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Morphological Property Variation and Ionic Transfer Behaviors of Solid Reactants in Fe-based and CaO-based Chemical Looping ProcessesSun, Zhenchao 16 August 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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Multiscale Study of Chemical Looping Technology and Its Applications for Low Carbon Energy ConversionsZeng, Liang 20 December 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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Development of high temperature MIEC catalytic reactors for energy conversion and storage aplicationsLaqdiem Marín, Marwan 10 June 2024 (has links)
[ES] Esta tesis está centrada en la combinación de diferentes tecnologías para mejorar las tecnologías emergentes de captura y almacenamiento de carbono (CSS) y la revalorización del CO2 capturado. La principal tecnología estudiada en esta tesis fueron las membranas de transporte de oxigeno (OTMs), las cuales pueden producir oxigeno puro de forma más flexible que las actuales tecnologías de producción de oxigeno, como la destilación criogénica de aire. La producción de oxigeno puro es crucial para desarrollar reactores de oxicombustión que podrían ser mas eficientes para la captura de CO2 que los reactores actuales de combustión con aire. Los estudios sobre OTMs se dividieron en dos temas principales: membranas de bifásicas estables en CO2 y membranas basadas en BSCF (Ba1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-¿). Por otro lado, para la revalorización del CO2 capturado, se estudio' la tecnología de looping químico basada en catalizador de oxido de cerio, que aprovecha las propiedades redox del catalizador a diferentes pO2 y altas temperaturas (entre 700- 1400 ¿C).
En general, las principales etapas limitantes en OTMs son la transferencia de oxigeno a trave's de la membrana y las reacciones superficiales. Por eso, una mejora en las propiedades de la capa catalítica podri'a mejorar la permeacio'n total de oxigeno. El primer estudio sobre membranas bifásicas se centro' el estudio de capas catali'ticas con distintas proporciones de ambas fases. Para este estudio, se selecciono' el NFO-CTO (NiFe2O4/Ce0.8Tb0.2O2-¿) como composite. Este material ya ha sido estudiado en nuestro laboratorio, y mostró una gran estabilidad en atmósferas de CO2, pero con baja permeación de O2 en comparación con otros composites. Este estudio mostró resultados interesantes, y se combino' con medidas de espectroscopia de impedancia electroqui'mica (EIS), utilizadas habitualmente para estudiar electrodos para pilas de combustible de o'xido so'lido (SOFC) y pilas de electro'lisis de o'xido so'lido (SOEC). El segundo estudio sobre composites para OTMs se centro' en el aumento de la permeacio'n de oxi'geno con composites basados en espinela-fluorita. En este caso, el transporte de oxigeno esta' controlado, adema's de por la temperatura y el gradiente de pO2, por la conductividad ambipolar, en la que intervienen las conductividades eléctrica e io'nica. Asi', se cambio' la fase de NFO por la fase de CMO (Co2MnO4) que tiene mayor conductividad total que el NFO. El composite resultante (CMO-CTO) ha mostrado un mayor rendimiento que el material predecesor NFO-CTO.
Como se ha mencionado anteriormente, el otro estudio sobre OTM se realizo' con membranas basadas en BSCF. En este estudio, la membrana capilar BSCF fue electrificada para aumentar la temperatura de la membrana por efecto Joule y como consecuencia un aumento en la permeación de oxigeno. Además, se estudió este efecto bajo deshidrogenacio'n oxidativa de etano, obteniéndose una mejora importante para las membranas BSCF electrificadas en comparación con las membranas BSCF no electrificadas. Estos estudios abren las puertas al uso de ellas con reactores a más baja temperatura.
