Faecal incontinence (FI) is defined as the inability to control bowel movements. The causes of FI are many and diverse. One of the more uncommon reasons for FI is Anorectal Malformations (ARMs). An ARM is a congenital anomaly that affects somewhere between 1/2500 and 1/5000 live born babies. Many ARM patients have persistent FI. Several different procedures have been utilised to address this issue. This thesis aims to evaluate (1) the long-term outcome in adulthood of ARMs in relation to the modern Krickenbeck classification, and (2) scope for treating FI with transanal injection with dextranomer in non-animal stabilised hyaluronic acid (NASHA/Dx), in patients both with and without ARMs. All patients treated for ARMs in Uppsala up to 1993 were invited to participate in a questionnaire study of quality of life and function. The study included 136 patients and compared them with 136 age- and sex-matched controls. The Krickenbeck classification was found to predict functional outcome, and ARM patients had more problems with incontinence and obstipation, as well as inferior Quality of Life (QoL), compared with controls.  Thirty-six patients with FI, owing to causes other than ARMs, were treated with transanal submucous injection of NASHA/Dx. The patients were monitored for two years after treatment. Significant reductions in both their incontinence score and the number of their incontinence episodes were achieved.  A significant improvement in QoL was observed in patients who had at least a 75% reduction in incontinence episodes. No serious complications occurred. A prospective study of transanal injection of NASHA/Dx was conducted on seven patients with persistent FI after ARMs. After six months a significant reduction in the number of incontinence episodes was obtained. A significant improvement in QoL was also found. No serious complications occurred. In conclusion, adult patients with ARMs have inferior outcome of anorectal function and QoL compared with controls. NASHA/Dx is effective and appears to be safe in treating FI in general. This effect seems to be the same in selected patients with persistent FI after ARMs.

<p>Even if popliteal artery aneurysm (PAA) is the most common peripheral aneurysm, no single surgeon or institution has enough patients to study this disease with appropriate scientific methods, and no population-based investigation exists. </p><p>PAA epidemiology, treatment, management, and outcome were studied in a population-based study of 571 patients (717 legs) primarily operated on for PAAs and 100 episodes of preoperative thrombolysis in Sweden between 1987 and 2002. Patients were identified in the Swedish Vascular Registry and case-records were reviewed. Information on amputation and survival was obtained for all patients, and 190 patients were re-examined with ultrasound, after mean 7.2 years (range 2-18)</p><p>Median age was 71 years; 5.8% were women. Patients with unilateral PAA had AAA in 28%, increasing to 38% when PAAs were bilateral. Crude survival was 91.4% at one and 70% at five years, significantly lower than among age and sex matched controls. The cumulative incidence for operation of PAA in Sweden was estimated to 8.3/million person year. One-year amputation-rate was 8.8 %, increasing to 11% after follow-up (7.2 years). Independent risk factors for amputation within one year were poor run-off, age, emergency procedure, and prosthetic graft. Run-off was improved by preoperative thrombolysis among 87% of legs, when acute ischemia. After surgical repair with a medial approach the risk of late expansion of the aneurysm was 33%, with a posterior approach 8% , p=0.014. Among 190 re-examined patients, 108 (57%) had at least one additional aneurysm at index-operation, increasing to 131 (68%) at re-examination, the total number of aneurysms increasing by 42% (from 244 to 346).</p><p>Conclusions: Multiple aneurysms are common among patients operated on for PAA. Preoperative thrombolysis improves run-off and decreases the amputation-rate in PAAs with acute ischemia. Vein grafts do better than prosthetic grafts, especially when a long bypass is needed. Posterior approach, when possible, reduces the risk of late expansion. A complete examination of the aorto-iliac and femoro-popliteal arteries is warranted at the time of surgery. All patients should be kept under life-long surveillance in order to detect and treat newly developed aneurysms timely. Normal arterial segments should be re-examined after three years.</p>

