Le traitement et la gestion de la douleur sont depuis toujours une priorité pour le corps médical. Malgré leur importance pour la qualité de vie, les analgésiques couramment utilisés possèdent un ratio bénéfice/risque faible. La recherche de nouveaux concepts thérapeutiques pour lutter contre la douleur est donc une priorité. Afin de répondre à ce besoin, il faut d'abord comprendre les mécanismes de la perception de la douleur ainsi que, plus globalement, ceux permettant de percevoir son environnement. Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses études ont mis en évidence l'implication du canal calcique à bas seuil Cav3.2 dans les voies de la transmission de l'information douloureuse. Il représente donc une cible de choix pour le traitement de la douleur mais l'identité des neurones exprimant ces canaux ainsi que la fonction de Cav3.2 dans la physiologie des neurones sensoriels étaient jusqu'à présent inconnues. Au cours de cette thèse nous avons dans un premier temps décrit un nouvel inhibiteur des canaux calciques à bas seuil : le TTA-A2. Nous avons ainsi démontré que le TTA-A2 est un inhibiteur spécifique des canaux Cav3.1, Cav3.2, et Cav3.3. Il permet de diminuer l'excitabilité des neurones sensoriels exprimant Cav3.2, ce qui provoque une analgésie sur des animaux sains et pathologiques. Dans un deuxième temps nous nous sommes servis de ce nouvel outil en parallèle d'un nouveau modèle murin possédant une étiquette fluorescente (Knock in GFP) sur le canal Cav3.2 pour explorer la localisation et la fonction de Cav3.2 dans les neurones sensoriels. Nous avons ainsi découvert que Cav3.2 est exprimé dans des mécanorécepteurs à bas seuil impliqués dans la perception des stimuli mécaniques et thermiques nocifs ou non-nocifs. Le canal en lui-même se trouve aux endroits clés de la genèse et de la propagation du message nerveux périphérique, et module le seuil et la vitesse de conduction des potentiels d'action. Replacé dans le contexte de la bibliographie, l'ensemble de nos résultats montre que Cav3.2 permet de donner la modalité à bas seuil aux neurones l'exprimant. / Pain management and treatment have always been a priority for life quality. Despite this fact, analgesics commonly used present a bad benefice/risk ratio. Discovery of new therapeutic concepts to fight pain is highly required. To complete this task, we first need to better understand pain perception mechanisms, and more globally, mechanisms involved in the perception of our environment. In this context, numerous studies have shown that low threshold calcium channels Cav3.2 are involved in pain information transmission. Thus, it represents a good target for the treatment of pain. However, neuronal identity of Cav3.2-expressing sensory neurons and Cav3.2 functions in neuronal physiology are unknown. During this PhD we first described a new low voltage activated channel antagonist named TTA-A2. We demonstrated that TTA-A2 is a powerful nanomolar specific agonist of Cav3.1, Cav3.2 and Cav3.3. This molecule is able to reduce excitability in sensory neurons expressing Cav3.2, and is able to generate a strong analgesic effect on naive and pathologic animals. In the other part of this PhD, we used this new tool combined to a new transgenic mouse that expressed Cav3.2 tagged with a fluorescent protein (Knock-in GFP). With these new tools we discovered that Cav3.2 is expressed in low threshold mechanoreceptors involved in detection of painful and non painful mechanical and thermal stimuli. Cav3.2 itself is expressed at key localisations that allow action potential generation and propagation, and modulate threshold and speed conduction of action potential. Taken together, these results show that Cav3.2 gives the “low threshold” modality to neurons.

The thesis deals with the subject of the role of the teacher in low-threshold courses of Czech for foreigners provided by The Centre for Integration of Foreigners (CIC). The thesis is divided into a theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part is divided into three main parts. The first chapter explains the term "low-threshold", which is later put into context of foreign language education organized by the state or non-profit organizations. We focus mainly on NPK CIC. We cover how the courses are built, what is their content and what are the specific of (large) heterogenous classes. The second chapter focuses on adult education in general. We cover the basic of adult education and introduce the key competencies that are developed at NPK. The third chapter covers the adult's teacher. It defines who the teacher is and what his competencies are. We also compare the demands that the teacher has to meet in schools or when they are a teacher at NPK. The chapter covers the role of the teacher and analyses the usage of these models in the environment of NPK. Attention is also paid to team teaching. The empiric part deals with the description of the results and implementation of qualitative research. The aim of this research was to find out how the teachers view their role at NPK that substantially...