El último estudio se centra en la revalorización del CO2 mediante el reformado de metano por ciclos químicos. Los ciclos químicos están basados en las propiedades redox del catalizador y las dos etapas de reducción y oxidación del catalizador. La reducción del catalizador es realizada mediante temperatura y en condiciones inertes o con corrientes reductoras como por ejemplo en metano. Los estudios se centran en la reducción a través de metano que trabaja a temperaturas más bajas que para corrientes inertes y, ademas, proporciona corrientes de syngas (mezcla de CO y H2) en la etapa de reducción del catalizador, que mejora la eficiencia global del proceso. La revalorización del CO2 se realizaba en la etapa de oxidación del catalizador. La oxidación de estos catalizadores podría formarse con flujos de H2O y/o / [CA] Aquesta tesi està centrada en la combinació de diferents tecnologies per millorar
les tecnologies emergents de captura i emmagatzematge de carboni (CSS) i la
revalorització del CO2 capturat. La principal tecnologia estudiada en aquesta tesi
van ser les membranes de transport d'oxigen (OTMs), les quals poden produir
oxigen pur de manera més flexible que les actuals tecnologies de producció
d'oxigen, com la destil·lació criogènica de l'aire. La producció d'oxigen pur és
crucial per al desenvolupament de reactors d'oxicombustió que podrien ser més
eficients per a la captura de CO2 que els reactors actuals de combustió amb aire.
Els estudis sobre OTMs es van dividir en dos temes principals: membranes
composites de dos fases estables en CO2 i membranes basades en BSCF (Ba1-
xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-). D'altra banda, per a la revalorització del CO2 capturat, es va
estudiar la tecnologia de looping químic basada en catalitzador d'òxid de ceri, que
aprofita les propietats redox del catalitzador a diferents pO2 i altes temperatures
(entre 700-1400 ºC).
En general, les principals etapes limitants en OTMs són la transferència d'oxigen a
través de la membrana i les reaccions superficials. Per això, una millora en les
propietats de la capa catalítica podria millorar la permeació total d'oxigen. El primer
estudi sobre membranes bifàsiques es va centrar en l'estudi de capes catalítiques
amb diferents proporcions de ambdues fases. Per a aquest estudi, es va seleccionar
el NFO-CTO (NiFe2O4/Ce0.8Tb0.2O2-δ) com a composite. Aquest material ja ha sigut
estudiat en el nostre laboratori, i va mostrar una gran estabilitat en atmosferes de
CO2, però amb baixa permeació d'O2 en comparació amb altres composites. Aquest
estudi va mostrar resultats interessants, i es va combinar amb mesures
d'espectroscòpia d'impedància electroquímica (EIS), utilitzades habitualment per
estudiar elèctrodes per a piles de combustible d'òxid sòlid (SOFC) i piles
d'electròlisi d'òxid sòlid (SOEC). El segon estudi sobre composites per a OTMs es
va centrar en l'augment de la permeació d'oxigen amb composites basats en
espinela-fluorita. En aquest cas, el transport d'oxigen està controlat, a més de per la
temperatura i el gradient de pO2, per la conductivitat ambipolar, en la qual
intervenen les conductivitats elèctrica i iònica. Així, es va canviar la fase de NFO
per la fase de CMO (Co2MnO4) que té una major conductivitat total que el NFO.
El composite resultant (CMO-CTO) ha mostrat un major rendiment que el material
predecessor NFO-CTO.
L'últim estudi es centra en la revalorització del CO2 mitjançant el reformat de metà
per cicles químics. Els cicles químics estan basats en les propietats redox del
catalitzador i les dues etapes de reducció i oxidació del catalitzador. La reducció
del catalitzador és realitzada mitjançant temperatura i en condicions inertes o amb
corrents reductores com per exemple en metà. Els estudis se centren en la reducció
a través de metà que treballa a temperatures més baixes que per a corrents inertes i,
a més, proporciona corrents de syngas (barreja de CO i H2) en l'etapa de reducció
del catalitzador, que millora l'eficiència global del procés. La revalorització del CO2
es realitzava en l'etapa d'oxidació del catalitzador. L'oxidació d'aquests
catalitzadors podria formar-se amb fluxos de H2O i/o CO2 a altes temperatures 700-
1000 ºC. El nostre estudi es centra en òxids de ceri dopats al 10% amb elements 19Chapter 0: Preamble
trivalent, generalment lantànids. En aquest estudi es va correlacionar la velocitat de
splitting del CO2 en l'etapa d'oxidació amb el volum de cel·la de l'estructura
cristal·lina i la conductivitat total d'aquests materials. / [EN] This thesis is focused on the combination of different technologies to improve emerging technologies for carbon capture and storage (CSS) and the revalorization of the CO2 captured. The leading technology studied in this thesis was oxygen transport membranes (OTMs) that could produce pure oxygen more flexibly than the current oxygen production technologies like cryogenic air distillation. The production of pure oxygen is crucial for developing oxycombustion reactors that could be more efficient for carbon capture than traditional combustion reactors. The OTMs studies were divided into two main topics: dual-phase membranes with stable operation in CO2 and BSCF-based membranes (Ba1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-¿). For the revalorization of the captured CO2, the chemical looping technology based on a cerium oxide catalyst was studied, which takes advantage of the redox properties of the catalyst at different pO2 and high temperatures (between 700-1400 ¿C).
