<p>Many hydrocarbon reservoirs are situated in barren sequences that display poor stratigraphic control. Correlation between the wells can become extremely difficult and traditional correlation techniques can prove to be inadequate. Past studies have shown that trace and major element concentrations can be used as a correlation tool. This practice of using geochemical fingerprints to characterize between wells is called Chemostratigraphic analysis. (Pearce et al, 1999) Chemostratigraphy has been recognized as a very important correlation technique as it can be used for rocks of any age, in any geological setting as well as sequences that are traditionally defined as barren. Chemostratigraphic analyses can be used as a means of getting rid of ambiguities within data produced by traditional correlation methods such as Biostratigraphy, Lithostratigraphy and Geophysical Logging. In areas where stratigraphic data is not available it can be used to construct correlation frameworks for the sequences found in the area. The motivation behind this study is that the research is not only worthy of academic investigation, but can also provide the industry with new insights into areas that were previously misunderstood because traditional correlation methods were not adequate. The study area, the Orange basin, is located offshore South Africa and is largely underexplored. The basin, that hosts two gas field namely the Ibhubesi and the Kudu gas fields, has large potential but in the past has not been given due attention with only 34 wells being drilled in the area. The Orange basin has recently been the topic of investigation because of the belief that it may be hosts to more hydrocarbons. This study will utilise Chemostratigraphy to attempt to provide geological information on this relatively under-explored basin. The aim of this research study is to produce a chemostratigraphic framework -scheme for the Orange Basin in order to facilitate reservoir scale interwell correlation. The Objectives of this research study will be to identify chemostratigraphic units or indices, to prove the adequate use of chemostratigraphy as an independent correlation technique and to integrate the chemostratigraphy and petrophysical characteristics of the four wells to facilitate lithological identification.</p>

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In this essay, I have investigated whether players of World of Warcraft change their language to suit the gender of the character they play. I have researched if there are gender differences that correspond to what is defined as male and female language in mixed-sex conversations. Chat-logs, collected during four participant observations, were used for making an analysis based primarily on research by Coates (1993) and Yale (2007). Seven features were selected for analysis: amount of participation, hedges, questions, directives and commands, taboo language, compliments and grammar. It was possible to discover gender differences, but these were not consistent in all areas of research. For example, female characters had a higher contribution than males, as well as a higher use of hedges and tag-questions among males, which contradicts previous research. The lack of consistency might be due to the fact that the participants do not specifically consider all areas as typically female or male, or their unawareness of these tendencies. We also need to consider disagreement in previous gender studies as well as folklinguistic belief. The explanation of the lack of consistent differences may be a more equal relationship between males and females in this context, or due to thepossibility that the participants, who are usually male, make use of their normal male language.

Antes de utilizar as toras de madeira como elemento estrutural é necessário avaliar as propriedades mecânicas desse material tanto por inspeção visual quanto por ensaio mecânico. A técnica de vibração transversal tem se destacado entre os demais métodos de Avaliação Não-Destrutiva para madeira serrada por obter estimativas acuradas do módulo de elasticidade à flexão. Contudo, testes prévios com essa técnica evidenciaram dificuldades de empregá-la na avaliação a rigidez à flexão de toras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi propor um método de ensaio para estimar o módulo de elasticidade na flexão de toras de madeira por meio de vibração transversal. O método proposto foi testado e validado em uma amostra de 40 toras de Eucalyptus sp. Foram obtidas boas correlações entre o módulo de elasticidade estático e o módulo de elasticidade dinâmico obtido pelo ensaio de vibração transversal. / Before using the wood logs as a structural element is necessary to evaluate the mechanical properties of this material by visual inspection and mechanical testing. The transverse vibration technique has stood out among the other methods of Non-Destructive Evaluation for lumber to obtain accurate estimates of the bending modulus of elasticity. However, previous tests showed difficulties with this technique to use it to evaluate the bending stiffness of logs. The aim of this work is to propose a test method to estimate the bending modulus of elasticity of wood logs by means of transverse vibration. The proposed method was tested and validated on a sample of 40 logs of Eucalyptus sp. It was obtained good correlation between the static bending and dynamic modulus of elasticity obtained by transverse vibration test.

