Te aim of the research dissertation thesis is to introduce transactional analysis as a practi- cal tool applicable for efective communication with clients in low-threshold addictology services. Te main objective is the discovery of ego-states that clients use in communication with employees, determining the representation of individual ego-states at both client and employee side. A partial goal is to observe the methods of communication with the client, which lead to the provision of services in the framework of Adult to Adult transactions. Te output usable in real life is a manual of communication between employees and clients using principles of transaction analysis. Te research group consists of 88 observed, recorded and evaluated interviews between employees and clients of the low-threshold addictology service Drop In Prevention and Treatment of Drug Addiction Center, specifcally in the Drop In Low-threshold Center. Tey were active users of illegal addictive substances who have requested some service from the spectrum of harm reduction services at the time of the research. Te thesis uses qualitative research in the form of text and word analysis used in the com- munication of clients and employees in the Drop In Low-threshold Center with the aim of capturing the usual communication...

The thesis focuses on the role of Low-threshold institutions for children and youth (NZDM) in the system of social- legal Child protection, their significance, possibilities and cooperation with other subjects, namely with Department of Social and Legal Protection for Children (OSPOD). The theoretical part defines what the social and legal protection for children is responsible for, how the cooperation between individual subjects work and what notification and information obligations are the subjects bound to fulfil. Attention is also paid to the tasks of OSPOD, NZDM and the role of entrusted persons in the system. The practical part is focused on three main topics. 1) Do the NZDMs have an authorisation to perform social and legal protection of children (and advantages and disadvantages associated with it)? 2) What is the role of NZDM in the system of Child protection (With what clients they work? How can NZDMs help their clients? And do they cooperate with other subjects)? 3) How does the cooperation with OSPOD works?The qualitative (interviews) as well as quantitative (questionnaires) methods have been used during the research.

It has been previously established that when engaged in a difficult attention intensive task, which involves repeating information while blocking out other information (the dichotic listening task), participants are often able to report hearing their own names in an unattended audio channel (Moray, 1959). This phenomenon, called the cocktail party effect is a result of words that are important to oneself having a lower threshold, resulting in less attention being necessary to process them (Treisman, 1960). The current studies examined the ability of a person who was engaged in an attention demanding task to hear and recall low-threshold words from a fictional story. These low-threshold words included a traditional alert word, "fire" and fictional character names from a popular franchise-Harry Potter. Further, the role of stimulus degradation was examined by including synthetic and accented speech in the task to determine how it would impact attention and performance. In Study 1 participants repeated passages from a novel that was largely unfamiliar to them, The Secret Garden while blocking out a passage from a much more familiar source, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Each unattended Harry Potter passage was edited so that it would include 4 names from the series, and the word "fire" twice. The type of speech present in the attended and unattended ears (Natural or Synthetic) was varied to examine the impact that processing a degraded speech would have on performance. The speech that the participant shadowed did not impact unattended recall, however it did impact shadowing accuracy. The speech type that was present in the unattended ear did impact the ability to recall low-threshold, Harry Potter information. When the unattended speech type was synthetic, significantly less Harry Potter information was recalled. Interestingly, while Harry Potter information was recalled by participants with both high and low Harry Potter experience, the traditional low-threshold word, "fire" was not noticed by participants. In order to determine if synthetic speech impeded the ability to report low-threshold Harry Potter names due to being degraded or simply being different than natural speech, Study 2 was designed. In Study 2 the attended (shadowed) speech was held constant as American Natural speech, and the unattended ear was manipulated. An accent which was different than the native accent of the participants was included as a mild form of degradation. There were four experimental stimuli which contained one of the following in the unattended ear: American Natural, British Natural, American Synthetic and British Synthetic. Overall, more unattended information was reported when the unattended channel was Natural than Synthetic. This implies that synthetic speech does take more working memory processing power than even an accented natural speech. Further, it was found that experience with the Harry Potter franchise played a role in the ability to report unattended Harry Potter information. Those who had high levels of Harry Potter experience, particularly with audiobooks, were able to process and report Harry Potter information from the unattended stimulus when it was British Natural. While, those with low Harry Potter experience were not able to report unattended Harry Potter information from this slightly degraded stimulus. Therefore, it is believed that the previous audiobook experience of those in the high Harry Potter experience group acted as training and resulted in less working memory being necessary to encode the unattended Harry Potter information. A pilot study was designed in order to examine the impact of story familiarity in the attended and unattended channels of a dichotic listening task. In the pilot study, participants shadowed a Harry Potter passage (familiar) in one condition with a passage from The Secret Garden (unfamiliar) playing in the unattended ear. A second condition had participants shadowing The Secret Garden (unfamiliar) with a passage from Harry Potter (familiar) present in the unattended ear. There was no significant difference in the number of unattended names recalled. Those with low Harry Potter experience reported significantly less attended information when they shadowed Harry Potter than when they shadowed The Secret Garden. Further, there appeared to be a trend such that those with high Harry Potter experience were reporting more attended information when they shadowed Harry Potter than The Secret Garden. This implies that experience with a franchise and characters may make it easier to recall information about a passage, while lack of experience provides no assistance. Overall, the results of the studies indicate that we do treat fictional characters in a way similarly to ourselves. Names and information about fictional characters were able to break through into attention during a task that required a great deal of attention. The experience one had with the characters also served to assist the working memory in processing the information in degraded circumstances. These results have important implications for training, design of alerts, and the use of popular media in the classroom.