In general, the principal limiting steps for OTMs were the bulk oxygen transfer and the surface exchange reactions. In this matter, the improvement in the behaviour of the catalytic layer could achieve better oxygen permeation. The first study for dual- phase membranes was focused on the role of the different dual-phase ratios in the behaviour as a catalytic layer in OTMs. For this study, NFO-CTO (NiFe2O4/Ce0.8Tb0.2O2-¿) was selected as dual-phase material. This material was previously studied and showed high stability under CO2 environments but with poor oxygen flux compared with other dual-phase materials. The study considered for the present Thesis showed interesting results, and it was combined with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, commonly used to study electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC). The second study in dual-phase materials for OTMs focused on the increase in oxygen permeation for spinel-fluorite-based materials. In this matter, the bulk oxygen transports are controlled, apart from the temperature and the pO2 gradient, by the ambipolar conductivity, where the electrical and the ionic conductivities are involved. So, the NFO phase was changed for the CMO phase (Co2MnO4), which has higher total conductivity than the NFO. The resultant dual- phase material (CMO-CTO) performed better than the predecessor NFO-CTO material.
As mentioned previously, the other study on OTMs focused on BSCF-based membranes. In this study, the BSCF capillary membrane was electrified in order to increase the membrane temperature via the Joule effect and, as a consequence, an increase in the oxygen permeation. In addition, this effect under oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane was studied, obtaining an essential improvement for electrified BSCF membranes compared with non-electrified BSCF membranes. These studies have opened new gates to operate these membranes at lower reactor temperatures.
Finally, the last study was focused on CO2 upcycling via chemical looping methane reforming. Chemical looping is based on the redox properties of the catalyst in two principal steps, reduction and oxidation of the catalyst. The catalyst reduction is performed with temperature in inert conditions or with reducing streams like methane. We were focused on the reduction via methane that works at lower temperatures than inert streams and could provide syngas streams (a mixture of CO and H2) that improve global efficiency. The revalorization of the CO2 was performed in the other step, the oxidation part of the cycle. The oxidation of those catalysts could be formed with H2O and/or CO2 streams at high temperatures of 700-1000 ¿C. Our study was focused on 10% doped cerium oxide with trivalent elements. In this study, the CO2 splitting on the oxidation step was correlated with the crystal structure parameters and the total conductivity of these materials. / Laqdiem Marín, M. (2024). Development of high temperature MIEC catalytic reactors for energy conversion and storage aplications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/204871
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Negative Emission from Electric Arc Furnace using a Combination of Carbon capture and Bio-coalKapothanillath, Abhijith Namboodiri January 2023 (has links)
Steel is one of the most essential metals in the world, and it plays a vital role in various industries. The growing demand for steel has resulted in increased CO2 emissions, with the steel industry contributing to approximately 7% of global emissions of carbon dioxide. Among the different production methods, the electric arc furnace (EAF) has emerged as a promising option, and its market share is expected to double in the future. While the EAF exhibits high efficiency and a reduced carbon footprint in comparison to alternative production routes, there is still considerable room for improvement. In the EAF, a significant amount of input energy, ranging from 15% to 30%, is wasted through off-gas, along with a substantial amount of CO2. To better understand the current state and ongoing research in off-gas handling, a literature review and a preliminary analysis were conducted which revealed that the waste heat from the off-gas can be effectively recovered using an evaporative cooling