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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24076号 / 理博第4843号 / 新制||理||1693(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中川 尚史, 准教授 中村 美知夫, 教授 中務 真人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23942号 / 農博第2491号 / 新制||農||1090(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R4||N5377(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 神﨑 護, 教授 北島 薫, 教授 市岡 孝朗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Casamance is a region in southern Senegal that traditionally produces rainfed rice, but Senegal produces only 1/3 of its rice consumption. Lowland areas, where rice is primarily produced, have acid sulfate soils with low pH and potential aluminum and iron toxicity. The goal of this work was to determine if soil amendments can alleviate soil acidity, counteract the negative biogeochemical effects that occur in flooded conditions, and increase rice yield. A two-year experiment was conducted to test the following soil treatments – agricultural lime, pulverized oyster shell, biochar, and control (no amendment) – in flat and raised beds. Plots amended with lime and shell materials had increased soil pH, base saturation, Ca, and cation exchange capacity. Meanwhile, biochar elevated particulate organic matter and C:N ratios. Exchangeable Fe and Al were negatively correlated with soil pH, while Geobacteraceae populations (Fe reducing bacteria) increased with pH. A greater proportion of the total Fe was strongly bound in fractions that were less bioavailable in plots amended with shell or lime, and overall rice yields were significantly higher following amendment with shell or lime. During the second growing year these effects diminished, suggesting that liming effects did not persist as expected. These results demonstrate the benefits of soil amendments that raise soil pH and suggest that this effect operates by influencing overall soil nutrient availability to rice plants, but further research is needed regarding the timing and sustainability of the beneficial liming effect. / Master of Science

Tropical soils are a globally important store of terrestrial carbon (C) and source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), regulated by the activity of soil microorganisms, through the mineralisation of plant residues and soil organic matter (SOM). Climatic warming will influence microbial activity, and this may accelerate the rate of C release from soils as CO2, contributing to alterations in current atmospheric composition, and generating feedbacks to climate change. Yet the magnitude of C loss from tropical soils remains uncertain, partly because we do not fully understand how non-climatic factors – including the chemistry of plant inputs, the availability of soil nutrients and the composition of the decomposer community – will interact to determine the response to changes in temperature. This thesis examines how these factors together regulate the rate of C cycling in contrasting soils across a 3400 m tropical elevation gradient in the Peruvian Andes, spanning a 20 ºC range (6.5 – 26.4 ºC) in mean annual temperature. Large-scale field-based manipulation experiments, translocating leaves and soil-cores across the elevation gradient (to impose an in-situ experimental warming treatment), were combined with controlled laboratory studies to examine the microbial-scale mechanisms which underlie the processes of decomposition and soil respiration observed in-situ. Results show that, across the gradient, rates of leaf-decomposition were determined principally by temperature and foliar chemical traits, while soil fertility had no significant influence. The effect of temperature was, however, stronger across higher-elevation sites, suggesting a greater vulnerability of the C-rich soils in montane systems to increased C loss under climatic warming. In lowland forests, the presence of invertebrate macrofauna also accelerated rates of decomposition, but leaf chemistry explained the greatest proportion of the observed variance, with a strong role for leaf chemical traits also identified under controlled conditions. Despite marked differences in microbial abundance and community composition among soils, these metrics were not associated with observed rates of decomposition. These results suggest that climate-related changes to plant species distributions (with associated changes to the chemistry of leaf-inputs), and upslope extension of macrofaunal ranges, could strongly influence future rates of leaf decomposition, independently of the direct response to warming. From the soil translocation study, root-soil interactions stimulated substantial net C loss from montane soils following translocation downslope (experimental warming treatment), indicating that warming-related changes to root productivity, exudation and/or species-composition could represent an important mode of future C loss from these soils. To examine more closely how inputs of plant-derived C influence the turnover of pre-existing SOM, and whether soil nutrient availability modulates the response, soils were amended with simple and complex 13C-labelled substrates in combination with inorganic nutrient treatments. Isotopic partitioning was used to determine the degree to which C and nutrient inputs accelerated (positive priming) or retarded (negative priming) the decomposition of SOM. Amendment of upper montane forest and montane grassland soils with nitrogen (N; alone and in combination with C) substantially retarded the decomposition of SOM, suggesting that microbial demand for N strongly regulates the turnover of organic matter in these soils. In contrast, amendment of lower montane and lowland forest soils with C stimulated positive priming of SOM, which was strongest in response to the simple C substrate and was not influenced by nutrient treatments, suggesting that microorganisms in these soils are primarily constrained by availability of labile C. Functional differences among microbial groups were also evident, with gram-negative bacteria and fungi using more labile sources of C while gram-positive bacteria used more complex C. Together, results from these studies considerably advance our understanding of soil C dynamics across lowland and montane systems, painting a rich picture of interacting processes which will determine the future soil C balance in tropical ecosystems. They show that the influence of temperature on the rate of soil C cycling is strongly affected by the nature and composition of plant-derived and atmospheric inputs, the principal additional constraints varying with elevation, leading to both opposing and reinforcing effects on rates of decomposition. The greater observed temperature sensitivity of decomposition at higher elevations is coupled with high microbial demand for N which regulates the turnover of SOM, whereas at lower elevations leaf decomposition is accelerated by active macrofaunal breakdown, while microbial decomposition of SOM is constrained by the availability of labile C. Under a global change scenario of increased temperature and N deposition, results therefore suggest that: (i) modified chemistry of plant inputs will influence rates of decomposition, independently of climate; (ii) increased availability of labile C will lead to more rapid decomposition of SOM at lower elevations; (iii) greater root productivity (associated with warming and plant-community shifts) will stimulate soil C loss across montane regions; but (iv) at higher elevations, a possible countervailing effect may be imposed on rapid warming-accelerated decomposition if increased N availability reduces microbial mineralisation of SOM. The net effect on the ecosystem C budget will depend on the balance of C gain from primary productivity and C loss from soils. Overall, however, the results presented here suggest that the large soil C stores in higher-elevation montane regions are particularly vulnerable to substantial reductions under exposure to short- and medium-term climatic warming.