Introduction : L’exposition au virus de l’hépatite C entraîne une infection virale du foie. La plupart des patients infectés sont asymptomatiques (85%). La phase aigüe de l’infection peut passer inaperçue mais le fardeau à long terme de l’infection est lourd, conduisant annuellement dans 1%-4% des cas à un cancer du foie ou nécessitante une greffe hépatique. Au Canada, on diagnostique 11600 cas d’infections par le VHC par année. Avant l'ère des antiviraux à action directe (AAD) et avec les traitements d’interféron, le taux de guérison était à 50%. En outre, il y a eu beaucoup d’effets sur la santé mentale. C’est pour cela que s’ils n’avaient pas de support à la maison on leur refusait le traitement. Les médicaments AAD ont révolutionné le traitement de l’infection par le virus de l’hépatite C (VHC). Leur taux de guérison de l’ordre de 95%, et moins d’effets secondaires en a fait le traitement de choix dans l’infection par le VHC. Afin de mieux gérer les patients infectés et d’identifier les obstacles à l’élimination de l’infection, nous avons créé et analysé la cascade de soins de l’hépatite C dans un centre extrahospitalier. Méthodes: Nous avons analysé la cascade de soins en hépatite C pour une cohorte de patients suivis dans une clinique spécialisée en VIH/VHC avec au besoin suivi en toxicomanie et traitement à bas seuil (pas de refus de traitement a patients toxicomane). Tous les patients avec test d’anticorps anti-VHC positif de la clinique ont été inclus. Les patients coinfectés avec VIH ont été inclus. Les données démographiques, de laboratoire, de suivi médical et thérapeutiques ont été collectées à l’aide du dossier médical électronique. Les patients avec >=2 visites ont été considérés « pris en charge », la guérison a été mesurée par la réponse virologique soutenue (RVS) trois mois post-traitement. Nous avons calculé l’incidence cumulative de chaque étape de la cascade. Résultats: Entre 2010 et 2018, 1135 patients avec test anti-VHC+ ont consulté à la clinique médicale urbaine du Quartier Latin (cmuQL). 75% étaient des hommes, leur âge médian était de 54 ans, 39% étaient des personnes qui utilisent des drogues par injection, 76% ont été traités pour l’hépatite C. 1100 patients (97%) ont été pris en charge, 966 (85%) ont eu un test d’ARN, 825 (73%) ont reçu un traitement, 772 (68%) ont atteint la fin du traitement, et 703 (62%) ont eu une RVS. Au total, 46 patients (4%) sont décédés dont 21 sont décédés avant d’être traités. 69 patients (6%) ont eu une guérison spontanée et 90 patients ont été réinfectés au moins une fois. Conclusions: Le traitement des patients infectés par le VHC dans une clinique multidisciplinaire avec prise en charge concomitante de la toxicomanie était un succès. Les défis majeurs de la cascade de soins en hépatite C étaient l’initiation du traitement et l’adhérence au suivi après la fin du traitement. / Exposure to the hepatitis C virus leads to viral infection of the liver. Most infected patients are asymptomatic (85%). The acute phase of infection may go unnoticed, but the long-term burden of infection is heavy, leading to 1%-4% per year to liver cancer or requiring liver transplantation. In Canada, 11,600 cases of HCV infection are diagnosed each year. Before the DAA era and at the time of treatment with interferon, the cure rate was around 50%. Also, there were a lot of effects on mental health. Therefore, if the patient didn’t have sufficient family support, they were being refused for treatment. DAAs have revolutionized the treatment of hepatitis C (HCV) infection. Their 95% cure rate and fewer side effects have made them the treatment of choice in HCV infection. To better manage infected patients and identify barriers to infection clearance, we designed and analyzed the hepatitis C care cascade in an out-of-hospital setting. Methods: We analyzed the cascade of hepatitis C care for a cohort of patients followed in a clinic specializing in HIV/HCV with follow-up in substance abuse and low-threshold treatment (treatment offered even if the patient had drug dependence). All patients with positive anti-HCV antibody tests from the clinic were included. HIV positive patients were also entered in the research. Demographic, laboratory, medical follow-up, and therapeutic data were collected using the electronic medical record. Patients with >=2 visits were considered “in care”, and cure was measured by sustained virologic response (SVR) three months post-treatment. We calculated the cumulative impact of each step of the cascade. Results: Between 2010 and 2018, 1135 patients with an anti-HCV+ test consulted at the urban medical clinic in the Latin Quarter. 75% were men, their median age was 54 years, 39% were in the category of people who inject drugs (PWID), and 76% had already been treated. 1100 patients (97%) were taken care of, 966 (85%) had an RNA test, 825 (73%) received treatment and 772 (68%) reached the end of treatment and 703 (62 %) had an SVR. A total of 46 patients (4%) died, of which 21 died before being treated. 69 patients (6%) recovered spontaneously, and 90 patients (8%) were reinfected at least once. Conclusions: Treatment of HCV-infected patients in a multidisciplinary clinic with concurrent addiction management was successful. The major challenges of the hepatitis C cascade of care were treatment initiation and adherence to follow-up after the end of treatment.