system, yielding approximately 105 kg of steam per ton of liquid steel. This emphasizes the importance of waste heat recovery in conjunction with CO2 capture. Calcium looping stands out as a promising carbon capture technology among the available options, primarily because of its lower environmental impacts and energy penalty. Furthermore, with its operation at elevated temperatures and dependence on limestone, calcium looping presents a potential solution to reduce the emissions from steel industry. Therefore, this study focuses on the analysis of a waste heat recovery system integrated with calcium looping technology, aiming to capture CO2 and utilize waste heat from the EAF off-gas. Additionally, the potential of coal substitution with bio-coal in the EAF for achieving negative emissions is also investigated. Through a steady state analysis and by employing semi-empirical mass and energy balance equations, it was determined that capturing 90% of the CO2 emissions from a 145-ton EAF requires 12 MW of heat and 16 kg of fresh limestone per ton of liquid steel. Although the average off-gas temperature is high, it cannot be considered as a reliable heat source. Therefore, the heat demand is met by burning biomass inside the calciner. Despite the increased heat demand, the waste heat recovery system integrated with calcium looping has the potential to generate approximately 11 MW of electricity using a supercritical steam cycle. This significant output can be attributed to the elevated temperature of the off-gas and the exothermic carbonation process. The economic analysis reveals that the levelized cost for capturing and storing CO2 is 1165 SEK per ton of CO2 with a negative Net Present Value (NPV). It was noted that, a higher carbon tax could significantly enhance the economic viability of the system. Moreover, the study found that by introducing bio-coal in the EAF with a fossil coal share below 69%, it has the potential to achieve negative emissions. Furthermore, recent studies have shown an increase in the CO2 content in the off-gas when introducing bio-coal into the EAF which further enhances the efficiency and economic feasibility of carbon capture. / Stål är en av de viktigaske metallerna i världen, och det spelar en avgörande roll i olika branscher. Den ökade efterfrågan på stål har lett till ökade koldikoxidutsläpp, och stålindustrin står för cirka 7% av de globala koldioxidutsläppen. Bland de olika produktionsmetoderna har ljusbågsugnen (EAF) framstått som ett lovande alternativ, och dess marknadsandel förväntas fördubblas i framtiden. Även om EAF uppvisar hög effektivitet och ett minskat koldioxidavtryck jämfört med alternativa produktionsvägar, finns det fortfarande stort utrymme för förbättringar. I EAF går en betydande mängd tillförd energi, mellan 15 och 30%, till spillo genom avgaserna, tillsammans med en betydande mängd CO2. För att bättre förstå det aktuella läget och pågående forskning inom hantering av avgaserna genomfördes en litteraturstudie och en preliminär analys som visade att spillvärmen från avgaserna effektivt kan återvinnas med hjälp av ett evaporativt kylsystem, vilket ger cirka 105kg ånga per ton flytande stål. Dettta understryker vikten av att återvinna spillvärme i samband med CO2-avskiljning. Kalciumlooping framstår som en lovande teknik för koldioxidavskiljning bland de tillgängliga alternativen, främst på grund av dess lägre miljöpåverkan och energiåtgång. Eftersom kalciumlooping används vid förhöjda temperaturer och är beroende av kalksten, utgör den dessutom en potentiell lösning för att minska utsläppen från stålindustrin. Därför fokuserar denna studie på analysen av ett system för återvinning av spillvärme integrerat med kalciumlooping-teknik, i syfte att fånga in CO2 och utnyttja spillvärme från EAF-avgaserna. Dessutom undersöks potentialen för att ersätta kol med biokol i EAF för att uppnå negativa utsläpp. Genom en steady state-analys och med hjälp av semi-empiriska mass- och energibalansekvationer fastställdes att det krävs 12 MW värme och 16 kg färsk kalksten per ton flytande stål för att fånga 90% av CO2-utsläppen från en 145-tons EAF. Även om den genomsnittliga avgastemperaturen är hög kan den inte betraktas som en tillförlitlig värmekälla. Därför tillgodoses värmebehovet genom förbränning av biomassa