Postoperative heart failure (PHF) remains a major determinant of the outcome after cardiac surgery. However, characteristics of and risk factors for PHF after valve surgery have received little attention. Post-ischaemic disturbances of myocardial metabolism that may contribute to PHF and are amenable to metabolic treatment have been identified early after coronary surgery (CABG). Knowledge derived from these studies may not be applicable to other patient groups. We therefore studied myocardial energy metabolism in 20 elective patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR) for isolated aortic stenosis (AS). The metabolic studies indicated that myocardial oxidative metabolism had not fully recovered when the procedure was completed. Free fatty acids were the only major substrates taken up by the heart. Signs of preoperative and postoperative metabolic adaptation with substantial uptake of glutamate, previously demonstrated in patients with coronary artery disease, were found. Postoperative infusion of glutamate, (2 mL/kg body weight and hour of 0.125 M solution) based on assessment of myocardial glutamate requirements in CABG patients, resulted in a two-fold increase in myocardial glutamate uptake and a seven-fold increase in AV differences across the leg. This was associated with a significant myocardial uptake of lactate and metabolic changes in the leg suggesting mitigation of net amino acid loss and peripheral tissue lipolysis. Characteristics of and risk factors for PHF were evaluated in 398 patients undergoing isolated AVR for AS from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2000. These were compared with 398 patients, matched for age and sex, undergoing on-pump isolated CABG. Forty-five AVR and 47 CABG patients fulfilled criteria for PHF and these were studied in detail. PHF usually presented at weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. After CABG it was closely associated with preoperative ischaemic events and intraoperatively acquired myocardial infarction. Potential causes and eliciting events of PHF after AVR for AS were obvious only in one-third of the patients. Risk factors for PHF after AVR for AS indicated either pre-existing myocardial dysfunction, increased right or left ventricular after-load, or intraoperatively acquired myocardial injury. PHF was associated with high early mortality after CABG, whereas the consequences of PHF after AVR for AS became evident only with time, resulting in a 42% five-year mortality. Although PHF had a different temporal impact on late mortality after CABG and AVR for AS, it emerged as the statistically most significant risk factor for mortality occurring within 5 years from surgery both after AVR for AS and after CABG. Potential implications of our findings include needs for greater focus on preoperative surveillance of patients with AS for optimal timing of surgery, mitigation of intraoperatively acquired myocardial injury and tailoring of treatment for PHF. Furthermore, the findings have implications for long-term follow up of AS patients after surgery.

Even if popliteal artery aneurysm (PAA) is the most common peripheral aneurysm, no single surgeon or institution has enough patients to study this disease with appropriate scientific methods, and no population-based investigation exists. PAA epidemiology, treatment, management, and outcome were studied in a population-based study of 571 patients (717 legs) primarily operated on for PAAs and 100 episodes of preoperative thrombolysis in Sweden between 1987 and 2002. Patients were identified in the Swedish Vascular Registry and case-records were reviewed. Information on amputation and survival was obtained for all patients, and 190 patients were re-examined with ultrasound, after mean 7.2 years (range 2-18) Median age was 71 years; 5.8% were women. Patients with unilateral PAA had AAA in 28%, increasing to 38% when PAAs were bilateral. Crude survival was 91.4% at one and 70% at five years, significantly lower than among age and sex matched controls. The cumulative incidence for operation of PAA in Sweden was estimated to 8.3/million person year. One-year amputation-rate was 8.8 %, increasing to 11% after follow-up (7.2 years). Independent risk factors for amputation within one year were poor run-off, age, emergency procedure, and prosthetic graft. Run-off was improved by preoperative thrombolysis among 87% of legs, when acute ischemia. After surgical repair with a medial approach the risk of late expansion of the aneurysm was 33%, with a posterior approach 8% , p=0.014. Among 190 re-examined patients, 108 (57%) had at least one additional aneurysm at index-operation, increasing to 131 (68%) at re-examination, the total number of aneurysms increasing by 42% (from 244 to 346). Conclusions: Multiple aneurysms are common among patients operated on for PAA. Preoperative thrombolysis improves run-off and decreases the amputation-rate in PAAs with acute ischemia. Vein grafts do better than prosthetic grafts, especially when a long bypass is needed. Posterior approach, when possible, reduces the risk of late expansion. A complete examination of the aorto-iliac and femoro-popliteal arteries is warranted at the time of surgery. All patients should be kept under life-long surveillance in order to detect and treat newly developed aneurysms timely. Normal arterial segments should be re-examined after three years.

