 2011, with emphasis on the VALE S/A Pier 3. The expected results should answer two fundamental questions: 1) what is the importance of VALE S/A Pier 3 regarding the distribution of the Brazilian harvest, and the competitiveness of total logistics costs? 2) The terminal will be needed in the future?

The thesis is focused on SCM and information support for supply chain managers with emphasis on modelling and simulation. The first main aim of the work is to verify the method for applicability in SCM problem solution. The second main aim is to analyse supply chains by means of modelling and simulation and find the most suitable supply chains for the area of The New economics. The third main aim is to analyse behaviour of supply chains under changing factors on which the supply chains are initially modelled. The output of this work is applicable in the theory, practice and education

Diploma thesis is focused on a selection of a supplier with regard of total costs. In an introductory part of the thesis there is theoretical background about selection of the supplier, logistic costs and analysis of total costs. In practical part of the thesis, the problematic is applied on two concrete examples in Bosch concern.

Bakgrund: Som resultat av globaliseringen och den ökade miljömedvetenheten har det medfört att logistikens roll blivit allt viktigare. För att företag ska förbli konkurrenskraftiga måste de koncentrera sig på att vara kostnadseffektiva samtidigt som de upprätthåller en hög nivå av kundservice. För att beslutsfattare ska kunna fatta bra beslut är en totalkostnadsanalys (TCA) ett viktigt verktyg för att stödja deras arbete. En TCA tar dock inte hänsyn till hur logistikkostnader kan utvecklas i framtiden vilket kan leda till en missvisande analys som kan få negativa konsekvenserför ett SME företag. Eftersom framtiden är svår att förutsäga kan en scenarioplanering vara ett verktyg för beslutsfattare eftersom denna metod tar hänsyn till externa faktorer och skiljer sig därmed från traditionella prognoser. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att upprätta en totalkostnadsanalys för respektive alternativ med fokus på logistikkostnader till Timber Windows som sedan ska kunna användas som underlag för beslutsfattande vid placering av hubb. Studiens syftar också till att skapa förståelse och undersöka hur en scenarioplanering kan addera mervärde till en totalkostnadsanalys med fokus på logistikkostnader för att utvärdera placering av hubb. Metod: För att kunna svara på studiens första två forskningsfrågor har en kvantitativfallstudie genomförts tillsammans med en deduktiv ansats. Till studiens tredje och sista forskningsfråga har istället en induktiv ansats använts. Primärdata har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och därefter kompletterats med sekundärdata från fallföretaget Timer Windows, vetenskapliga artiklar, litteratur samt inhämtning av data från olika webbplatser. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att de identifierade logistikkostnader för Timber Windows nuvarande hubb i Vimmerby samt vid en eventuell flytt till Jönköping eller Stockholm är lastbil, drivmedel, personal, lager och truckkostnader. Studiens sammantagna totalkostnadsanalys visar att en flytt från Vimmerby inte skulle minskaTimber Windows logistikkostnader. Detta resultat kan ifrågasättas efter att scenarioplaneringen med scenariot High score genomförts som visar att Jönköping om tio år skulle kunna vara det bättre alternativet, jämfört med Vimmerby, eftersom det skulle bidra till kortare transportsträckor och därmed göra det möjligt för Timber Windows att utnyttja sina styrkor. Sammanfattningsvis kan studien konstatera att en scenarioplanering kan ge ett mervärde till en totalkostnadsanalys med fokus på logistikkostnader genom att beakta hur olika trender och drivkrafter kan komma att påverka framtiden. Vilket ger beslutsfattare i Timber Windows en mer omfattande och realistisk bild av potentiella framtida händelser som kan påverka logistikkostnaderna för valet av hubb. / Background: The result of globalization and increased environmental awareness has made the role of logistics increased significantly. Furthermore, this has also meant that companies must concentrate on being cost-effective while maintaining a high level ofcustomer service to remain competitive. For decision-makers to make good decisions,a total cost analysis (TCA) could be an important tool in order to support them. However, a TCA does not take into consideration how the logistical cost may changei n the future. By only including current costs without taking into account that these may change can lead to a misleading analysis which could have negative consequences for a SME. Because the future is difficult to predict, scenario planningcan be a great tool to the decision-makers as the method takes into account external factors and thus differs from traditional forcastings. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to establish a total cost analysis for each option(Vimmerby, Jönköping or Stockholm) with a focus on logistics costs for TimberWindows, which can then be used as a basis for decision-making on the location of thehub. The study also aims to understand and explore how scenario planning can add value to a total cost analysis focusing on logistics costs to evaluate the location of the hub. Method: To answer the study's two research questions, a quantitative case study with a deductive approach has been conducted. To answer the study's third and final research question, an inductive approach has been used instead. Furthermore, primarydata has been collected through semi-structured interviews and then complemented with secondary data from Timber Windows, scientific articles, literature and different websites. Conclusion: The results of the study show that the logistics costs identified in Timber Windows current hub and in a location in Jönköping or Stockholm are truck costs, fuel costs, storage costs, personnel costs and vehicle costs. The study's total cost analysis shows that a move from Vimmerby would not reduce the logistics costs for Timber Windows, a result that can be questioned after the created scenario High score, which shows that in 10 years, Jönköping may be the better choice, instead of Vimmerby, as it contributes to shorter transport distances and enables Timber Windows to utilize its strengths. In conclusion, the study shows that scenario planning can add value to a total cost analysis focusing on logistics costs by addressing how different trends and drivers may affect the future, giving Timber Windows decision-makers a more comprehensive and realistic picture of potential future events and potential situations that may affect the logistics costs of the hub selection.