i kalcinatorn. Trots det ökade värmebehovet har systemet för återvinning av spillvärme integrerat med kalciumlooping potential att generera cirka 11 MW el med hjälp av en superkritisk ångcykel. Denna betydande produktion kan hänföras till den förhöjda temperaturen i avgaserna och den exoterna karbonatiseringsprocessen. Den ekonomiska analysen visar att den nivellerade kostnaden för avskiljning och lagring av CO2 är 1165 SEK per ton CO2 med ett negativt nettonuvärde (NPV). Det konstaterades att en högre koldioxidskatt skulle kunna förbättra systemets ekonomiska lönsamhet avsevärt. Dessutom visade studien att genom att introducera biokol i EAF med en andel fossilt kol under 69%, har det potential att uppnå negativa utsläpp. Nya studier har dessutom visat en ökning av koldioxidhalten i avgaserna när biokol införs i EAF, vilket ytterligare förbättrar effektiviteten och den ekonomiska genomförbarheten för koldioxidavskiljning.
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Construction, manipulation et visualisation de processus sonores dans des environnements virtuels immersifs pour la performance musicaleBerthaut, Florent 07 October 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Le travail présenté dans cette thèse s'inscrit à la fois dans le domaine de l'informatique musicale et dans celui de la réalité virtuelle. Nous présentons tout d'abord les avantages des environnements virtuels immersifs et de l'interaction graphique 3D pour les instruments multi-processus et en particulier pour le live-looping hiérarchique, un nouveau modèle d'instrument que nous définissons. Nous proposons ensuite des solutions pour la visualisation et la manipulation des processus sonores dans ces environnements virtuels. Afin de représenter les processus sonores, nous introduisons les widgets réactifs 3D qui s'appuient sur des mappings audiovisuels que nous évaluons. Nous développons un nouveau dispositif d'interaction 3D adapté à l'interaction musicale, appelé Piivert, ainsi que des techniques associées, dont les tunnels afin de manipuler les widgets réactifs 3D. Finalement, nous mettons en œuvre le live-looping hiérarchique avec l'instrument immersif Drile, en utilisant les techniques développées précédemment, et nous étudions plusieurs scènes pour les performances musicales immersives.
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Developing Effective Classroom Environments in a High School Looping Program: A Narrative Research StudyTipton, Caleb C 01 May 2017 (has links)
This study captures the narrative of the lived experiences of four teachers as they developed effective classroom environments in a high school looping program in an Eastern Tennessee school district. The study examined the stories and reflections of the participants in order to discover teacher perception, behaviors, and attitudes that help to establish teacher-student relational involvement which produces positive academic, behavioral, and socio-emotional student outcomes. The stories collected during the narrative study provide real-life, contextual data with which other practitioners might reflect upon their own teaching experiences and practices. The study also adds to the discussion on the potential impact of looping programs as a structure for improving student-teacher relationships and maximizing responsive teaching in secondary schools in order address student engagement and motivation.
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Steam Enhanced Calcination for CO2 Capture with CaOChampagne, Scott 16 April 2014 (has links)
Carbon capture and storage technologies are necessary to start lowering greenhouse gas emissions while continuing to utilize existing thermal power generation infrastructure. Calcium looping is a promising technology based on cyclic calcination/carbonation reactions which utilizes limestone as a sorbent. Steam is present in combustion flue gas and in the calciner used for sorbent regeneration. The effect of steam during calcination on sorbent performance has not been extensively studied in the literature. Here, experiments were conducted using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and subsequently a dual-fluidized bed pilot plant to determine the effect of steam injection during calcination on sorbent reactivity during carbonation.