Abstract The aim of this dissertation was to investigate the association between family history of mental disorders, especially psychosis, and long-term social, occupational and clinical outcome in schizophrenia. In addition, the association of pregnancy, birth and early development related factors with occupational and clinical outcome in schizophrenia were analysed. Two meta-analyses and the Northern Finland Birth Cohorts 1966 and 1986 (NFBC1966 and NFBC1986) were used to gather the data. In the meta-analyses family history of psychosis was associated with poorer long-term clinical, occupational and global (i.e. combined occupational, social and clinical) outcome in schizophrenia. NFBC1966 is an unselected, population-based sample of 12,058 live-born children and includes 161 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. NFBC1986 is also an unselected, population-based cohort and consists of 9,432 live-born children and includes 189 individuals with psychosis. In the NFBC1966 study family history of any mental disorder was associated with more severe positive and emotional symptoms, but was not associated with other clinical symptoms or social, occupational or global outcome in schizophrenia. The family history of psychosis was not associated with outcomes. Regarding pregnancy, birth and early development related factors, it was found that young maternal age was associated with higher probability of being hospitalised with schizophrenia. In the NFBC1986 study a family history of any mental disorder was associated with higher number of days spent at hospital and higher number of hospitalisations, but it was not associated with occupational outcome or disability pension in psychotic disorders. A family history of psychosis was not associated with outcomes. This study suggests that family history of psychosis has a small association with clinical, occupational and global outcome in schizophrenia. There is less research regarding the association between family history of any mental disorder and outcome in schizophrenia, but based on the cohort studies family history of any mental disorder could be even stronger outcome predictor than family history of psychosis. Family history of mental disorders and especially psychosis is a strong risk factor for schizophrenia, and based on this study it seems to also associate with poorer outcome. / Tiivistelmä Tämän väitöstutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia, miten mielenterveyshäiriöiden, erityisesti psykoosin, esiintyminen suvussa on yhteydessä pitkän ajan sosiaaliseen, kliiniseen ja työkykyyn liittyvään ennusteeseen skitsofreniassa. Lisäksi tutkittiin sitä, kuinka raskauteen, syntymään ja varhaiseen kehitykseen liittyvä tekijät ovat yhteydessä työntekoon ja kliiniseen ennusteeseen skitsofreniassa. Asiaa tutkittiin kahdessa meta-analyysissä ja Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 ja 1986 syntymäkohorteissa. Meta-analyysien mukaan psykoosin sukurasitus oli yhteydessä huonompaan pitkän ajan kliiniseen, työkykyyn liittyvään ja kokonaisennusteeseen (yhdistetty sosiaalinen, kliininen ja työnteon ennuste) skitsofreniassa. Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortti on valikoitumaton, yleisväestöpohjainen kohortti, johon kuuluu 12 058 elävänä syntynyttä lasta. Kohortti sisältää 161 skitsofreniaa sairastavaa henkilöä. Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1986 syntymäkohortti on myös valikoitumaton, yleisväestöpohjainen kohortti. Siihen kuuluu 9 432 elävänä syntynyttä lasta, joista 189:llä on psykoosi. Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortin mukaan mielenterveyshäiriön esiintyminen suvussa liittyi vakavampiin positiivisiin ja emotionaalisiin oireisiin, mutta ei liittynyt muihin kliinisiin oireisiin, työkykyyn, sosiaaliseen tai kokonaisennusteeseen. Psykoosin sukurasitus ei liittynyt ennusteeseen. Raskauteen, syntymään ja varhaiseen kehitykseen liittyvien tekijöiden osalta tutkimuksessa todettiin, että äidin nuori ikä oli yhteydessä suurempaan sairaalahoidon todennäköisyyteen skitsofreniassa. Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1986 syntymäkohortin mukaan mielenterveyshäiriön esiintyminen suvussa liittyi suurempaan sairaalahoitopäivien ja sairaalahoitokertojen lukumäärään, mutta ei liittynyt työssäkäyntiin tai työkyvyttömyyseläkkeeseen psykoottisissa häiriöissä. Psykoosin sukurasitus ei liittynyt ennusteeseen. Näiden tulosten mukaan psykoosin sukurasituksella on pieni yhteys kliiniseen, työkykyyn liittyvään ja kokonaisennusteeseen skitsofreniassa. Minkä tahansa suvussa esiintyvän mielenterveyshäiriön yhteydestä ennusteeseen on vähemmän tutkimuksia, mutta kohorttitutkimusten perusteella millä tahansa suvussa esiintyvällä mielenterveyshäiriöllä voi olla jopa suurempi yhteys ennusteeseen kuin psykoosin sukurasituksella. Mielenterveyshäiriöiden ja etenkin psykoosin esiintyminen suvussa on voimakas skitsofrenian riskitekijä, ja tämän tutkimuksen mukaan se on myös yhteydessä huonompaan ennusteeseen.