Diploma thesis "The course and long-term effects of animation as a method of working with adolescents" deals with the methods of working with endangered youth in the field and in the low-threshold facility for children and youth. It represents the reflection of the development of the methodology of the work of a particular organization in the Vltava housing estate in České Budějovice in the perspective of six years, when the author also worked here with a break. This time perspective makes it possible to help assess whether and to what extent the chosen approach appears to be effective. Above all, it allows to monitor the development of clients' life paths during a sensitive period from adolescence to adulthood. The potential of animation over other guiding and prevention systems can be to focus on activation, respect for life situations and the needs of clients, which are largely developmental, but also reflects social and psychological deficits in specific individual cases as well as in group life. Phenomenologically and ethnographically oriented research follows the previous author's qualification work and monitors the development of the contact center client community in the context of workers' suggestions and spontaneous life events. It is also complemented by a trio of individual case studies...

The diploma thesis is focused on preventive activities in the context of social work with youth at risk and their implementation in NZDM (low-threshold facility for children and youth) at SaSM-DDM ČB (Salesian Centre for youth-children and youth centre in České Budějovice). The aim of the thesis is based on research and on available literary sources to mapp the development of preventive activities in NZDM at SaSM-DDM ČB, their functionality and consequences in efficiency on social environment and social functionality of clients of NZDM. The research was carried out by a qualitative method, using semistructured interviews. In the thesis, there is the term "low-threshold" specified, focusing on the NZDM. The thesis defines the topic of prevention of social failure and of preventive activities directed from employers towards employees. The work also presents the social pathological phenomena that occur in the target group of NZDM at SaSM-DDM ČB. Also, the target group of NZDM at SaSM-DDM ČB is discussed in the context of its life situation. Finally, there are ethical dilemmas related to preventive activities or the legal obligation of NZDM. Almost the entire period of function of the NZDM at SaSM-DDM ČB was mapped in this thesis and it was concluded that the preventive activities are still developing and responding to the needs of clients.

BACKGROUND: Health literacy is the sum of skills which leads to improved behavior related to the health. Limited health literacy can be related to a risk behavior such as addictive substance use. OBJECTIVIES: The goal of the study is to research the level of health literacy among low-threshold users in the Sananim contact centre. The study aims to compare groups of respondents on the basis of health literacy and to ascrertain if there are some significant differences between them. METHODS: The study included 194 respondents. The level of health literacy was measured by HLS-EU-Q16 questionnaire, sociodemographic data were measured by In-come questionnaire. RESULTS: Most of the respondents belong into a group with limited health literacy. Methamphetamine was the primary addictive substance in both groups, the primary method of application was injection. CONCLUSIONS: There are no significant differences among the groups with limited and adequate health literacy.

Målet med studien er å undersøke og beskrive ansatte i lavterskel botiltak sine erfaringer med overdoser hos beboere. Gjennom å belyse den ofte tause kunnskapen de ansatte i lavterskeltiltak har om hva som karakteriserer en overdosesituasjon, er studiens hensikt å systematisere og presentere denne erfaringskunnskapen, og gjennom det kunne bidra til en kvalitetsforbedring av den tjenesten som ytes til beboerne.Datainnsamlingen ble gjort gjennom fokusgruppeintervjuer med ansatte på lavterskel botiltak. Flere av kodegruppene som ble arbeidet frem i analysen var tema i begge fokusgruppene. Temaene var overganger, tilgang, å legge lokk på det vanskelige, å dempe kriser og relasjonen til andre. Disse ble igjen rekontekstualisert til «min virkelighet» og «den rusfrie virkelighet,» sammenfattet som «når virkeligheten strammer grepet.»Hovedfunnet i studien er at ansatte opplever at det er når virkeligheten strammet grepet, når rusens dempende slør ikke kan holde virkelighetens krav på avstand, at risikoen for overdoser oppstår. Dette taler for viktigheten av gode relasjoner til hjelpeapparatet, og at de ansatte kjenner til hva som beveger seg i den enkelte beboers liv. / Objectives: This study aimed to investigate and describe how employees working in low threshold housing facilities experience overdosing by facility residents. We also aimed to enlighten the often silent employee knowledge about the characteristics of an overdose situation, thus enhancing the quality of resident services.Materials and Methods: Data was collected through focus group interviews with employees working in low-threshold housing facilities. Many of the code terms identified through data analysis were common to both employees and residents (e.g., “transitions,” “access,” “putting a lid on the difficulties,” “attenuating crises,” and “relation to others.” We recontextualized these codes to “my reality” and “drug-free reality,” or “when reality kicks in.”Results: Our study determined that employees recognize the risk of overdosing as the point at which reality kicks in (i.e., when the attenuating effect of the drugs can no longer keep reality at distance).Conclusion: This study shows that employees are fully aware of residents’ lives and activities. Therefore, policies that maintain good employee relationships with and within the different social and health services may contribute significantly to overdose prevention. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-07-2</p>