Orientador: Alexandre Campane Vidal / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T08:28:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_LuizMauricioSilvade_M.pdf: 4795138 bytes, checksum: 429f15da9df616f78f3feee5b40ebb38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A caracterização de reservatórios e de fundamental importância para a implantação de uma estratégia de produção de um campo petrolífero. Os modelos geológicos permitem o entendimento da gênese do reservatório em estudo com a possibilidade de realizar uma distribuição espacial e qualitativa das principais heterogeneidades. Esta analise envolve quantidade enorme de variáveis devido à complexidade do problema gerando um grande numero de cenários prováveis. Para o modelo geológico da área, fundamentada na analise de dez perfis elétricos e radioativos, foi possível a determinação de intercalações de camadas, definição das fácies e a definição da porosidade e permeabilidade dos arenitos. Devido a presença de pacotes mais espessos e contínuos de arenitos na direção SW-NE, portanto com maior razão areia/folhelho, infere-se esta como a direção preferencial de aporte dos sedimentos. A analise geoestatistica foi realizada para as principais variáveis referentes à caracterização de reservatórios. Esta analise definiu a direção SW-NE como a direção preferencial de aporte dos sedimentos e forneceu uma estimativa de volume de óleo in cento. Devido a elevada incerteza na estimativa desse volume, foi realizada a simulação estocástica levando em consideração as variáveis topo e base do reservatório, distribuição de arenitos e porosidade. Os resultados da simulação estocástica demonstram a variação dos volumes de óleo in situ. / Abstract: The reservoir characterization model is of fundamental importance for the planning of a strategy production petroleum field. The geological models allow the understanding of the reservoir's spacial and qualitative distribution of its principal heterogeneity. This analysis involves enormous amount of variables due to the complexity of the problem, which generates a great number of probable scenarios. For the geological model of the area the interpretation is based on the analysis of ten electrical and radioactive logs, with which it is possible to determine the intercalations layers and the definition of the porosity and permeability of the sandstones. The presence of thicker and continuous packages of sandstones in the NE-SW direction, with its high net to gross ratio, is probable due to the existence of a preferential direction of the sediment sources. The geostatistical analysis was carried out for the principle variables regarding the characterization of the reservoir. This analysis defined the direction SW-NE as the preferential direction of the sediments sources and in situ oil volume estimate. Due to the raised uncertainty in the estimate of this volume, a stochastical was carried out with the consideration of; top and base variables of the reservoir, distribution of sandstones and porosity. The results of the stocastical simulations show the variation of the volume in situ of oil. / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

La connaissance des réseaux de fractures est essentielle pour comprendre la circulation des fluides dans un réservoir. Cette thèse s’appuie sur la reconnaissance du réseau de fractures naturelles qui chenalisent les circulations à l’échelle des deux forages profonds GRT-1 et GRT-2 de Rittershoffen (Alsace, France) qui ont recoupé les sédiments gréseux triasiques et le socle granitique altéré dans le cadre d’un projet industriel de géothermie. L’étude structurale de ce réseau de fractures a été réalisée à partir d’imageries de paroi acoustiques corrélées à des diagraphies géophysiques standard tandis que l’étude pétro-minéralogique se base sur les échantillons de cuttings. Les zones de fractures perméables des puits de Rittershoffen montrent une organisation asymétrique de la perméabilité. Des fractures ouvertes à l’échelle du puits semblent agir comme des drains perméables entourés de halos d’altération hydrothermale. Ces zones de fractures sont associées à des perturbations locales du profil de température dans le puits. La présence de minéraux illitiques hétérogènes pourrait être un indicateur pour prospecter les zones de circulations actuelles et passées à l’échelle des puits. Cette étude géologique permet d’évoluer vers un modèle de forage hydrothermal possédant des connexions favorables avec le réservoir sans avoir recours à des opérations de stimulation. / The knowledge of the fracture network is a key challenge to understand the fluid circulation through a reservoir. The aim of this PhD project is to investigate the natural fracture network that channelized the hydrothermal circulations into two deep wells GRT-1 and GRT-2 at Rittershoffen (Alsace, France) that intersect Triassic sandstones and altered granitic basement in the framework of an industrial geothermal project. The structural study of the fracture network was based on acoustic image logs correlated with standard geophysical logs, whereas the mineralogical study was based on cutting samples. Permeable fracture zones of wells at Rittershoffen present an asymmetrical organization of permeability. Open fractures at the borehole scale act as fluid pathways surrounded by halos of hydrothermal alteration. These fracture zones are associated with local thermal anomalies in the temperature profiles at the borehole scale. Occurrences of heterogeneous illitic minerals could be a good indicator to prospect zones of actual and past circulations at the borehole scale.