Actualmente, la importancia de contar con vacunas que permitan inmunizar a la población mundial ha ido en crecimiento, no solo en los países más desarrollados, sino también en los países en vías de desarrollo (PED). Es por ello, la relevancia que tiene la correcta gestión logística de la cadena de frío en el proceso de importación de vacunas termosensibles, puesto que, por la naturaleza de la mercancía, una variación en la temperatura puede ser perjudicial para la eficiencia de los biológicos, a tal punto de causar una pérdida. Perú es considerado un PED y el crecimiento de los planes de vacunación han obligado que se realicen mejoras en la cadena de frío de las vacunas para hacer eficiente su transporte y distribución. Por lo cual, para estudiar esta problemática la presente tesis analizó la relación entre la gestión logística y la cadena de frío de las importaciones peruanas de vacunas pertenecientes a la SPN N° 30.02.20.9000 en el periodo 2016 al 2020. Mediante la metodología con enfoque cualitativo, a través de entrevistas a especialistas, empresas importadoras y entidades reguladoras de la industria farmacéutica. Se pudo determinar que existe relación entre las variables de estudio y se sustenta a partir de la influencia que los factores almacenaje, equipos contenedorizados y los dispositivos de control de temperatura tienen sobre estas variables. Se recomienda tomar en cuenta para futuros estudios el rol del Estado en el fortalecimiento e implementación de la cadena de frío en Perú. / Currently, the importance of having vaccines that allow the world's population to be immunized has been growing, not only in the most developed countries, but also in developing countries (DC). That is why the relevance of the correct logistics management of the cold chain in the import process of heat-sensitive vaccines, since, due to the nature of the merchandise, a variation in temperature can be detrimental to the efficiency of biologicals. , to the point of causing a loss. Peru is considered a DC and the growth of vaccination plans has forced improvements to be made in the cold chain of vaccines to make their transportation and distribution efficient. Therefore, to study this problem, this thesis analyzed the relationship between logistics management and the cold chain of Peruvian imports of vaccines belonging to SPN N ° 30.02.20.9000 in the period 2016 to 2020. Using the methodology with a focus qualitative, through interviews with specialists, importing companies and regulatory entities of the pharmaceutical industry. It was possible to determine that there is a relationship between the study variables and it is based on the influence of the factors: storage, containerized equipment and temperature control devices have on these variables. It is recommended to consider for future studies the role of the State in the strengthening and implementation of the cold chain in Peru. / Tesis

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto en la gestión logística de importación de las MYPES del sector textil bajo la aduana marítima del Callao durante los años 2012 al 2019. La influencia de los procedimientos aduaneros, costos logísticos, pago de derecho de importación y la implementación de sistemas de tecnología de la información son puntos clave a analizar dentro de una micro y pequeña empresa. Se detallará los antecedentes, teorías y conceptos que permitirán tener un panorama más amplio del sector a investigar. Las fuentes para investigar señalan que la gestión logística en el país es deficiente ya que la evaluación del IDL analizada en el año 2018, indicó que el Perú se encuentra como uno de los países con menor puntuación. Esto refleja que la cadena de suministros no desempeña una correcta función respecto a la demanda de servicios logísticos. Mediante este análisis, nace la intención de poder ahondar los problemas logísticos que mantienen las empresas en el Perú y su evolución a través de los años. Se planteará una problemática que cuestiona cuales han sido los factores que han influido en la gestión logística de importación de las empresas MYPES del sector textil en base a las investigaciones previas donde asocian la existencia de un problema en la gestión logística de importación durante la última década la cual hasta el momento no cuenta con mejoras. / The present research aims to analyze the impact on the import logistics management of small entreprises of the textile sector under the Callao maritime customs during the years 2012 to 2019. The influence of customs procedures, logistics costs, payment of import duty and the implementation of information technology systems are key points to analyze within a micro and small business. The antecedents, theories and concepts that will allow a broader panorama of the sector to be investigated will be detailed. The sources for research indicate that logistics management in the country is deficient and that the IDL evaluation analyzed in 2018 indicated that Peru is one of the countries with the lowest score. This reflects that the supply chain does not play a correct role in relation to the demand for logistics services. Through this analysis, the intention was born to be able to deepen the logistical problems that companies in Peru have and their evolution over the years. A problem will be raised that questions what have been the factors that have influenced the import management of MYPES companies in the textile sector based on previous investigations where they associate the existence of a problem in import logistics management during the last decade with which so far has no improvements. / Tesis