Abstract Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as disturbed glucose metabolism first recognized during pregnancy. Untreated GDM increases the risk of obstetric and neonatal complications, such as fetal overgrowth (macrosomia). The first-line treatment of GDM includes diet therapy and the self-monitoring of blood glucose concentrations and, if needed, pharmacotherapy, which is most commonly accomplished with insulin. Oral anti-diabetic agents such as metformin have recently been under investigation. GDM increases the risk of developing overt diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of metformin vs. insulin therapy on pregnancy and neonatal outcome as well as on later growth and development of the infant and to investigate the independent and concomitant effects of GDM and maternal overweight/obesity on pregnancy outcome and maternal long-term risks. In a randomized study of 100 women, metformin therapy was not associated with an increased risk of pregnancy or neonatal complications when compared with insulin treatment. However, 32% of the women treated with metformin needed additional insulin in the achievement of normoglycaemia. The need of additional insulin was associated with maternal obesity, an earlier need of pharmacotherapy and fasting hyperglycaemia in OGTT. Infants exposed to metformin were taller and heavier at the age of 18 months compared with infants exposed to insulin. There was no difference in the motor, social or linguistic development between these children when assessed at the age of 18 months. In an epidemiological study of 24,565 pregnancies, normal-weight women with GDM did not have an increased risk of macrosomia or Caesarean delivery when compared with normal-weight women without GDM. GDM was an independent risk factor of neonatal morbidity, especially hypoglycaemia. Maternal overweight and obesity were independent risk factors of macrosomia and obesity was also an independent risk factor of Caesarean delivery and neonatal morbidity. In a follow-up study (n = 116), women with a history of insulin-treated GDM had an increased risk of metabolic syndrome when compared with women without GDM 19 years after index pregnancy. However, maternal pre-pregnancy overweight as such was a stronger risk factor as regards the development of metabolic syndrome than previous GDM. / Tiivistelmä Raskausdiabetes on ensimmäisen kerran raskauden aikana ilmaantuva glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan häiriö. Hoitamattomana raskausdiabetes lisää raskaana olevan ja vastasyntyneen komplikaatioriskiä, erityisesti sikiön liiallista kasvua (makrosomiaa). Raskausdiabetestä hoidetaan ruokavaliolla, veren glukoosipitoisuuksien omaseurannalla sekä tarvittaessa lääkehoidolla, joka on useimmiten insuliinihoitoa. Muita diabeteslääkkeitä, kuten metformiinia, on tutkittu viime vuosina paljon. Raskausdiabetes lisää myöhemmällä iällä riskiä sairastua diabetekseen, metaboliseen oireyhtymään sekä sydän- ja verisuonisairauksiin. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää metformiinihoidon tehoa ja turvallisuutta verrattuna insuliiniin raskausdiabeteksen hoidossa. Lisäksi selvitettiin raskausdiabeteksen ja ylipainon itsenäistä vaikutusta raskauskomplikaatioiden esiintyvyyteen sekä naisen myöhempään sairastuvuuteen. Satunnaistetussa tutkimuksessa (n = 100) metformiini ei lisännyt vastasyntyneen makrosomian eikä vastasyntyneen tai raskauskomplikaatioiden riskiä verrattuna insuliiniin. Metformiinilla hoidetuista naisista 32% tarvitsi lisäksi insuliinia normaalin glukoositasapainon saavuttamiseksi. Lisäinsuliinin tarvetta ennustivat äidin lihavuus, varhainen lääkehoidon tarve sekä kohollaan olevat glukoosin paastoarvot sokerirasituksessa. Metformiinille altistuneet lapset olivat sekä pidempiä että painavampia 18 kuukauden iässä kuin insuliinille altistuneet lapset, mutta heidän motorisessa, sosiaalisessa tai kielellisessä kehityksessään ei ollut eroja. Epidemiologisessa tutkimuksessa (n = 24,565) normaalipainoisen naisen raskausdiabetes ei lisännyt keisarileikkauksen tai sikiön makrosomian riskiä verrattuna normaalipainoisiin naisiin, joiden sokeriaineenvaihdunta oli normaali. Raskausdiabetes lisäsi itsenäisesti vastasyntyneen sairastavuuden ja hypoglykemian riskiä. Äidin ylipaino ja lihavuus lisäsivät itsenäisesti makrosomian riskiä ja lihavuus myös keisarileikkauksen ja vastasyntyneen sairastuvuuden riskiä. Seurantatutkimuksessa (n = 116) insuliinihoidettujen raskausdiabeetikoiden riski sairastua 19 vuotta raskauden jälkeen myöhempään metaboliseen oireyhtymään oli lisääntynyt verrattuna terveisiin verrokkeihin. Raskautta edeltävä ylipaino oli vahvempi riskitekijä metabolisen oireyhtymän kehittymiselle kuin aiempi raskausdiabetes.