The research aims of this thesis are to investigate the attention cues available to and used by apes, especially gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), to ascertain the direction of conspecific attention during social interactions with a special reference to social play. Minimal research has been conducted on the role of attention cues - eye gaze, head, and body orientation - to regulate natural social interactions, such as social play, in non-human primates. This thesis begins with an investigation of the "cooperative eye hypothesis", which poses that humans have evolved a unique white sclera adaptation for advertising and detecting gaze direction. Chapter 2 reports the existence of a natural white sclera variation in a proportion of gorilla eyes - contradicting the widely held assumption that white sclera is an exclusively human characteristic - and analyzes the presence of white sclera in relation to other morphological changes in the human eye. The study concludes that the morphological elongation of the eye might be a more important and unique change than the white sclera coloration. Chapter 3 experimentally explores the contribution of white sclera in both great ape and human eye gaze to the perception of gaze direction detection by human observers. This chapter concludes that although white sclera contributes to the accuracy and speed of gaze direction detection (an assumption that this thesis has put to experimental test for the first time), this merely adds to the already efficient gaze cues available in the eye areas of the ape face. Chapter 4 investigates the role of eye gaze, head, and body orientations during gorilla social play behavior, and more specifically, introduces a novel analysis of "vigilance periods" (VPs), in which gorillas may use the interaction between attention cues to gauge the attention and intentions of play partners to successfully navigate play. The final study (Chapter 5) complements Chapter 4 and investigates the role of gorilla postures, behaviors, and movements during changes in attentional cue orientations. This chapter concludes that gorillas often engage in physical rest during VPs but maintain attentional engagement and can assemble and impart socially relevant information based on the behaviors, movements, and attention orientations of their partner. Together, these studies suggest that attention orientation is conveyed and assessed by gorillas through a variety of interacting cues to navigate and modify social play interactions.

The thesis concerns the community structure of saproxylic insects with a heavy focus on beetles. It presents a review on change of insect assemblages along small-to-large scale gradients and the importance of saproxylic organisms in forest ecosystems. The fine-scale vertical stratification of saproxylic beetles assemblages and their differences between forests habitats of different latitude and altitude are investigated. Further, the importance of open-grown trees for saproxylic diversity is assessed.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-05T14:17:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDRÉ LUIZ ALMEIDA OURIQUES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGH 2013..pdf: 9342648 bytes, checksum: 53928a61b61dc568ce5c68f95735eb14 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-05T14:17:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDRÉ LUIZ ALMEIDA OURIQUES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGH 2013..pdf: 9342648 bytes, checksum: 53928a61b61dc568ce5c68f95735eb14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05 / Capes / O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em analisar de que forma a sinestesia ou o uso dos cinco sentidos, influenciaram as escolhas criativas do escritor José Lins do Rego nas obras Menino de Engenho, Doidinho e Banguê, publicadas respectivamente em 1932, 1933 e 1934. Assim sendo, perceberemos como se constrói sua narratividade, que se relaciona sempre com a construção de espaços, sendo os cinco sentidos o fio condutor de tais tramas literárias. Compartilhando com uma concepção de literatura que a considera como mantendo vínculos com o mundo vivido, a pesquisa historiciza a forma como os sujeitos históricos da Várzea do Paraíba construíram, perceberam e significaram os espaços do mundo dos engenhos de maneira sensível e sinestésica, entendendo que a literatura é sempre a ressignificação ou representação de representações já elaboradas em um dado tempo, tal como aponta Clifford Geertz e Paul Ricoeur, onde ancoraremos teoricamente este estudo ora em questão. / Th is work aims to analyze how synesthesia or the use of the five senses has influenced the creative choices of the writer José Lins do Rego in his literary works, such as Menino de Engenho, Doidinho and Banguê, publiched in 1932, 1933 and 1934 respectively. This way, we realize how his narrative is created in relation to the construction of the spaces, having the five senses as an important element of these literary works. We chose the literary conception that is linked with the real world in relation to the five senses. The present research historicizes how historical subjects of the Lowland Paraíba built, and realized the spaces meant the world of gadgets in a sensitive manner, having literature as a reframing or representation of elaborated representations in a specific time, as Clifford Geertz and Paul Ricoeur, pointed; according to their points of view we support theoretically our study