We have conducted a study that is intended to investigate and understand how logistics companies in city logistics handle increased e-commerce challenges and describe what actions they take. To be able to do that, two question formulations have been formulated that goes: “What challenges, caused by an increased e-commerce, exist for logistics companies within city logistics?” and “What are logistics companies doing to address the challenges that exist and that are caused by increased e-commerce?”. Further is the theoretical frame of references presented where challenges and innovations for logistics companies in city logistics is a central point. We have used a qualitative approach, where semi-structured interviews have been used to get the essential information to be able to analyze towards our theoretical frame of references. Headliners that are found in the theoretical frame of references reappear in both the empirical material and the analysis to get a common thread throughout the study. In the analysis, we have our question formulations as headliners to really analyze challenges and innovations. Our study has contributed to an increased understanding of how logistics companies handle an increased e-commerce challenge and describe what actions they take. We have noted that the increased e-commerce has led to challenges for logistics companies in city logistics. We concluded that e-commerce has become more complex with shorter lead time, more but smaller packages and higher demands from consumers have been added, which is considered a challenge for logistics companies. The study shows the main challenges that increased e-commerce brought. The study also shows various innovations and actions by logistics companies within city logistics. / Vi har gjort en studie som är ämnad att undersöka och förstå hur logistikföretag inom citylogistik hanterar ökade e-handelsutmaningar samt beskriva åtgärder de vidtar. För att kunna göra det har vi utgått från två frågeställningar som lyder: “Vilka utmaningar, orsakade av ökad e-handel, finns för logistikföretag inom citylogistik?” och “Vad görlogistikföretag inom citylogistik för att hantera de utmaningar som finns och som är orsakade av ökad e-handel?” Vidare presenteras det teoretiska referensram där utmaningar och innovationer för logistikföretag inom citylogistik är en central del. Vi har använt oss utav ett kvalitativt angreppssätt där vi har genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer för att få den väsentliga informationen för att kunna analysera gentemot vår teoretiska referensram. Rubriker som finns i den teoretiska referensramen återkommer i både det empiriska materialet och analysen för att få en röd tråd genom hela studien. I analysen har vi däremot våra frågeställningar som huvudrubriker för att verkligen analysera utmaningarna och innovationerna. Vår studie har bidragit med en ökad förståelse hur logistikföretag inom citylogistik hanterar ökad e-handelsutmaningar samt vilka åtgärder de vidtar. Vi har konstaterat att den ökade e-handeln har medfört utmaningar för logistikföretag inom citylogistik. E-handelslogiken har blivit mer komplex på senaste tiden där korta ledtider, fler men mindre paket och högre krav från konsumenterna har tillkommit vilket anses som utmaningar för logistikföretagen. Studien visar på de huvudsakliga utmaningarna som ökad e-handel medfört. Studien visar även på olika innovationer och åtgärder som används av logistikföretag inom citylogistik.