Background and objective: By reviewing our current understanding of oxidative injury as a cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), we hope to advance the use of antioxidants as a promising treatment in addition to the other therapeutic modalities to slow the rate of progression. Methods: Key references from the past concerning oxidative injury and FSGS were analyzed, together with those from a PubMed search of the literature from 1997 to 2007, to form the basis of this commentary. Results: In animal studies in FSGS produced by subtotal nephrectomy or puromycin injections, evidence of oxidant injury provided the rationale for disease reversal with an antioxidant such as high dose vitamin E. Clinical trial in children with FSGS using vitamin E resulted in significant reduction in proteinuria. Other treatment modalities in children with FSGS over the past four decades were reviewed. These consisted of one or more of the following medications: oral prednisone, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and intravenous methylprednisolone with and without cyclophosphamide or cyclosporine. The prognosis with these recent therapeutic interventions improved the outcome of children with FSGS compared to no treatment as advocated earlier. However, when the current regimen of combined treatment was compared with the regimen of prednisone plus cyclophosphamide, there was no difference in Kaplan-Meier kidney survival rate at a mean follow-up of 12 to 16 years. Conclusion: In reviewing current concepts of oxidant injury and other mechanisms of injury in the development of FSGS and the available modalities of treatment, we call into question, whether the cost and side effects of intravenous methylprednisolone is justifiable on the basis of unchanged kidney survival rates with continuing this particular mode of intervention.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was originally thought to occur only in children, but is increasingly recognised as causing functional impairment also in adulthood. The overall aim of this thesis was to achieve a comprehensive understanding of ADHD in adulthood. A questionnaire based on the DSM-IV criteria of ADHD, reported childhood symptoms, reading and spelling problems, difficulties and suffering and general assessment of functioning (GAF) was distributed to three samples: the general population (GP), outpatient psychiatry (OPP) and female prison inmates. Symptoms consistent with ADHD were more than three times higher in the OPP sample than in the GP sample (6.6 versus 2.1%). ADHD symptoms and related problems occurred in 50% of the prison inmates. A cohort of 168 patients diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood was interviewed about current ADHD symptoms and psychiatric comorbidity on axis I and II. The lifetime prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity on axis I was 92% and current comorbidity, including autism spectrum disorders and Tourette’s syndrome, was 47%. The sex-specific pattern of the comorbid disor-ders was similar to that in the general population. Forty-six per cent of the patients endorsed the specific criteria for at least one personality disorder. After a mean follow-up of six years, there was remission of adult ADHD in about 30% of the patients, regardless of whether there was ongoing medication or not. There were no differences in function and quality of life, except for global general improvement, which was better in patients currently on medication. The most prevalent long-term side effects of pharmacological treatment with mainly stimulants were decreased appetite, dry mouth, anxiousness/restlessness and an increase in pulse frequency. The discontinuation rate was about 50%: 29% discontinued because of a perceived lack of effect, followed by elevated mood or hypomania (11%). No detectable evidence of tolerance and increased need for dosage over time was observed. To conclude, Symptoms of ADHD is highly overrepresented in OPP and in female inmates compared with the GP. Furthermore, adults diagnosed with ADHD have a high lifetime prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity. Long-term pharmacological treatment with stimulants is safe with relatively mild and tolerable adverse effects. Continued medication, however, is not related to remission.