In a TGA, various levels of steam (0-40% vol.) were injected during sorbent regeneration throughout 15 calcination/carbonation cycles. All concentrations of steam were found to increase sorbent reactivity during carbonation. A level of 15% steam during calcination had the largest impact. Steam changes the morphology of the sorbent during calcination, likely by shifting the pore volume to larger pores, resulting in a structure which has an increased carrying capacity. This effect was then examined at the pilot scale to determine if the phase contacting patterns and solids heat-up rates in a fluidized bed were factors. Three levels of steam (0%, 15%, 65%) were injected during sorbent regeneration throughout 5 hours of steady state operation. Again, all levels of steam were found to increase sorbent reactivity and reduce the required sorbent make-up rate with the best performance seen at 65% steam.
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Přiřazování učitelů do tříd v základní škole / Assigning teachers into classrooms in primary schoolNováková, Zuzana January 2018 (has links)
The study is devoted to assigning teachers into classrooms at primary school. Teacher is important player in education. In general awareness is known term "good teacher by lucky chance", but different participants have different image of a good teacher. Requirements from headmaster, founder, colleagues, students and their parents are too demanding. Quality of teaching depends on preparedness and working strain of the teacher. Assigning teachers into classrooms might be one of the deciding factors of working strain. There are more possible systems of assigning teachers - looping (teacher remaining with a group of students for multiple academic years), stable-grade assignment and grade switching. The study is concerned with theoretical anchor for assigning teachers into classrooms at primary school especially for looping. There is lack of specialized literature about looping (Czech and international as well). The research indicates that there are benefits of looping and advancing a teacher from one grade level to the next along with his or her class. Another part of this study are outcomes of case study of one primary school. In this qualitative study research interviews with present and past headmaster, teachers, students and their parents were performed. Respondents talked about the advantages of...
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Enhanced sorbents for the calcium looping cycle and effects of high oxygen concentrations in the calcinerErans Moreno, Mari´a January 2017 (has links)
Increasing CO2 emissions from the energy and industrial sectors are a worldwide concern due to the effects that these emissions have on the global climate. Carbon capture and storage has been identified as one of a portfolio of technologies that would mitigate the effects of global warming in the upcoming decades. Calcium looping is a second generation carbon capture technology aimed at reducing the CO2 emissions from the power and industrial sectors. This thesis assesses the improvement of the calcium looping cycle for CO2 capture through enhanced sorbent production and testing at lab-, bench- and pilot-scale, and a new operational mode with high oxygen concentrations in the calciner through experimental campaigns in Cranfield’s 25 kWth pilot unit. Novel biomass-templated sorbents were produced using the pelletisation technique and tested at different conditions in a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and a bench-scale plant comprising a bubbling fluidised bed (BFB) reactor. Moreover, the effects of sorbent poisoning by SO2, and the influence of steam were studied in order to explore the effects of real flue gas on this type of material. In addition to the chemical performance, the mechanical strength, i.e. resistance to fragmentation of these materials was tested. In additon, two different kinds of enhanced materials were produced and tested at pilot-scale. Namely, calcium aluminate pellets and HBr-doped limestone were used in experimental campaigns in Cranfield’s 25 kWth pilot plant comprising a CFB carbonator and a BFB calciner. The suitability of these materials for Ca looping was assessed and operation challenges were identified in order to provide a basis for synthetic sorbent testing at a larger scale. Lastly, a new operational mode was tested, which is aimed at reducing the heat provided to the calciner through high oxygen concentration combustion of a hydrocarbon (in this case natural gas) in the calciner. This approach reduces or even eliminates the recirculated CO2 stream in the calciner. In consequence, this results in a lower capital (reduced size of the calciner) and operational cost (less oxygen and less fuel use). Several pilot plant campaigns were performed using limestone as solid sorbent in order to prove this concept, which was successfully verified for concentrations of up to 100% vol oxygen in the inlet to the calciner.