Children who grow up in dysfunctional families where they do not have required educational care and model are nowadays focused as frequented. The number of reasons why is a child on the edge of parents´ interests is increasing. Those children are exposed to risky factors much more than the others, because they lack of protection and an educational model. Society´s reaction to this situation is building Low Threshold Institutions which offer ambulatory or filed services to children or youngsters who are endangered by social exclusion. In a theoretical part, there is a comprehensive introduction of issues connected with these building Low Threshold Institutions for children and youngsters (NZDM further). These issues are clearly arranged into chapters which represent legislative fixing of NZDM, its rules and standards. A history of NZDM which has been developed in the Czech Republic dynamically since the 90s to a present form is a part of another chapter. Principles of NZDM, inner rules of provided services, employees and their personal dispositions, education and ethical norms are also describes, as well as services and activities of NZDM which are mainly of advisory and preventive character. The last chapter deals with a target group, which is affected by inner factors primarily developmental psychology of potential clients and outer factors which are socialization ones. A research is based on a qualitative approach where a point of view of the target group on NZDM Srdíčko Jiloro was found out with the aid of data fixing. Another points of interest was employees´ point of view, their professional perception of provided services. Last but not least, subjective view of NZDM from some clients´ parents was put into the research, too. The first aim of the thesis was to find out whether and which relevance the services of NZDM Srdíčko Jiloro have got for the clients. The second one was to identify how the work with clients is going on (e.g. contact work, work with educational situations, motivational dialogues and work with drug themes). Under the terms of an empirical thesis part are introduced data which were gathered into following results NZDM Srdíčko Jiloro has got its own irreplaceable role in the area of Okružní, but the clients are not aware of the fact that NZDM has got any influence on them. They do not use any other alternatives for spending their free time. There are 40 clients and only 2 social workers every day. Clients do not talk about their problems, they say they do not need help. Advantages are that social workers learn with them, help them with their homework, etc. They are also aware of using of leisure time activities and workshops. Social workers and information in files and records of services and activities prove that clients have got problems. These are mostly very grave and that is another reason why Okružní has got its important role. Social workers provide especially consulting, information and situational service, preventive and educational programmes, work with close relatives, etc. Professionals in NZDM and Rehabilitation and Activation Service Sasanka work with whole families and they try to offer complex support and help. Social workers guide clients through their childhood and maturing, they are becoming their guides and mentors, they lead them to positive changes and have got mainly socialization and educative effect. Work with the clients in Okružní is more hectic than in other NZDMs. I think it is primarily because the social workers want to offer services to a maximal number of clients but with the lack of employees and time. Leisure time activities are going on in an ordinary way, but work with children and youngsters in a social unacceptable area needs specific professional and human attitudes and approaches. Because of poor personal sources are social workers forced to a negative trend provide services rather in a quantitative than in a qualitative way.

The task of this diploma thesis is to describe and summerize the ethical dilemmas that occur in the work of social workers in low-threshold facilities for children and youth. The aim of this work is to formulate individual ethical dilemmas faced by social workers in social work with risky youth in low-threshold facilities for children and youth, and then to perform subsequently the analysis of one selected ethical dilemma using three ethical theories. The basis for collecting information was a qualitative research - the research probe, specifically, the method of questioning, the technique of the semi-structured interview with social workers. The diploma thesis is divided into five chapters in which I describe the formation and development of low-threshold facilities, the clients of these facilities and the aspects influencing their risk. Other chapters are devoted to ethics and ethical dilemmas in general. In conclusion of the thesis, the analysis of the specific ethical dilemma from the practice of the interviewed social workers is carried out, using three ethical theories deontology, utilitarianism and ethics of care. This is the case when ethics and social work link and point out the possibility of using ethical theories in professional practice.