Abstract Acute infected necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) is a very complex disease with a high risk of complications and death. ANP is difficult to treat and is often associated with poor outcomes. Despite the increasing data on the technical details required to perform a mini-invasive necrosectomy for walled-off necrosis (WON), relatively few studies have focused on the presence and consequences of pancreatic duct disruption in the context of APN. Moreover, the long-term prognosis of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) is scant. The aim of this study was to examine the diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of pancreatic fistulas (PFs) associated with APN. In addition, the long-term prognosis of AP was evaluated. The study population consists of the patients with AP treated at Oulu University Hospital, Finland (Studies I–IV) and Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (Study II) during 1995–2015. In the first part of the study, all consecutive patients following open necrosectomy for infected ANP were demonstrated to have PF. Endoscopic transpapillary pancreatic stenting (ETPS) was attempted and proven to be an effective and safe treatment for patients with PF. In Study II, prophylactic pancreatic stenting in the early stage of the disease was tested in a randomized controlled trial to the patients with ANP to prevent PFs associated with the disease. However, the study showed that the patients with ANP did not benefit from early prophylactic pancreatic ductal stenting (PPDS); instead, it seemed to be harmful for the patients. The results of Study III showed that single drain amylase level measurement after surgical necrosectomy is unreliable. According to this study, serial measurements are recommended to diagnose PFs after necrosectomy. Study IV including 1644 patients showed that AP, especially alcohol AP, was associated with a high long-term mortality. On the other hand, AP without an alcohol aetiology had a minimal impact on survival. In conclusion, in patients with infected ANP, a PF has to be considered in treatment, but the prevention of ductal leak with PPDS is not recommended. In addition, the poor long-term outcome among alcohol AP patients was due to alcohol-related diseases. / Tiivistelmä Akuutti nekrotisoiva haimatulehdus ja erityisesti siihen liittyvä bakteeri-infektio on sairaus, johon liittyy korkea komplikaatio- ja kuolleisuusriski. Tautia usein komplisoi infektion lisäksi nekroosiin liittyvä haimafisteli, joka tekee hoidosta entistä haasteellisemman. Viime aikaisissa tutkimuksissa on käsitelty runsaasti mini-invasiivista nekrosektomiaa, mutta suhteellisen vähän on tutkimuksia nekrotisoivaan haimatulehdukseen liittyvästä fisteliongelmasta. Haimatulehdus-potilaiden pitkäaikaisennuste on myös epäselvä. Tämän väitöskirjatutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää nekrotisoivaan haimatulehdukseen liittyvän haimafistelin yleisyyttä, diagnostiikkaa, ehkäisyä ja hoitoa. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin akuuttiin haimatulehdukseen sairastuneiden potilaiden pitkäaikaisennustetta. Ensimmäisessä osatyössä ilmeni, että kaikille potilaille, joille suoritettiin haiman nekrosektomia kehittyi fisteli ja endoskooppinen transpapillaarinen haimateiden stenttaus (ETPS) osoittautui hyväksi ja turvalliseksi hoidoksi fistelin hoidossa. Toisessa prospektiivisessa randomoidussa kontrolloidussa osatyössä tutkittiin profylaktista haimateiden stenttausta nekrotisoivassa haimatulehduksessa. Tutkimus osoitti, etteivät potilaat hyötyneet stenttauksesta: toimenpiteestä oli enemmän haittaa kuin hyötyä. Tämän tutkimuksen mukaan protetisointia ei suositella tehtäväksi taudin alkuvaiheessa. Kolmannessa osatyössä selvitettiin haiman nekrosektomian jälkeisen haimafistelin diagnosointia. Tutkimustuloksen mukaan haimafistelin osoittamiseksi dreenieritteen amylaasitasoa mittaamalla tarvitaan useita mittauskertoja, koska yksittäisen mittauksen sensitiivisyys on matala. Neljännessä osatyössä analysoitiin Oulun yliopistollisessa sairaalassa 1995–2012 akuutin haimatulehduksen sairastaneiden työikäisten potilaiden pitkäaikaisennustetta ja kuolinsyitä. Noin kymmenen vuoden seurannassa tutkimusryhmän (n = 1 644) kuolleisuus oli yli nelinkertainen verrattuna ikä- ja sukupuolivakioituihin verrokeihin (n = 8 220). Merkittävin kuolleisuutta lisäävä tekijä oli alkoholi. Tutkimuksemme osoitti, että infektoituneen haimanekroosiin liittyvä haimafisteli on huomioitava hoidossa. Varhaisesta profylaktisesta haimateiden protetisoinnista ei tutkimuksessa osoitettu olevan hyötyä. Alkoholin aiheuttaman haimatulehduksen pitkäaikaisennusteen mortaliteetti on korkea johtuen alkoholin käytöstä ja siihen liittyvistä sairauksista.

No description available.