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Many hydrocarbon reservoirs are situated in barren sequences that display poor stratigraphic control. Correlation between the wells can become extremely difficult and traditional correlation techniques can prove to be inadequate. Past studies have shown that trace and major element concentrations can be used as a correlation tool. This practice of using geochemical fingerprints to characterize between wells is called Chemostratigraphic analysis. (Pearce et al, 1999) Chemostratigraphy has been recognized as a very important correlation technique as it can be used for rocks of any age, in any geological setting as well as sequences that are traditionally defined as barren. Chemostratigraphic analyses can be used as a means of getting rid of ambiguities within data produced by traditional correlation methods such as Biostratigraphy, Lithostratigraphy and Geophysical Logging. In areas where stratigraphic data is not available it can be used to construct correlation frameworks for the sequences found in the area. The motivation behind this study is that the research is not only worthy of academic investigation, but can also provide the industry with new insights into areas that were previously misunderstood because traditional correlation methods were not adequate. The study area, the Orange basin, is located offshore South Africa and is largely underexplored. The basin, that hosts two gas field namely the Ibhubesi and the Kudu gas fields, has large potential but in the past has not been given due attention with only 34 wells being drilled in the area. The Orange basin has recently been the topic of investigation because of the belief that it may be hosts to more hydrocarbons. This study will utilise Chemostratigraphy to attempt to provide geological information on this relatively under-explored basin. The aim of this research study is to produce a chemostratigraphic framework -scheme for the Orange Basin in order to facilitate reservoir scale interwell correlation. The Objectives of this research study will be to identify chemostratigraphic units or indices, to prove the adequate use of chemostratigraphy as an independent correlation technique and to integrate the chemostratigraphy and petrophysical characteristics of the four wells to facilitate lithological identification. / South Africa

Process mining (PM) has already found its place in analyzing and visualizing business processes across different sectors such as banking, healthcare, insurance, and logistics. However, its application is very limited in production systems. Production systems are very complex and dynamic, hindering the accurate capture of different process chain events. Generating the event log data out of the recorded events requires a proper understanding of the processes. The results of the bottleneck analysis can help the production experts to optimize the process. This study analyzes three to four PM tools to select an appropriate tool that can perform bottleneck analysis. The initial research will focus on various features of the PM tools such as modeling support, user friendliness, flexibility, stability, animation support, and BPMN modeling support. The feature analysis uses the event-log data generated from simulating the process model created in a Simulation-based Optimization tool FACTS Analyzer. Some PM tools can generate the BPMN model from the process model; animation support and modeling support features are vital for the bottleneck analysis. The PM tool's ability to create the process model automatically from the event log data can help save time involved in data collection through a physical visit to the site, conducting interviews, observations, etc. In contrast, the bottleneck analysis used simulated event log data and an event log generated from a real-world production system. The study focuses on finding whether PM can support the bottleneck analysis of the real-world production systems and find the appropriate PM tool available in the market for the same application. The use of process mining tools in the bottleneck analysis requires human intervention in identifying the bottlenecks in the process as the PM tools are incapable of recognizing them on their own. But, appropriate use of the PM tools in the bottleneck analysis can help save a considerable amount of time in manually building the simulation model. Performing iterative optimization could lead to socio, economic, and environmental sustainability as it helps avoid wastages in time, material, and energy.

This thesis concerns with construction design of manipulator. The purpose of the manipulator is to transport beech logs. It is a part of the production line for heating and steaming veneering of the logs before their subsequent processing. This thesis presents a new design solution. It offers detailed descriptions of the purpose of the construction and of individual functional assemblies. It also describes the means for operating the machine and the types of sensors used. Calculation of forces and reactions in the mechanism, based on a simplified load calculation model, constitutes an important part of the work. Design of key components of the machine is then based on the results of the analysis of the forces involved. The supplements of the thesis include photographs of the manipulator realization and selected technical design.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Many hydrocarbon reservoirs are situated in barren sequences that display poor stratigraphic control. Correlation between the wells can become extremely difficult and traditional correlation techniques can prove to be inadequate. Past studies have shown that trace and major element concentrations can be used as a correlation tool. This practice of using geochemical fingerprints to characterize between wells is called Chemostratigraphic analysis. (Pearce et al, 1999) Chemostratigraphy has been recognized as a very important correlation technique as it can be used for rocks of any age, in any geological setting as well as sequences that are traditionally defined as barren. Chemostratigraphic analyses can be used as a means of getting rid of ambiguities within data produced by traditional correlation methods such as Biostratigraphy, Lithostratigraphy and Geophysical Logging. In areas where stratigraphic data is not available it can be used to construct correlation frameworks for the sequences found in the area. The motivation behind this study is that the research is not only worthy of academic investigation, but can also provide the industry with new insights into areas that were previously misunderstood because