Everyone brings some dispositions ( factors) into his life, which cannot be swayed. In these factors belong for example skin colour, genetic dispositions or ethnicity. Some of these differences is possiibe to see on the first look and some follow up during the person´s life. It has connection with how we are felt with other people .It is very important how we feel ourselves. On base of some signs we categorize people according to stereotyped used phyziognomic signs. But the identity of the person can be in his conception totally different than it is felt by the other people. Ethnicity is one of the signs which we take in our lifes from the beginning of our existance. Concept of ethnicity correspond with name of race but it´s other meanings follow in the field of culture. Ethnicity is concentrated around same cultur conviction and practice. Forming of the "ethnic groups" consists in sharing of culture signs, which were developed in specific historical, social and political contexts and support the feeling of belonging. The meaning of ethnicity is partly from mythologic origin. Ethnicity is beeing formed on the base of how we express culture identity with the help of the language sings. Therefore is the ethnicity relative and it correlatives with categories of self interpretation and acquire of social status. The dissertation Perception of ethnicity in Low-treshold treatment programe for kids and young people is concentrated on the social workers´s view on social work with ethnicity of users the Low-treshold treatment program. These programes say thet the main group of their users are gypsies. In dissertation I work with the question if the social workers who work with the gypsies are swayed by their ehtnicity. If the social workers have to use some different methods when they work with the gypsies. In the Low-treshold treatment programe work the social workers mostly with children and young people who are social handicapped. Often there are children and young people who only drift aroudn the street. Often there are also children and young people who live in weak social environment and they live in bad areas where they have no opportunity for their personal progress. Quality these children´s life is very low even if we talk about the material aspect or their family background. I concentrate on explaining the word Ethnicity and ethnic minority in the theoretic part. How are the gypsies swayed with their own enthnicity and how do they live in the Czech Republic. Also I talk about the Low-treshold treatment programe for children and young people. Next I write about theories and methods of the social work. I decided for strategy of qualitative research in the empirical part. Here I used the method of questioning, technique of halfstandardized interview. I chose this technique becasuse it is possible to change it and modify during the analysis. Quality dates I recived , I adapted with the help of coding. The social workers in Low-treshold treatment programe made the basic complex for collecting the dates. They have been chosen because of their direct work with the users of the programe. The target of my dissertation was to identify how the user´s ehtnicity sways the work of the social workers. It follows from the resaults that the ethnicity is not important for the social workers. How they said, they feel the user´s ethnicity but in the mutual interaction with users they find some other , more important characteristics. One of the important attribute is the area which the users come from. Next factor is the bahaving of the children. Or the way how are the gypsies behaved. How the social workers said, they feel a little uselessness to change the habits. It followed from the interview that the success of their work is very low. If we talk about some social work specification it is necessary to work with the gypsies according to their social differences. Social workers choose the attitud.

1 Abstract The diploma thesis is focused on applying restrictive measures in critical situations with client in low-threshold facilities for children and youth. It is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical part has six chapters. The first chapter defines term of a low-threshold facilities for children and youth (hereafter "NZDM" - abbrev coming from the Czech term) and aims at history of street social work and roots of beginning of NZDM in the Czech Republic. It also explains low-threshold principle, aims of NZDM, and content of the service. The second chapter defines a worker of NZDM as per law, his/her abilities and competencies. In the third chapter there is description of a focus group; the fourth chapter directs methods of working with the focus group. The fifth chapter defines term of a conflict; the sixth term of a sanction (restrictive measures). The practical part brings information about research strategy; it defines main aim and research questionnaire. Questions are focused on sanctions which are used by workers of NZDM in conflict situations, how they see usage of such sanctions when looking back, and what would be their recommendation to colleagues who are in difficult conflict situation. Further there is description of a research group - contact workers of NZDMs,...