This thesis focuses on the effects of succession on forest clearings on reptile assemblages in Podyjí National Park. The topic and results presented here follow up my bachelor thesis evaluating habitat preference of reptiles in Podyjí National Park and their assemblages on experimental clearings in the core zone of NP Podyjí. The reptile monitoring was conducted on the clearings and nearby control habitats using a method of artifical shelters and method of transect walks. Abundance of reptile species on clearings, and effect of gradual succession on the clearings on individual reptile species was studied and evaluated. While the creation of clearings clearly benefited most termophilous reptile species, including e.g. the Green lizard (Lacerta viridis) and the Aesculapian snake (Zamenis longissimus), the effect of succession is more difficult to assess owing to rather high variation among years. Only the L. viridis significantly derceased with the course of succession, while the Slow worm (Anguis fragilis) benefited from it.

Submitted by Elaine Lucia (lucia.elaine@live.com) on 2015-06-30T19:34:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Larissa Torres da Cunha Romão.pdf: 19011771 bytes, checksum: 8cf5ca5b3ac17843bb2e98b79affb1ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-30T20:49:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Larissa Torres da Cunha Romão.pdf: 19011771 bytes, checksum: 8cf5ca5b3ac17843bb2e98b79affb1ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-30T20:58:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Larissa Torres da Cunha Romão.pdf: 19011771 bytes, checksum: 8cf5ca5b3ac17843bb2e98b79affb1ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-30T20:58:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Larissa Torres da Cunha Romão.pdf: 19011771 bytes, checksum: 8cf5ca5b3ac17843bb2e98b79affb1ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-28 / CNPq / The theme proposed in the research in question was his choice based the need to understand how to use the land for coastal communities, and what changes happen to the natural landscape arising from these uses anthropic. The place of study is the System Lacustre Cururu, located in the city of Manacapuru - AM, represented by three communities: São Francisco do Cururu, São João dos Cordeiros and Divino Espírito Santo. Aiming to historiar the settlement and ways to use the land, identify the current local landscapes and compare spatially and temporally local landscapes. The research method used was the case study - multiple cases where they were used the following sources of information: documents, interviews, direct observation, development of cognitive maps, historical matrix and semistructured. The results showed that although changes have been noted in the landscape focal area, the ratio of local populations is stable with the environment, as have a clear conscience that their survival is closely interconnected the need to conserve natural resources, namely the population of Lake of the Cururu has an eco-conscious perception, as is used in all environments's own lowland existing in the region, practicing a predominantly subsistence economy, which has collaborated with the conservation of lowland location. / A temática proposta na pesquisa em questão teve sua escolha assentada na necessidade de compreender as formas de uso da terra por comunidades ribeirinhas, e quais modificações sucedem à paisagem natural decorrentes destes usos antrópicos. A localidade de estudo é o Sistema Lacustre Cururu, localizado no município de Manacapuru – AM, representado por três comunidades: São Francisco do Cururu, São João dos Cordeiros e Divino Espírito Santo. Com o objetivo de historiar os assentamentos populacionais e as formas de uso da terra, identificar as atuais paisagens locais e comparar espacial e temporalmente as paisagens locais. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi estudo de caso - múltiplos casos, onde foram utilizadas as seguintes fontes de informação: documentos, entrevistas, observação direta, elaboração de mapas cognitivos, matriz histórica e formulários semi-estruturados. Os resultados mostraram que embora tenham sido constatadas alterações da paisagem na área focal, a relação destas populações locais é estável com o meio, pois possuem uma consciência clara de que a sua sobrevivência está intimamente interligada a necessidade de conservar os recursos naturais, ou seja, a população do Lago do Cururu possui uma percepção ecológica consciente, pois se utiliza de todos os ambientes próprios da várzea existentes naquela região, praticando uma economia preponderantemente de subsistência, o que vem colaborando com a conservação da várzea local.