traditional correlation methods were not adequate. The study area, the Orange basin, is located offshore South Africa and is largely underexplored. The basin, that hosts two gas field namely the Ibhubesi and the Kudu gas fields, has large potential but in the past has not been given due attention with only 34 wells being drilled in the area. The Orange basin has recently been the topic of investigation because of the belief that it may be hosts to more hydrocarbons. This study will utilise Chemostratigraphy to attempt to provide geological information on this relatively under-explored basin. The aim of this research study is to produce a chemostratigraphic framework -scheme for the Orange Basin in order to facilitate reservoir scale interwell correlation. The Objectives of this research study will be to identify chemostratigraphic units or indices, to prove the adequate use of chemostratigraphy as an independent correlation technique and to integrate the chemostratigraphy and petrophysical characteristics of the four wells to facilitate lithological identification. Element distribution Analysis was done on the data. This brought to the fore. the dominance of Si02 across the samples for the four wells. Ah03 concentrations were relatively high across the wells and were indicative of the clay rich nature of the samples. This also indicated that the samples were relatively immature. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plots were constructed for the purpose of identifying diametrical relationships between the elements or element clusters. These diametric relationships were in turn used to calculate the geochemical indices. The relative positions of the elements on the PCA plot highlighted the presence of alternating units of sandstone, feldspathic sandstone, calcareous clays and non calcareous clays within the samples. The PCA plots displayed diametric relationships between Si02 and the carbonate mineral clusters, Si02 and the clay mineral clusters, Nd and V, Nb nad Ni, Zr and Co, Nb and Zn. Si02 and Co, Y and Pb, Zr and Sr, and lastly Nb and Ra / Downhole plots were constructed to illustrate recognizable trends in the PCA plot and to relate this to the occurrence of various lithologies in the wells. Based on the element distribution patterns, PCA plots and Major and Trace element downhole profiles geochemical indices were calculated. They are grouped into three clusters, ratios indicative of the presence of clean sandstones (High Si02/Ah03, Si02/Co, Zr/Co, Zr/Sr, YlPb and low Nd/V values); ratios indicative of the presence of clays (Low Si02/Ah03, Fe203/Ah03, Si02/Co, Zr/Co, YlPb and high Rb/Zn values); thirdly those indicative of the presence of feldspathic sandstones (High Na201K20) and lastly those indicative of the presence of carbonates (low Zr/Sr). Using the geochemical Indices six units were identified in Well A_AI, nine in A-II and 8 iin Well A-UI and A-LI. Four units (A-D) were found to correlate across the wells. I Well log interpretation for the Wells A-AI, A-II, A-Lland A-UI started with a general overview of the log responses. The log responses for the four wells highlighted the presence of sandstones, argillaceous sandstones, shales and shale components. Geophysical units were identified using the logs responses. Six units were identified in Well A-AI, nine in Well A-II and eight in Wells A-LI and A-UI. These units coincide with the units identified using Chemostratigraphic analysis. Neutron - Density cross plots were constructed for each unit across the four wells. The plotting of the points on the Neutron - Density cross plots for the wells A-AI, A-II, A-LI and A-UI indicated the presence of sandstones, shales or greywackes and either limestones and dolomites but from the geochemistry it is known that neither limestone nor dolomite is present in the wells and it was thus inferred that the points plotting between the limestone and dolomite lithology curves indicated the presence of calcareous shales. M-N plots were constructed for each unit. The patterns exhibited by the points on the M-N plots for the wells was indicative of the presence calcareous clays, sandstones, greywacke and shales. The Chemostratigraphic and Petrophysical results produced accurate and comparable results, however, the Chemostratigraphic analysis provided finer details regarding the lithology of the units. Based on the well log responses no distinction could be made between highly feldspathic sandstone, arkosic and argillaceous sandstone, while these distinctions were possible when analyzing the samples using Chemostratigraphy. The geochemistry was capable of providing signatures in areas where the wireline tools malfunctioned. The logs, on the other hand, sheds light on properties such as porosity and permeability of the rocks which cannot be obtained accurately from the geochemistry. When comparing the correlation capabilities of these two techniques, the one based on geochemical signatures and the other based on the responses obtained from wireline tools, it is important to acknowledge that both these techniques has strengths and weaknesses. The best of both these techniques can only be fully utilised when either technique is used in conjunction with other techniques. With respect to the Orange Basin, located offshore South Africa, it can be concluded that the dominant lithologies in the basin are sandstones, argillaceous sandstones, shales, feldspathic and arkosic sandstones and clays. In terms of petroleum prospectivity the sandstones in Wells A-AI, A-II, A-UI and A-LI could possibly be considered to be reservoirs and the shales could be considered to be seals or source rocks, depending on the organic matter content. On the down side, the sandstones display relatively poor permeabilities and the porosities are variable. The density logs indicate that the sandstones are highly compacted and that could be an indication of poor porosities but more research needs to be done. Another factor highlighted from the research is the presence of alternating lithologies. This means that the reservoirs are compartmentalised and that the area has a high degree of heterogeneity.