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Development of subgrid models for a periodic circulating fluidized bed of binary mixture of particles / Développement de modèle de sous-maille pour la simulation numérique d'un écoulement polydisperse réactifChevrier, Solène 11 July 2017 (has links)
Des études numériques ont montré que la taille de la cellule de maillage peut avoir un effet drastique sur la modélisation du lit fluidisé circulant avec des petites particules. En effet, la taille de la cellule doit être de l’ordre de quelques diamètres de particules pour prédire avec précision le comportement dynamique d’un lit fluidisé. En conséquence, les simulations numériques d’ Euler-Euler des processus industriels sont généralement effectuées avec des grilles trop grossières pour permettre la prédiction des effets de ségrégation locale. La modélisation appropriée, qui prend en compte l’influence des structures non résolues, a déjà été proposée pour les simulations monodispersés. Dans ce travail, l’influence des structures non résolues sur un mélange binaire de particules est analysée et on propose des modèles pour tenir compte de cet effet dans des simulations de lit fluidisé polydispersés. Pour atteindre cet objectif, des simulations Euler-Euler de références sont réalisées avec un raffinement du maillage aboutissant à une solution indépendante de la taille de la cellule. Ce type de simulation numérique est très coûteux et se limite à des configurations très simples. Dans ce travail, la configuration se consiste en un lit circulant périodique 3D, qui représente la région établie d'un lit circulant. Parallèlement, une approche filtrée est développée où les termes inconnus, appelés contributions de sous-maille, doivent être modélisés. Les filtres spatiaux peuvent être appliqués aux résultats de simulation de référence afin de mesurer chaque contribution de sous-maille apparaissant dans l’approche théorique filtrée. Une analyse est réalisée afin de comprendre et de modéliser l’effet de la contribution des termes de sous-maille. L’opération de filtrage fait apparaître de nouveaux termes, les termes de sous-maille. Un terme filtré est la somme d’un terme résolu, obtenus à partir des champs filtrés, et d’ un terme de sous-maille. L’analyse de l’équation filtrée de quantité de mouvement montre que les contributions résolues de la traînée des particules fluides et la collision entre particules surestiment les effets de transferts de quantité de mouvement filtrés. L’analyse de l’équation filtrée de l’énergie cinétique des particules montre que la production résolue par le cisaillement moyen et par le mouvement relatif moyen des particules sous-estime contribution filtrée. Des modèles fonctionnels sont proposés pour les contributions de sous-maille de la traînée et des collisions inter-particule. / Detailed sensitivity numerical studies have shown that the mesh cell-size may have a drastic effect on the modelling of circulating fluidized bed with small particles. Typically, the cell-size must be of the order of few particle diameters to predict accurately the dynamical behaviour of a fluidized bed. Hence, the Euler-Euler numerical simulations of industrial processes are generally performed with grids too coarse to allow the prediction of the local segregation effects. Appropriate modelling, which takes into account the influence of unresolved structures, have been already proposed for monodisperse simulations. In this work, the influence of unresolved structures on a binary mixture of particles is investigated and models are proposed to account for those effect on bidisperse simulations of bidisperse gas-solid fluidized bed. To achieve this goal, Euler-Euler reference simulations are performed with grid refinement up to reach a mesh independent solution. Such kind of numerical simulation is very expensive and is restricted to very simple configurations. In this work, the configuration consists of a 3D periodical circulating fluidized bed, that could represent the established zone of an industrial circulating fluidized bed. In parallel, a filtered approach is developed where the unknown terms, called sub-grid contributions, appear. They correspond to the difference between filtered terms, which are calculated with the reference results then filtered, and resolved contributions, calculated with the filtered fields. Then spatial filters can be applied to reference simulation results to measure each sub-grid contribution appearing in the theoretical filtered approach. A budget analysis is carried out to understand and model the sub-grid term. The analysis of the filtered momentum equation shows that the resolved fluid-particle drag and inter-particle collision are overestimating the momentum transfer effects. The analysis of the budget of the filtered random kinetic energy shows that the resolved production by the mean shear and by the mean particle relative motion are underestimating the filtered ones. Functional models are proposed for the subgrid contributions of the drag and the inter-particle collision.
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