The thesis is focused on the specifics of the social service called low-threshold facility for children and youth and how the virtual communication can be used to work with the clients of the service. In the theoretical part the low-threshold facilities for children and youth, range, principles and target audience of this social service are described. Also function and purpose of communication is described and the specifics of mobile and virtual communication are characterised. The possibilities how to use the mobile and virtual communication in basic and special social consultancy are another topic. The practical part is focused on mapping how the area of Czech Republic is covered with the facilities supplying the social service called low-threshold facility for children and youth. It also includes a survey research reflecting actual practise in using the virtual communication as a tool when working with clients in these facilities. In current facilities mainly e-mail and Facebook social network are used sometimes also Skype, ICQ application and other social networks. Current practise is very diverse because a complex professional methodical basis to supply this service model is still missing.

Cortical malformations as a result of altered development are a common cause of human epilepsy. The cellular mechanisms that render neurons of malformed cortex epileptogenic remain unclear. Using a rat model of the malformation of microgyria, a previous study showed an alteration in the number of immunocytochemically-identified parvalbumin cells, a GABAergic inhibitory interneurons subtype (Rosen et al., 1998). A second study showed no change in the total number of GABAergic neurons (Schwarz et al., 2000). Consequently, we hypothesize that interneuron subtypes are differentially affected by maldevelopment. The present study investigated (1) whether interneuron subtype identity is retained in malformed cortex, based on chemical content, and (2) whether the proportion of three chemical subtypes is altered in malformed cortex. Here we demonstrate that three non-overlapping subtype markers remain non-overlapping in malformed cortex, but show altered distributions. These findings suggest that an increase in one subpopulation of interneurons may compensate for a corresponding decrease in a second subset.

This thesis deals with the Low threshold facilities (shortly LTF) for children and youth and a method of work with high risk youth The aim is to desribe and analyse the methods of work in this facilities. In the theoretical part, this analysis is based on the study of professional literature. The theoretical part explains the situation that affects children and adolescents in a risk ways. The practial part is based on qualitative research, which were provided in concrete LTF through the interview with clients and employee of LTF. Method of interview was supplied by involved observation. The data analysis resulted in several facts. Free time activities became the important motive for attendace at club. Through free time activities, social work is provided with the help of other method such as consultancy, informative service, situation and crisis intervention. Streetwork is a specific method, where all services are provided to the target group at the street.

The diploma thesis deals with analysis of individual dilemmas of social workers in providing services in low-threshold facilities for children and youth. The aim of this thesis is to define and reflect individual dilemmas occurring at social workers who with youth at risk in low-threshold facilities for children and youth. Next task is to analyse my chosen dilemma by means of three ethical theories. Individual dilemmas were identified on the basis of a research probe namely questioning, technique of a semi-structures interview. The thesis is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter there is the characteristic of youth at risk and low-threshold facilities for children and youth. Social work with this specific target group is also included. The second chapter deals with interconnection of ethics and social work and general ethical dilemmas. In the third chapter specific dilemmas which social workers face on low-threshold facilities device for children and youth are described. In the last chapter of this diploma thesis is the analysis of the chosen dilemma by means of three ethical theories deontology, utilitarianism and ethics of care.

81 Abstract The presented diploma thesis solves fears which are experienced by workers in low-threshold institutions for children and youth (NZDM) in their ongoing contact work. The theoretical articles are focused on the description of NZDM - it's principles, target group, methods and protective mechanisms of work. The following articles describes workers in NZDM. Due to the topic of diploma thesis, the fears are defined in the next articles. The research part of the thesis solves meanings and experiencing of fears using the interpretative phenomenological analysis by A. Smith. The analysis outcome is of high importance experiencing frustration, uncertainty and refusal. The fears are experienced in the background of their own personal life experiences, in the clients specific lives, in the relationship with clients, experiencing competency and work requirements. The most commented values are the intrapsychical safety and self-esteem. The analysis also shows the protective strategies for coping with the fears. Workers talked about the benefits of the experienced problems.

This diploma thesis deals with the criminality of children at the first level of elementary schools. The thesis is divided into theoretical part and empirical part. In the theoretical part, we are focusing on the causes and specifics of child criminality. Than three influences that affect the child are also described. This is the effect of family, school environment and leisure time. In the practical part are statistics of child criminality. As part of empirical research, we found out how the link between leisure time and the occurrence of criminal activity is. The questionnaire method was used. The data was collection at elementary school in Prague 1. Another method was self-observation based on communication with a low-threshold center worker.