由於消費者的消費行為改變，以及行銷通路權力的轉移，為滿足顧客需求，物流中心提供後勤支援活動，獨立運作於行銷通路，而有通路變革的發生，影響最適化通路成員關係的發展。物流中心的貢獻，最終目標，是使行銷通路有能力獲得優於競爭者的持久性競爭優勢來源。 　　本研究探討後勤系統對流通路成員關係之影響，經由物流中心的顧客價值創造者，來分析資訊應用於後勤管理目標與行銷通路成員關係型態的配合，以及通路權力轉移，影響通路關係的發展。並提出在通路關係上，全體行銷通路成員應有的管理上作為。 　　本研究採用探索性研究，首先進行相關文獻的探討，接著提出觀念架構，然後，進行實地的個案分析與專家訪談，以探討後勤系統管理目標、資訊技術應用目標對行銷通路成員關係型態的影響，以及行銷通路權力擁有者之不同，對通路效益之影響。 　　本研究發現物流中心的後勤管理目標，應有優先順序上的不同，以及資訊技術運用與整合程度，亦會影響通路成員關係的發展。物流中心提供專業化的後勤管理，應有其企業功能與行銷通路功能的一些必要條件，才有能力創造行銷通路的持久性競爭優勢。因此，專業物流中心對流通業的成本效率與差異化效果之貢獻，是配合通路權力轉移，以及符合加值合夥型態通路關係發展的需要。相對的，專業物流中心提供專業化能力，能獲得比批發型物流中心，較多來自其上、下游顧客的滿意度。為了維持行銷通路持久性競爭優勢的來源，通路成員需要瞭解與認知到行銷通路使命、目標、以及策略規劃，在管理上的作為，因而提出可實行的通路關係發展架構之步驟。 　　最後，本研究對相關業者、後續研究者、以及政府提出建議。在商業現代化過程之中，物流中心居於關鍵性地位，它是顧客價值創造者與行銷通路效益之貢獻者。政府有必要輔導傳統零售商與批發商，來分享物流中心的價值創造，以及修改相關法規。相關業者必須考慮如何讓物流中心，能發揮它的專業化後勤系統管理功能，以獲得持久性的競爭優勢來源。

Thesis (Master of Business Administration) -- Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. / Title from title screen (viewed Aug. 26, 2008). "December 2005." The original document contains color images. "ADA443358"--URL. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-91). Also issued in paper format.

The bullwhip effect is defined as an upstream amplification of demand variability and has received interest within multinational companies for decades. As early as in the 1950’s, Forrester (1958) discussed what is today known as the bullwhip effect, which has a negative impact on the customer service, costs, and inventory investment in a supply chain (Lee et al., 1997). Even though the bullwhip effect has been noticed in various industries, the consequences, in form of decreased availability and increased costs the further up the supply chain the bullwhip goes, still remain. The employees at Volvo Group Service Market Logistics suspect that their supply chain has been affected by the bullwhip effect and want to know if it is correct and subsequently know why it has occurred. Therefore, this master’s thesis highlights the root causes of the bullwhip effect and presents strategies to mitigate it. To understand how the bullwhip effect affected the Volvo Group Service Market Logistics’ supply chain, the purpose was formulated as follow: The purpose of this study is to identify events in the Volvo Group Service Market Logistics’ supply chain where the bullwhip effect has occurred, its root causes, and how to reduce or eliminate the bullwhip effects.  The studied flow was from the Central Distribution Center (CDC) in Ghent, to the Regional Distribution Center (RDC) in Brazil, to the Dealers associated to the RDC in Brazil, and the customers. Data was collected from each node and events were studied to find bullwhip events. After sorting out the part numbers that passed the criteria for bullwhip events, the amount of data had to be reduced even more. A couple of different conditions were applied which resulted in four suitable bullwhip events. Thereafter, the authors conducted interviews with Logistics Managers at each node of the supply chain to find the root causes of the bullwhip effect in each studied event.  Among the several found root causes, lack of information transparency was the most frequent occurring root cause, found in three out of four studied bullwhip events. Insufficient communication and lack of information sharing cause bullwhip effects, and the authors found that improved communication both between and within the nodes will contribute to better planning, and consequently avoided bullwhip effects. Other root causes found were issues with the ordering system, lack of learning and experience, neglected lead times, fear of empty stock, price fluctuations, and phase-out of the spare part.  To reduce or eliminate the bullwhip effect, the focus was on mitigating the root causes since the root causes create opportunities for the bullwhip effect to occur. Four suggestions were given with suitable mitigation strategies found in the literature, where the four suggestions were sales campaigns, prepare for boosts, keep track of manually placed orders, and ordering system and Logistics Manager behavioural issues. The suggestions could then be connected to the different found root causes. The stated suggestions and mitigation strategies focused on mitigating the root causes in a long-term perspective and consequently the bullwhip effect itself.